Time to treatment failure following initiation of fingolimod versus teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis: a retrospective US claims study.

Objective: Disease modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) aim to delay progression and reduce relapses. Evidence is limited on the comparative effectiveness of the oral DMTs fingolimod and teriflunomide. This study evaluated time to treatment failure among patients with MS who initiated fingolimod versus teriflunomide in real-world settings.Methods: The retrospective cohort included 18-64 year old patients diagnosed with MS who initiated fingolimod or teriflunomide during 12 September 2012 to 30 September 2015 within MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Claims. Patients were followed from treatment initiation (index date) until first treatment failure or censoring. Treatment failure was defined as the first occurrence of MS relapse (identified using a validated algorithm) or treatment discontinuation (≥60 day supply gap). Treatment failure was examined through Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox regression adjusting for 1 year baseline factors (age, gender, plan type, region, index year, prior DMT use, baseline relapses, Charlson Comorbidity Index [CCI] and MS symptoms).Results: On average, patients treated with fingolimod (n = 2704) were younger (43.6 versus 49.8 years) with lower CCI (0.4 versus 0.7) and more relapses at baseline (0.46 versus 0.42) than those treated with teriflunomide (n = 1859). Median time to treatment failure was 19.5 months with fingolimod versus 9.6 months with teriflunomide (p < .001). After controlling key demographic and clinical characteristics through multivariable regression, fingolimod was associated with 38.9% lower hazards of treatment failure versus teriflunomide (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.611; 95% CI: 0.559-0.669; p < .001).Conclusions: In a large cohort of US adults with MS, controlling for key baseline characteristics, fingolimod was associated with significantly longer time to treatment failure and lower risk of treatment failure compared with teriflunomide.

Real-world durability of relapse rate reduction in patients with multiple sclerosis receiving fingolimod for up to 3 years: a retrospective US claims database analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess real-world durability of reduction in relapse rates among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) receiving fingolimod therapy over a longer-term period of follow-up. METHODS: Patients with MS who initiated fingolimod were identified from a US claims database (January 1, 2009 to September 30, 2016) and followed for 3 years post-initiation. Annualized relapse rates (ARRs) were calculated during the 1-year pre-initiation period, and during each year over the 3-year follow-up period. Time from fingolimod initiation to discontinuation (≥60-day treatment gap) was also summarized. RESULTS: Among 1599 fingolimod initiators, 1158 (72%) had continuous fingolimod use up to the start of year 2 and 937 (59%) had continuous fingolimod use up to the start of year 3. The mean baseline ARR during the 1-year pre-initiation period for all initiators was 0.51. After fingolimod initiation, mean ARRs were consistently lower in each year of follow-up: 0.25 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.28) in year 1 for all fingolimod initiators, 0.22 (0.18, 0.25) in year 2 for patients with continuous fingolimod use up to the start of year 2, and 0.23 (0.19, 0.27) in year 3 for patients with continuous fingolimod use up to the start of year 3. Median time on treatment was 33 months for all patients initiating fingolimod. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MS who received continuous fingolimod therapy experienced a sustained reduction in relapse rates (>50% vs. baseline) during each year of a 3-year follow-up period.

Potentially High Number of Ineffective Drugs with the Standard Shorter Course Regimen for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in Haiti.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) outcomes are poor partly because of the long treatment duration; the World Health Organization conditionally recommends a shorter course regimen to potentially improve treatment outcomes. Here, we describe the drug susceptibility patterns of a cohort of MDR-TB patients in Haiti and determine the number of likely effective drugs if they were treated with the recommended shorter course regimen. We retrospectively examined drug susceptibility patterns of adults initiating MDR-TB treatment between 2008 and 2015 at the Haitian Group for the Study of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. First- and second-line drug susceptibility testing (DST) was analyzed and used to determine the number of presumed effective drugs. Of the 239 patients analyzed, 226 (95%), 183 (77%), 135 (57%), and 38 (16%) isolates were resistant to high-dose isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and ethionamide, respectively. Eight patients (3%) had resistance to either a fluoroquinolone or a second-line injectable and none had extensively resistant TB. Of the 239 patients, 132 (55%) would have fewer than five likely effective drugs in the intensive phase of the recommended shorter course regimen and 121 (51%) would have two or fewer likely effective drugs in the continuation phase. Because of the high rates of resistance to first-line TB medications, about 50% of MDR-TB patients would be left with only two effective drugs in the continuation phase of the recommended shorter course regimen, raising concerns about the effectiveness of this regimen in Haiti and the importance of using DST to guide treatment.

