ABSTRACT
In the past decade, a large number of enantiopure drugs were introduced to clinical practice, since improved therapeutic effects were demonstrated for one of the enantiomers from originally racemic drug. While the therapeutic effects and safety of enantiopure drugs were tested prior to their approval, various biological enantiospecific activities of these, often "old" drugs, remain to be elucidated. In the current paper, we examined enantiospecific effects of clinically used enantiopure drugs containing one chiral center in the structure (i.e. zopiclone, tamsulosin, tolterodine, modafinil, citalopram) towards aryl hydrocarbon (AhR), glucocorticoid (GR) and pregnane X (PXR) receptors in human reporter cell lines. The cytotoxicity (IC50), agonist (EC50) and antagonist effects (IC50) of R-form, S-form and racemic mixture for each tested drugs were determined and compared in AhR-, GR- and PXR-gene reporter cell lines. Since AhR, GR and PXR are key regulators of drug metabolism, energy metabolism, immunity and play many other physiological functions, the data presented here might be of toxicological significance.
Subject(s)
Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Receptors, Steroid/metabolism , Azabicyclo Compounds/chemistry , Azabicyclo Compounds/pharmacology , Benzhydryl Compounds/chemistry , Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Citalopram/chemistry , Citalopram/pharmacology , Cresols/chemistry , Cresols/pharmacology , Genes, Reporter/genetics , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Modafinil , Phenylpropanolamine/chemistry , Phenylpropanolamine/pharmacology , Piperazines/chemistry , Piperazines/pharmacology , Pregnane X Receptor , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/agonists , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/agonists , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Steroid/agonists , Receptors, Steroid/antagonists & inhibitors , Stereoisomerism , Sulfonamides/chemistry , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Tamsulosin , Tolterodine TartrateABSTRACT
Food constituents may cause a phenomenon of food-drug interactions. In the current study, we examined the effects of artificial sweeteners (aspartame, acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin) on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent expression of CYP1A1 in human hepatocytes, hepatic HepG2 and intestinal LS174T cancer cell lines. Sweeteners were tested in concentrations up to those occurring in non-alcoholic beverages. Basal and ligand-inducible AhR- and GR-dependent reporter gene activation in stably transfected HepG2 and HeLa cells, respectively, were not affected by either of the sweeteners tested after 24h of incubation. The expression of CYP1A1 mRNA and protein in primary cultures of human hepatocytes and in LS174T and HepG2 cells was not induced by any of the tested sweeteners. Overall, aspartame, acesulfame, saccharin and cyclamate had no effects on CYP1A1 expression and transcriptional activities of AhR and GR. These data imply the safety of artificial sweeteners in terms of interference with AhR, GR and CYP1A1.
Subject(s)
Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism , Food-Drug Interactions , Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism , Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism , Sweetening Agents/pharmacology , Aspartame/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cells, Cultured , Cyclamates/pharmacology , Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/genetics , Hepatocytes/drug effects , Hepatocytes/metabolism , Humans , Saccharin/pharmacology , Thiazines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Nearly monodispersed superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles (15-20nm) were prepared by a one-step thermal decomposition of iron(II) acetate in air at 400 degrees C. The presented synthetic route is simple, cost effective and allows to prepare the high-quality superparamagnetic particles in a large scale. The as-prepared particles were exploited for the development of magnetic nanocomposites with the possible applicability in medicine and biochemistry. For the purposes of the MRI diagnostics, the maghemite particles were simply dispersed in the bentonite matrix. The resulting nanocomposite represents very effective and cheap oral negative contrast agent for MRI of the gastrointestinal tract and reveals excellent contrast properties, fully comparable with those obtained for commercial contrast material. The results of the clinical research of this maghemite-bentonite contrast agent for imaging of the small bowel are discussed. For biochemical applications, the primary functionalization of the prepared maghemite nanoparticles with chitosan was performed. In this way, a highly efficient magnetic carrier for protein immobilization was obtained as demonstrated by conjugating thermostable raffinose-modified trypsin (RMT) using glutaraldehyde. The covalent conjugation resulted in a further increase in trypsin thermostability (T(50)=61 degrees C) and elimination of its autolysis. Consequently, the immobilization of RMT allowed fast in-solution digestion of proteins and their identification by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.