The combination latanoprost-timolol versus twice daily 0.50% timolol administration either associated or not with latanoprost: efficacy and tolerability in the primary open-angle glaucoma.

AIMS: To evaluate the ocular hypotensive effects and tolerability of the once daily fixed combination latanoprost-timolol versus twice daily 0.50% timolol associated or not with once daily latanoprost in patients suffering from Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG). METHODS: We compared the effects of such a combination with those of 0.50% timolol alone twice daily in a group of 24 patients and with the effects of timolol 0.50% twice daily associated with once daily latanoprost in a second group of 20 patients with a follow-up of 24 months. RESULTS: In the first group of patients after one month the Intraocular Pressure (IOP) was reduced from a mean of 19.93 to a 17.04 mmHg. This reduction remained stable with a mean value of 17.00 mmHg at the third month, of 16.49 mmHg at the sixth month, of 17.04 at the twelfth month, 16.00 at the eighteenth month, and of 15.86 mmHg in the twenty-fourth month. In the second group there was a statistically significant reduction from 19.4 to 16.84 mmHg after one month. This reduction remained constant with mean values of 16.47 at the sixth month, of 16.20 at the twelfth month and of 16.00 mmHg at the twentyfourth month of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The once daily latanoprost-timolol combination was shown to furtherly reduce the Intraocular Pressure (IOP) (p=0.001) and to maintain under control the intraocular pressure for the observation period (24 months). Both topical and systemic side-effects were scarse and tolerability was good.

Pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pneumatic trabeculoplasty in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

PURPOSE: Following laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), intraocular pressure (IOP) is measurably lower in a significant number of cases. It has been proposed that the decrease in IOP may be a real event. Prior trials have evaluated pneumatic trabeculoplasty (PNT) in combination with concomitant glaucoma medications. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and the safety of PNT alone to lower IOP in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OH). METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 37 subjects with POAG or OH were enrolled in a prospective, open-label, fellow-eye, multicenter trial to determine the IOP lowering effects of PNT. All subjects underwent ophthalmologic examinations and IOP measurements and were washed out from all glaucoma medications prior to the start of the study. The trial was intrapatient controlled for the first 30 days, with one eye receiving PNT at days 0 and 7 and the fellow eye serving as the control. The second eye was treated with PNT at day 30. The patients were followed for 120 days, with the first eye receiving an additional PNT treatment at days 90 and 97. Two analyses-an intent to treat analysis in which the last IOP measurement for patients dropped from the study was carried forward and an analysis including only those patients who completed the trial-were performed. Of the 37 patients enrolled, 27 (73%) completed the study. For the intent to treat analysis the baseline mean IOP was 24.7+/-1.9 mmHg for eye 1 and 23.6+/-2.3 mmHg for eye 2 and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Using this analysis the differences between eye 1 mean IOP at days 1, 7, 14, and 60 and the baseline mean IOP were statistically significant (p<0.05). The differences between eye 2 mean IOP and the baseline mean IOP were statistically significant (p<0.05) at all time points except day 14 and day 30. The greater mean IOP reductions from the baseline mean IOP for eye 1 were at study day 1 (-16,1%), day 14 (-9%), and day 60 (-8.9%). For eye 2 they were at day 60 (-8.7%) and at day 120 (-9.1%). For the analysis that included only those subjects who completed the trial the decrease in eye 1 mean IOP from baseline was statistically significant (p<0.05) at all time points. The decrease in eye 2 mean IOP from baseline was statistically significant at all time points except day 30. Using this analysis the greater mean IOP reductions from the baseline mean IOP for eye 1 were at study day 1 (-19%), day 14 (-15.7%), day 37 (-16.3%), day 60 (-20.0%), day 90 (-18.1%), day 97 (-16.8%), and day 120 (-15.8%). For eye 2 greater mean IOP reductions from baseline mean IOP were seen on day 37 (-13.0%), day 60 (-16.7%), day 90 (-15.5%), day 97 (-14.5%), and day 120 (-7.2%). No statistically significant differences were found in mean IOP reduction between the two eyes treated. A total of 34 patients (92%) showed adverse effects: conjunctival hyperemia in 26 (70.3%) and conjunctival hemorrhage in 14 (37.8%). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study of PNT showed a potentially good IOP lowering effect on glaucoma and hypertensive patients. Additional studies would help to better define the types of patients who respond to PNT and to identify risk factors that may lead to treatment failure.

Video color perimetry: impairment in glaucoma suspects.

PURPOSE: To detect mild visual field impairment in asymptomatic glaucoma suspect patients. METHODS: Color perception within the visual field was tested with customized color video perimetry. The key features of the system were stimuli color desaturation, low-level luminance and equiluminant gray background. Twenty patients with asymptomatic glaucoma were tested and compared with a group of age-matched control subjects. RESULTS: Automated perimetry test findings differed significantly in the two groups, particularly for short-wavelength sensitivity (blue). The severity of color impairment correlated directly with intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION: Desaturated low-luminance video perimetry will reliably detect and quantify asymptomatic visual field defects. A previous work on multiple sclerosis has detected a mild long-wavelength (red) impairment in asymptomatic patients after an episode of optic neuritis, even in clinically unaffected fellow eyes. Our findings in glaucoma suspect patients indicate that a mild blue impairment could be the initial sign of this disease.