Epilepsy treatment patterns among patients with tuberous sclerosis complex.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare congenital disorder often associated with epilepsy. However, real-world treatment patterns for epilepsy in patients with TSC are not yet well categorized. METHODS: This study included patients with TSC and epilepsy from fifteen clinics in the United States and one in Belgium who were enrolled in the TSC Natural History Database (2006-2014). Patient demographics and epilepsy treatment patterns, including the use of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), epilepsy surgeries, and dietary therapies were assessed. RESULTS: Of the 1328 patients with TSC in the database, 1110 (83.6%) were diagnosed with epilepsy. The median age of epilepsy diagnosis was 0.7 years. Of those who received treatment for epilepsy (92.3%), 99.5% were prescribed AEDs, 25.3% underwent surgery, 7.9% were prescribed special diets, and 1% were prescribed mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Of the patients receiving AEDs, over half (64.5%) used ≥3 different AEDs, and 22.5% underwent surgical treatment following AED initiation. Of the patients who underwent surgery, 35.1% had subsequent surgery. CONCLUSION: The use of multiple AEDs and surgical interventions may indicate a need for new therapies to reduce the treatment burden among patients with TSC and epilepsy.

Real-World Economic Outcomes During Time on Treatment Among Patients Who Initiated Sunitinib or Pazopanib as First Targeted Therapy for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Medicare Claims Data.

