Allopurinol attenuates postoperative pain and modulates the purinergic system in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: Allopurinol is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase used primarily in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of preanesthetic allopurinol versus placebo on postoperative pain and anxiety in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. METHODS: This is a prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. We investigated 54 patients scheduled to undergo elective abdominal hysterectomy. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral allopurinol 300 mg (n = 27) or placebo (n = 27) the night before and 1 h before surgery. Patients were submitted to evaluation of pain and anxiety before the treatment, for 24 h postoperatively, 30 and 90 days after surgery. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected at the time of the spinal anesthesia to perform the measurement of the central levels of purines. RESULTS: Preoperative administration of allopurinol was effective in reducing postoperative pain 2 h after surgery. Allopurinol caused a reduction of approximately 40% in pain scores measured by the visual analogue pain scale after surgery (p < 0.05). No differences were found between groups in anxiety scores after surgery. There was a significant change in the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of xanthine and uric acid before surgery (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study showed a short-term benefit of the use of allopurinol as a preanesthetic medication since it was related to a reduction on pain scores 2 h after surgery. The purinergic system is a potential target for new analgesic drugs. New studies investigating more selective purine derivatives in the management of pain should be performed. TRIAL NUMBER REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials-ReBEC #RBR-9pw58p.

Hiperaldosteronismo primário / Primary aldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo primário (HAP) é uma síndrome decorrente do aumento da secreção autônoma de aldosterona pela glândula adrenal, independente do controle da renina. O rastreamento do HAP está indicado em indivíduos com hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e hipocalemia espontânea ou grave com doses moderadas de diuréticos ou HAS refratária ao tratamento (%3 agentes anti-hipertensivos). No presente relato, paciente masculino apresentava diabete melito (DM) de início recente e HAS, emagrecimento, poliúria, polidipsia, e cansaço aos médios esforços. Apresentava hipocalemia grave e investigação laboratorial confirmou a suspeita de HAP, com medida de aldosterona sérica e urinária elevadas com diminuição da atividade da renina plasmática e aumento da razão aldosterona sérica/renina. Tomografia computadorizada de adrenais mostrou adenoma na adrenal esquerda. Após cirurgia, o paciente evoluiu com melhora dos níveis tensionais e normalização do metabolismo da glicose. Embora a prevalência de HAP em pacientes com DM não seja diferente da população de hipertensos não-diabéticos, a sua presença deve ser investigada nos casos de HAS refratária ou quando há hipocalemia. Em pacientes com DM, o metabolismo do cortisol também deve ser investigado para afastar a concomitância de hipercortisolismo decorrente de adenoma misto.

Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a syndrome that results from adrenal autonomous secretion of aldosterone. The screening for this syndrome is indicated for individuals with arterial hypertension (AH) and spontaneous or severe hypocalemia after diuretics, and refractory AH (%3 antihypertensive agents). In this report, a male patient presented recent-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) and AH, weight lost, poliuria, polidipsia, and tiredness. Severe hypocalemia was present, and the laboratory workup confirmed the hypothesis of PA, with increased plasmatic and urinary aldosterone levels, low plasma renin activity and increased aldosterone/renin ratio. Adrenal computerized tomography showed a left adrenal adenoma. After the surgical procedure, blood pressure levels and glycemia were brought to normal. Though the prevalence of PA is not increased in patients with DM, it should be screened in patients with refractory AH or persistent hypocalemia. In patients with DM, cortisol metabolism should also be evaluated to rule the presence of hypercortisolism in a mixed adenoma.

Diagnóstico, fatores de risco e patogênese da pré-eclâmpsia / Diagnosis, risk factors and pathogenesis of preeclampsia

A pré-eclâmpsia é uma doença da gestação que pode determinar restrição no crescimento fetal, prematuridade e, em casos mais graves, morte da mãe e do feto. Caracteriza-se por hipertensão arterial materna, proteinúria significativa (_ 0,3 g/24h), edema, vasoconstrição do leito vascular materno e conseqüente aumento da resistência vascular. Muitos estudos discutem fatores de risco, patogênese e critérios para o diagnóstico da pré-eclampsia, porém as variações na forma de apresentação e de evolução clínica dessa doença dificultam o entendimento dos resultados obtidos, freqüentemente conflitantes. A padronização diagnóstica e as pesquisas de base genética e molecular podem trazer, em um futuro próximo, maior compreensão dessa patologia. Neste artigo apresentamos uma revisão da literatura, com destaque para a relação entre pré-eclâmpsia e resistência à insulina

Preeclampsia is an illness of the gestation that involves fetal growth restriction, prematurity and, in more severe cases, death of mother and fetus. It is characterized by maternal hypertension, significant proteinuria (_ 0,3 g/24h), edema, vasoconstriction of maternal blood vessels and consequent increase in vascular resistance. Many studies discuss risk factors, pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia; however, there are large variations in presentation and clinical course of this illness, which make interpretation of frequently conflicting results difficult. Diagnostic standardization and research of genetic and molecular bases can bring a better understanding of this pathology in a near future. In this paper, we present a review of the literature, stressing the relation between preeclampsia and insulin resistance