Ocular hypertension: 12 years' follow-up.

A retrospective 12-year study on 35 patients having IOP values higher than 21 mmHg in repeated tonometric curves with no clinical glaucomatous-type signs was carried out with the aim of discovering the incidence of the eyes which evolved towards the glaucomatous disease, to evaluate the role of the preventive therapy and to observe how response to the ibopamine provocation test (which assesses outflow pathway compromission) was modified with time. The data obtained showed that, in 39.13% of the eyes, there was an evolution towards the disease. The ibopamine test was positive at time "0" (study begins) in 48.14% in the evolutive eyes and in 66.66% of the eyes which remained stable, while, at time "12" (study ends), almost all of the eyes (92-95%) had become positive. The role of precociously initiated ocular hypotensive therapy concurring with the test positivity is put in evidence.

Latanoprost and the ibopamine test: a year's experience.

We report here the results obtained in a group of 52 eyes affected by open-angle Glaucoma (OAG), whose intraocular pressure (IOP) was inadequately controlled by two drugs of different pharmacological categories, into which there was introduced Latanoprost, both in place of one of the two drugs and in addition to the preceding therapy. The ocular hypotensive effect was good (21.74%). The ibopamine provocative test, carried out before the Latanoprost administration, and at 3 and 6 months into treatment gave evidence that outflow pathway compromission was uninfluenced by the drug.

Correlation between ocular hypertension induced by ibopamine and perimetric defect in primary open-angle glaucoma.

In 35 patients with bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), with asymmetrical evolution of the neuropticopathy between the two eyes, we compared within each patient, the response to ibopamine and the perimetric defect. In 88% of cases (31/35 patients) the eye with the most severe perimetric defect had high intraocular pressure or a larger IOP increase after ibopamine. This result was highly significant at the sign test (P < 0.001). IOP and its increase after ibopamine significantly differed in the most and least affected eye, being higher in the eye with the most impaired visual field. Since ibopamine can be used to quantify the hydrodynamic impairment, which is thus presumably correlated to the perimetric defect. This study further confirms its importance in the development of glaucomatous damage.

Normal tension glaucoma: a ten-year follow-up.

The authors describe the results obtained in 10 years of observation of a group of 41 eyes affected by normal tension glaucoma. An evolution of perimetric defects was found in 29.26% of the eyes examined.

Ibopamine in glaucoma diagnostics: a new pharmacological provocative test.

PURPOSE: Ibopamine is used when performing provocative tests, thanks to its pharmacological property of increasing ocular pressure in eyes with outflow system impairment. This study summarizes the latest results that we have achieved with reference to its clinical-diagnostic use. METHODS: 175 (250 eyes) POAG patients, 101 (190 eyes) glaucoma suspects with mild ocular hypertension, 39 (64 eyes) NTG patients and 163 (326 eyes) healthy volunteers underwent an ibopamine provocative test. Among the POAG and the glaucoma suspects, 49 (92 eyes) and 20 (38 eyes) patients were selected who, starting from the performing of ibopamine test, had at least one year of perimetric follow-up. These patients have been assessed for the perimetric defect progression in relation to the (negative or positive) response to ibopamine. RESULTS: the ibopamine test was positive for 92% of the glaucomatous patients, 61% of the glaucoma suspects, 52% of the NTG patients and 0% of the healthy volunteers. It was observed that 28% of the ibopamine-positive glaucoma suspects showed a perimetric deterioration during an average 2.5-year follow-up. No perimetric deterioration was found on ibopamine-negative glaucoma suspects (Fisher's exact test: p = 0.038). Among glaucomatous patients, 46% of the test-positive individuals showed a progressive trend of the perimetric defect, as against about 8% of glaucomatous test-negative patients (Fisher's exact test: p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: We believe that the ibopamine provocative test can be usefully applied especially to epidemiological screening studies to identify patients who might develop ocular hypertension or glaucoma and in the follow-up of glaucoma suspects, to identify individuals who have a greater risk of developing perimetric defects.

Comparison of apraclonidine and timolol in chronic open-angle glaucoma. A three-month study.