BACKGROUND: The median age at renal cell carcinoma (RCC) diagnosis is 64 years. However, few studies have assessed the real-world time on treatment (TOT), health resource utilization (HRU), costs, or treatment compliance associated with targeted therapy use among patients in this age group with RCC. OBJECTIVE: To assess the HRU, costs, and compliance during TOT among Medicare patients aged ≥ 65 years with advanced RCC (aRCC) who initiated first targeted therapy with pazopanib or sunitinib. METHODS: Patients with aRCC were identified in the 100% Medicare + Part D databases administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Eligible patients initiated first targeted therapy with sunitinib or pazopanib (index drug) on or after their first diagnosis of secondary neoplasm between October 19, 2009, and January 1, 2014, and were aged ≥ 65 years as of 1 year before first targeted therapy initiation (index date). Included patients were stratified into pazopanib and sunitinib cohorts based on first targeted therapy and matched 1:1 on baseline characteristics using propensity scores. TOT was defined as the time from the index date to treatment discontinuation (prescription gap > 90 days) or death. Compliance was defined as the ratio of drug supply days to TOT. Monthly all-cause costs and costs associated with RCC diagnosis (medical and pharmacy in 2015 U.S. dollars) and HRU (inpatient [admissions, readmissions, and days], outpatient, and emergency room visits) were assessed in the 1-year post-index period during TOT. Matched cohorts' TOT was compared using Kaplan-Meier analyses and univariable Cox models, and compliance, HRU, and costs were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Of 1,711 included patients, 526 initiated pazopanib and 1,185 initiated sunitinib. Before matching, more patients in the pazopanib cohort were white, diagnosed in 2010-2014 versus 2006-2009, and had lung metastases compared with the sunitinib cohort (all P < 0.05). The pazopanib cohort also had higher mean outpatient visits and costs but lower mean total all-cause pharmacy costs, than the sunitinib cohort (all P < 0.05). After matching, the pazopanib and sunitinib cohorts had similar characteristics (mean age 75 years, 58% male, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 9.2 in both cohorts) and median TOT (4.8 and 4.1 months, respectively). Among the 522 matched pairs, pazopanib was associated with significantly lower total all-cause health care costs ($8,527 vs. $10,924, respectively [mean difference = $2,397]); total medical costs ($3,991 vs. $5,881, respectively, [$1,890]); and inpatient costs ($2,040 vs. $3,731, respectively, [$1,692]; all P < 0.01) compared with sunitinib. Patients receiving pazopanib had significantly fewer inpatient admissions (0.179 vs. 0.289, respectively) and days (1.063 vs. 1.904, respectively; both P < 0.01) than patients receiving sunitinib. Mean treatment compliance was lower for the pazopanib versus sunitinib cohort (0.91 vs. 0.94, respectively; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective analysis of Medicare patients with aRCC from a TOT perspective, first targeted therapy with pazopanib was associated with significantly lower all-cause health care costs and HRU, but lower compliance, compared with sunitinib. DISCLOSURES: Funding for this research was provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals. The sponsor was involved in all stages of the study's conduct and reporting. Vogelzang has been a consultant for Novartis, Amgen, Celgene, Medivation, Eisai, Exelixis, and Roche; has spoken at Novartis, Astellas, Johnson and Johnson, Pfizer, Dendreon, Bayer/Algeta, GSK, and Veridex/Janssen; and has received research support from Novartis, Bayer, Exelixis, Progenics, Bavarian Nordic, and Viamet. Pal has been a consultant for Novartis, Pfizer, Aveo, Dendreon, and Myriad and has spoken at Novartis, Pfizer and Medivation. Agarwal has been a consultant or advisor for Novartis, Pfizer, Exelixis, Cerulean Pharma, Medivation, Eisai, and Argos Therapeutics. Swallow, Peeples, Zichlin, and Meiselbach are employees of Analysis Group, which received consultancy fees from Novartis for this project. Li was an employee of Analysis Group during the conduct of this study. Ghate is an employee of Novartis and owns stock/stock options. Perez was an employee of Novartis during the conduct of this study. A synopsis of the economic outcomes was presented at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Nexus 2017 in Denver, Colorado, during March 27-30, 2017. A synopsis of the clinical outcomes was presented at the 22nd ISPOR Annual International Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, during May 20-24, 2017.

Real-world utilization of molecular diagnostic testing and matched drug therapies in the treatment of metastatic cancers.

AIMS: To assess the frequency of biopsies and molecular diagnostic testing (human DNA/RNA analysis), anti-cancer drug use (genomically-matched targeted therapy [GMTT], unmatched targeted therapy [UTT], endocrine therapy [ET], and chemotherapy [CT]), and medical service costs among adults with metastatic cancer. METHODS: Adults diagnosed with metastatic breast, non-small cell lung (NSCLC), colorectal, head and neck, ovarian, and uterine cancer (2010Q1-2015Q1) were identified in the OptumHealth Care Solutions claims database and followed from first metastatic diagnosis for ≥1 month and until the end of data availability. Utilization was assessed for each cancer cohort (all and patients aged ≥65 years); per-patient-per-month (PPPM) medical service costs were assessed for all patients. Testing frequency estimates were applied to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data to estimate the number of untested patients (2010-2014). RESULTS: Patients with metastatic cancer (n = 8,193; breast [n = 3,414], NSCLC [n = 2,231], colorectal [n = 1,611], head and neck [n = 511], ovarian [n = 275], and uterine [n = 151]) were 63 years old (mean), with 11.1-22.2 months of observation. Biopsy and molecular diagnostic testing frequencies ranged from 7% (uterine) to 73% (ovarian), and from 34% (head and neck) to 52% (breast), respectively. Few were treated with GMTT (breast, 11%; NSCLC, 9%; colorectal, 6%). Treatment with UTT ranged from 0.7% (uterine) to 21% (colorectal). Biopsy, diagnostic testing, and anti-cancer drug therapy were less frequent for those ≥65 years. Medical service costs (PPPM, mean) ranged from $6,618 (head and neck) to $9,940 (ovarian). The estimated number of untested new patients with metastatic cancer was 636,369 (all) and 341,397 (≥65). LIMITATIONS: In addition to the limitations of claims analyses, diagnostic testing frequency may be under-estimated if patients underwent testing prior to study inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: The low frequency of molecular diagnostic testing suggests there are opportunities to better inform management of patients with advanced cancer, particularly decisions to treat with GMTT.

