Using Modeling All Alternatives to explore 55% decarbonization scenarios of the European electricity sector.

Climate change mitigation is a global challenge that, however, needs to be resolved by national-level authorities, resembling a "tragedy of the commons". This paradox is reflected at the European scale, as climate commitments are made by the EU collectively, but implementation is the responsibility of individual Member States. Here, we investigate a suite of near-optimal effort-sharing scenarios where the European electricity sector is decarbonized between 55% and 75% relative to 1990, in line with 2030 ambitions. To this end, we use a brownfield electricity system optimization model in combination with the Modeling All Alternatives methodology. Results show that only very particular effort-sharing schemes are able to reach the theoretical minimum system cost. In most cases, an additional cost of at least 5% is incurred. Results reveal large inequalities in the efforts required to decarbonize national electricity sectors.

Pain management after total hip arthroplasty at five different Danish hospitals: A prospective, observational cohort study of 501 patients.

BACKGROUND: The available literature does not present a "gold standard" for post-operative pain treatment after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The aim of this prospective observational study was to explore and document post-operative pain treatment, including outcomes, in a large cohort of patients undergoing THA at five different Danish hospitals. METHODS: This prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study of 501 THA patients was performed at five different hospitals in the Capital Region and at the Region Zealand in Denmark, from April 2014 to April 2016. The study had two co-primary outcomes: Pain during mobilisation at 6 hours post-operatively (numeric rating scale [NRS] [0-10]) and morphine consumption 0-24 hours post-operatively. RESULTS: A large variety of analgesic treatments were used at the included hospitals and none of the hospitals used the same non-opioid basic analgesic regimen. For all patients at all hospitals, the NRS-pain level during mobilisation at 6 hours was 5 (3-6), (median [interquartile range]) and the 24-hour intravenous morphine (eqv) consumption was 25 mg (18-35). Although some statistically significant differences between hospitals were found for morphine use, no non-opioid analgesic regimen demonstrated consistent clinically relevant superior efficacy. In general, pain levels at rest were low to moderate and pain during mobilisation was moderate. CONCLUSIONS: Analgesic treatment routines differed between hospitals. Pain levels, however, did not differ substantially and were in general low at rest and moderate during mobilisation. No non-opioid analgesic treatment demonstrated consistent analgesic superiority.

The 3-Omega Method for the Measurement of Fouling Thickness, the Liquid Flow Rate, and Surface Contact.

The 3-omega method is conventionally used for the measurement of thermal conductivity in solid samples. The present work includes the experimental characterization and proof-of-concept measurements of sensor concepts, based on the 3-omega method. It is shown that this method can be used to measure fouling layers with a thickness of 10 to 400 µm, to conduct the measurement of flow rates with a high precision, and finally, as a simple on-off contact sensor with a fast response time.