PURPOSE: To compare the safety and efficacy of apraclonidine ophthalmic solution 0.25% and 0.5% (both given 3 times daily) to timolol maleate (0.5%) given twice daily, in primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. METHODS: This study was a 90-day prospective, multicenter, double-masked, randomized, parallel group trial. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were made between 8:00 and 10:00 AM before the morning dose (i.e., up to 12 hours after the evening dose of glaucoma medication) and at 4:00 PM (i.e., 8 hours after the morning dose of glaucoma medication). Patients with off-therapy IOP of greater than 22 mmHg and less than 35 mmHg were entered into the study and were assessed 14, 30, and 90 days after treatment. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients were enrolled; there were no significant demographic differences among the three study groups. All three treatments significantly reduced IOP over 90 days (P < 0.011). For apraclonidine 0.5%, IOP reductions from 25.8 +/- 3.2 mmHg (pretreatment) to 20.4 +/- 4.00 mmHg (day 90) were observed; for apraclonidine 0.25%, from 25.7 +/- 3.05 mmHg (pretreatment) to 22.1 +/- 4.24 mmHg (day 90); and for timolol 0.5% from 26.1 +/- 3.79 mmHg to 21.1 +/- 5.91 mmHg (day 90). The 90-day period of therapy was completed by 12 patients treated with apraclonidine 0.5%, 21 patients treated with apraclonidine 0.25%, and 23 patients treated with timolol 0.5%. There were no serious adverse events. Fourteen of 22 patients (0.5% apraclonidine) and 21 of 23 patients (0.25% apraclonidine) tolerated the drug well; ocular allergy developed in the remaining patients treated with apraclonidine, which resolved upon discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Apraclonidine effectively lowers IOP associated with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension; these pilot results will need to be confirmed by a larger pivotal study. Long-term therapy for some patients may be inhibited by ocular allergy for which there was a higher incidence to the 0.5% apraclonidine solution than to the 0.25% solution in this study. Apraclonidine may be of value as an additional therapy for open-angle glaucoma in selected patients.

Dopamine, dopaminergic drugs and ocular hypertension.

The study refers to the clinical experiences performed with several D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors agonists in 20 patients with high tension open angle glaucoma. The substances were administered topically as eye drops as well as an ocular eye bath. The parameter examined was intraocular pressure (IOP). The substances taken in consideration were: Dopamine, Ibopamine (dopamine analog), Fenoldopam and 3B90 (D1-receptor agonists) and Bromocriptine (dopaminergic agonist with higher affinity for D2 than for D1-receptors). It has been shown that all selective D1-receptors agonists induce a significant increase in IOP only in eyes with hydrodynamic disorders (p < 0.001). Such hypertensive effects could not be antagonized either by topically administered dopaminergic antagonists (Sulpiride, D2-receptors antagonist, and Haloperidol, non-selective dopaminergic antagonist) or by the pretreatment with the commonly used topical antiglaucomatous drugs. The only substance which proved able to inhibit the IOP increase induced by the D1-receptors agonists was the D1-selective antagonist SCH-23390, suggesting that IOP increase may be a result of a stimulation of the D1-receptors. The authors hypothesize that dopaminergic system may play a role in the regulation of aqueous humor hydrodynamics.

Brain oedema and intracranial hypertension treatment by GLIAS.

The authors present their results regarding the use of a buffered solution of glycerol 30%-sodium ascorbate 20% (GLIAS) for the treatment of brain oedema and intracranial hypertension. GLIAS was perfused intravenously in 80 patients with several types of brain oedema. In every patients serum and urinary osmolarity, diuresis, main blood and urine parameters, and ICP were monitored. Following GLIAS infusion an increase in plasma osmolarity was observed, changing the average basal value plus 13.4% after 15 min., 10.5% after 30'. At the same time there was a reduction of ICP and improvement in cerebral compliance. In each case there was a decrease in intracranial hypertension and brain oedema without significant collateral effects.

[The mechanism of cholinergic effects on lowering intraocular pressure]. / Prilog mehanizmu delovanja holinergika na snizenje intraokularnog pritiska.

The relationship between vasomotoric activity and blood vessel permeability was studied in the course of discovering the ocular hypotonising mechanism of cholinergic drug activity (pilocarpin and carbamylcholin). The authors found, in experimental conditions, that the vasomotoric activity (vasodilatation) of the two cholinergic drugs is expressed in the increased permeability of the blood-aqueour barrier. In the presence of an elevated extracirculatory pressure (IOP), as in glaucoma, vasodilatation under the influence of cholinergic drugs, is converted to passive vasoconstriction which leads to reduced aqueous humor production. Carbamilcholin reduces aqueous humor production in a greater extent than pilocarpin.

Therapeutic value of citicoline in the treatment of glaucoma (computerized and automated perimetric investigation).

The favourable neurotrophic effects obtained by means of the intramuscular administration of citicoline, one of the intermediate compounds of phospholipids, on the visual field of patients suffering from open-angle glaucoma are referred. The drug was administered at the dose of 1 gm for ten consecutive days. Visual field was examined by means of central computerized perimetry and automated perimetry. All patients had well controlled intraocular pressure through beta-blockers, but presented characteristic glaucomatous perimetric defects. It is suggested that citicoline might be administered as a useful complement to conventional hypotensive therapy, since it acts positively on the glaucomatous optic nerve damage.