Surface modification of titanium alloys for biomedical application: from macro to nano scale.

Bone is a complexly structured tissue and hierarchically organized from macro to nano levels of dimensions. Biomaterial devices developed to replace and interact with bone tissues have been designed from the macro to nano perspective to provide suitable performance in acquiring primary and biological stability. Macro level designed features provide mechanical interlock and primary stability to implants inside the bone. Surface micro and nano structures influence cells behavior to promote the secondary or biological stability, reaching successful osseointegration.