Subject(s)
COVID-19/epidemiology , Communication , Data Science , Data Visualization , Pandemics , Public Health , Big Data , COVID-19/mortality , Climate Change/statistics & numerical data , Data Science/education , Data Science/standards , Demography/standards , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Geographic Mapping , Health Policy , Humans , Maryland , Policy Making , Public Opinion , Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data , UniversitiesSubject(s)
Coronavirus Infections , Coronavirus , Masks , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Animals , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Cricetinae , Disease Models, Animal , Mesocricetus , SARS-CoV-2Subject(s)
Data Analysis , Police/legislation & jurisprudence , Police/statistics & numerical data , Professional Misconduct/statistics & numerical data , Racism/legislation & jurisprudence , Racism/statistics & numerical data , Violence/legislation & jurisprudence , Violence/statistics & numerical data , Federal Government , Female , Firearms/statistics & numerical data , Homicide/legislation & jurisprudence , Homicide/prevention & control , Homicide/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Internationality , Male , Personality Tests , Police/economics , Police/psychology , Political Activism , Professional Misconduct/psychology , Racism/prevention & control , Racism/psychology , Registries , Risk Assessment , State Government , Unemployment/statistics & numerical data , United States , Violence/prevention & control , Violence/psychologySubject(s)
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Viral Vaccines/immunology , Animals , Antigens, Viral , Betacoronavirus/immunology , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Vaccines , Clinical Trials as Topic , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Humans , Inflammation , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , SARS-CoV-2 , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Viral Vaccines/adverse effects , Viral Vaccines/pharmacologySubject(s)
Electric Stimulation Therapy/instrumentation , Electric Stimulation Therapy/methods , Depression/therapy , Electric Stimulation Therapy/economics , Humans , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S./economics , Prostheses and Implants , United States , Vagus Nerve Stimulation/instrumentation , Vagus Nerve Stimulation/methodsSubject(s)
Firearms/statistics & numerical data , Law Enforcement/ethics , Police/statistics & numerical data , Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data , Racism/statistics & numerical data , Wounds, Gunshot/mortality , Adolescent , Adult , Data Analysis , Databases, Factual , Ethnicity/psychology , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Internationality , Law Enforcement/methods , Male , Police/psychology , Power, Psychological , Racial Groups/psychology , Racism/psychology , United StatesSubject(s)
Immunity, Herd , Measles Vaccine/immunology , Measles/transmission , Vaccination , Humans , Public HealthSubject(s)
Economic Recession/statistics & numerical data , Mental Health/statistics & numerical data , Mortality/trends , Public Health/statistics & numerical data , Uncertainty , Developed Countries/statistics & numerical data , Economic Recession/trends , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Humans , Mental Health/trends , Models, Psychological , Public Health/trends , Suicide/economics , Suicide/psychology , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Suicide/trendsSubject(s)
Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Drug Chronotherapy , Drug Delivery Systems/methods , Precision Medicine/methods , Aging/physiology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Circadian Rhythm/drug effects , Female , Glioblastoma/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Mice , Precision Medicine/trends , Sex Characteristics , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Smell/physiology , Sound , Animals , Auditory Perception/physiology , Humans , Odorants , Olfactory Pathways/physiologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The use of fixed-dose combination nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor is recommended as initial therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but which NRTI combination has greater efficacy and safety is not known. METHODS: In a randomized, blinded equivalence study involving 1858 eligible patients, we compared four once-daily antiretroviral regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection: abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF)-emtricitabine plus efavirenz or ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. The primary efficacy end point was the time from randomization to virologic failure (defined as a confirmed HIV-1 RNA level > or = 1000 copies per milliliter at or after 16 weeks and before 24 weeks, or > or = 200 copies per milliliter at or after 24 weeks). RESULTS: A scheduled interim review by an independent data and safety monitoring board showed significant differences in virologic efficacy, according to the NRTI combination, among patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more. At a median follow-up of 60 weeks, among the 797 patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more, the time to virologic failure was significantly shorter in the abacavir-lamivudine group than in the tenofovir DF-emtricitabine group (hazard ratio, 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.46 to 3.72; P<0.001), with 57 virologic failures (14%) in the abacavir-lamivudine group versus 26 (7%) in the tenofovir DF-emtricitabine group. The time to the first adverse event was also shorter in the abacavir-lamivudine group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the study groups in the change from the baseline CD4 cell count at week 48. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with screening HIV-1 RNA levels of 100,000 copies per milliliter or more, the times to virologic failure and the first adverse event were both significantly shorter in patients randomly assigned to abacavir-lamivudine than in those assigned to tenofovir DF-emtricitabine. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00118898.)