Identification of endometrial cancers and atypical hyperplasia: Development and validation of a simplified system for ultrasound scoring of endometrial pattern.

OBJECTIVES: To derive and validate a practical scoring system for identification of endometrial cancer (EC) or atypical hyperplasia (AH) using transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and gel infusion sonography (GIS) in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB). STUDY DESIGN: Endometrial pattern was correlated with endometrial pathology in consecutive women with PMB in both a derivation study (N = 164) and a validation study (N = 711). Logistic regression was used to derive and validate two scoring systems (A and B) for prediction of EC/AH: scoring system A was Doppler score + interrupted endo-myometrial junction (IEJ) (2 points); and scoring system B was Doppler score + IEJ (1 point) + Irregular Endometrial Outline (IESO) by GIS (1 point); the Doppler score was based on the presence of more than one single or double vessel (1 point) + multiple vessels (1 point) + large vessels (1 point). OUTCOME MEASURES: Diagnostic performance and calibration curves for identification of EC/AH. RESULTS: Both scoring systems had good observer agreement. VALIDATION DATA: Scoring was most effective with endometrial thickness (ET) ≥ 8 mm. Both scoring systems were well calibrated and performed satisfactorily in women with ET ≥ 8 mm. The sensitivity and specificity of a score of ≥ 2 points in system A were 92% and 84%; the respective values were 89% and 88% in system B. CONCLUSIONS: Scoring was highly efficient in identifying EC/AH. Four risk groups of EC/AH may guide the management of women with PMB: very low (ET < 4 mm), low (ET 4-7.9 mm), intermediate (ET ≥ 8 mm and score < 2 points) and high risk (ET ≥ 8 mm and score ≥ 2 points).

Is structural hydroxyapatite tricalcium-phosphate graft or tricortical iliac crest autograft better for calcaneal lengthening osteotomy in childhood? interim results from a randomised, controlled non-inferiority study.

AIMS: To compare the structural durability of hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate (HATCP) to autologous iliac crest bone graft in calcaneal lengthening osteotomy (CLO) for pes planovalgus in childhood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We present the interim results of ten patients (HATCP, n = 6 and autograft, n = 5) with a mean age of 11.5 years (8.2 to 14.2) from a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial with six months follow-up. The primary outcome was the stability of the osteotomy as measured by radiostereometric analysis. A non-inferiority margin of ≤ 2 mm osteotomy compression was set. RESULTS: At six months the data showed that the osteotomy had been compressed by a mean 1.97 mm (99.8% confidence interval -1.65 to 5.60) more in the HATCP group than in the autograft group. Migration of the CLO grafted with HATCP stabilised at six months rather than at six weeks with autograft. CONCLUSION: This is the first randomised trial to compare the efficacy of HATCP graft with autograft in terms of stability of CLO in children. Because of problems with the HATCP the trial was stopped. We do not recommend HATCP graft in its current structure for use in unfixed CLOs. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1554-62.

Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of alcohol-based disinfectant used on normal skin has been debated. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of repeated exposure to an alcohol-based disinfectant, a detergent and an alcohol-based disinfectant/detergent alternately for 10 days, including noninvasive measurements in the evaluation. Skin reactivity in irritated skin after a 4-week interval was also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detergent, disinfectant and alternate disinfectant and detergent were applied twice daily every 10 min for 1 h to the ventral upper arms and forearms of 17 healthy volunteers. A control area was included. After 4 weeks an SLS patch was applied to each area. Irritant reactions were quantified with a visual score recording and measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour were performed on days 1, 5, 11, 38 and 40. RESULTS: On day 5 the detergent caused a higher visual score than either disinfectant applied alone or alternate disinfectant and detergent, P < 0.05. On day 11 detergent and alternate disinfectant and detergent caused a higher score than disinfectant, P < 0.05. An increased irritant response for detergent compared with disinfectant alone and alternate disinfectant and detergent was confirmed by TEWL evaluations on days 5 and 11, P < 0.001, while no significant difference was found by colour measurement. After 4 weeks, when evaluated by colour measurement, significantly less response to the SLS patch was found on the disinfectant-treated area compared with the control area and detergent area, and a similar trend was found for TEWL, although it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Alcohol-based disinfectant caused less visible skin irritation and less skin barrier disruption than the use of detergent. The alternate use of detergent and disinfectant caused less irritation than the use of detergent, and a possible interaction between the two irritants was not indicated. After 4 weeks there was a tendency for decreased skin reactivity in the skin areas which had 4 weeks previously been exposed to disinfectant.

[Relationship between occupation and elbow pain, epicondylitis]. / Sammenhaeng mellem erhverv og albuesmerter, epicondylitis.

Twelve controlled epidemiological studies describing the relationship between epicondylitis and work were found. The studies showed evidence for an association between forceful work and a combination of repetition and forceful work and development of elbow pain, epicondylitis. No controlled studies showing an association between work with visual display units or use of computer mouse and epicondylitis were found. No relationship was found between unaccustomed work and development of epicondylitis. Age and time spent in the employment seem to be disposing factors. Generally the studies did not distinguish between medial and lateral epicondylitis. The studies were characterized by small study populations. Further research including quantitative evaluation of exposure factors and patophysiology is needed.

Plasticising effect of water and glycerin on human skin in vivo.

Application of water and glycerin is known to influence skin mechanics. The kinetics of these processes are of great interest. A study was performed to show the immediate changes in skin-mechanics. A Dermaflex machine (R) was used to study 23 healthy volunteers. Water or glycerin was applied to the flexorside of the forearm, and readings were made after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 min. Regional untreated skin served as baseline. In agreement with earlier studies both substances influenced hysteresis. Water caused a significant increase in hysteresis after 12 and 15 min of hydration (P<0.01). Glycerin caused significantly increased hysteresis after 3 min (P<0.05) and the effect continued to the end of the observation period. No significant differences were seen in the distensibility. The onset of action is rapid for both substances, and the effects are therefore supposed to take place in the outermost layers of epidermis. The effect of glycerin on the hysteresis is more rapid in onset than that of water. Comparing the permeability coefficients, the effect on the mechanical properties of the skin does not appear to be determined by the permeability coefficients as water has a higher permeability coefficient but induces smaller changes than glycerin. Water alone does not appear to be the optimal plasticiser of human skin and other substances soluble in both water and lipids may have an even greater influence on skin mechanics in vivo.