Clinical and Economic Outcomes in Elderly Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Starting Pazopanib or Sunitinib Treatment: A Retrospective Medicare Claims Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Studies indicate similar survival and toxicity between pazopanib and sunitinib, but few have examined real-world outcomes among elderly patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The purpose of this retrospective claims analysis was to assess real-world overall survival (OS), healthcare resource utilization (HRU), and healthcare costs (both all-cause and associated with RCC diagnosis) among elderly advanced RCC patients starting pazopanib or sunitinib treatment. METHODS: Advanced RCC patients aged 65 years or older who started first-line treatment with pazopanib or sunitinib (index drug; the initiation date was the index date) were identified from the 100% Medicare database plus Part D linkage (January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2014). Patients were stratified by index drug and matched 1:1 with use of propensity scores based on baseline characteristics. OS was assessed from the index date to death and compared by Kaplan-Meier analyses and univariable Cox models; patients were censored at the end of eligibility/data. Monthly HRU and costs from an intent-to-treat perspective were compared by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were balanced after matching (both N = 522). Treatment with pazopanib was associated with significantly longer median OS compared with treatment with sunitinib (18.2 months vs 14.6 months, respectively; log-rank p = 0.015). Pazopanib was associated with significantly lower monthly all-cause costs compared with sunitinib ($8845 vs $10,416, respectively), as well as lower inpatient costs associated with RCC diagnosis ($1542 vs $2522), fewer monthly inpatient admissions (0.179 vs 0.262), and shorter length of inpatient stay (1.375 days vs 1.883 days; all p ≤ 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Among elderly Medicare patients with advanced RCC, first-line pazopanib tretament was associated with significantly longer OS, as well as lower healthcare costs and HRU, compared with first-line sunitinib treatment.

First-line treatment disruption among post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer: a retrospective US claims study.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed disruption of first-line treatments initiated after the approval of the first CDK 4/6 inhibitor, palbociclib, among post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the US. METHODS: Post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC who initiated first-line endocrine therapy or chemotherapy (index therapy) between February 3, 2015 (palbociclib approval date) and February 29, 2016 (end of data) were identified from the Symphony Source Lx database. Patients were required to have continuous quarterly activity (defined as ≥1 pharmacy or medical claim) for 12 months prior to and 1 month after the initiation of the index therapy (index date). Treatment disruption was defined as a treatment gap of ≥60 days or adding an agent after the original therapy. Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted to estimate treatment disruption rates during the 6 months following the index date. Patients without treatment disruption were censored at the end of continuous quarterly activity or end of data. RESULTS: A total of 8,160 and 2,153 eligible patients initiated endocrine therapy or chemotherapy as their first-line mBC treatment, with a median follow-up of 6.7 and 7.6 months, respectively. The three most prevalent metastatic sites were bone (28.1-42.2%), liver (8.8-17.3%), and lung (8.6-9.5%). Overall, 37.7% (n = 3,074) of patients receiving endocrine therapy and 86.1% (n = 1,852) of patients receiving chemotherapy encountered treatment disruption at 6 months (log-rank test p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment disruption rates of first-line therapies were sub-optimal among post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC, primarily driven by chemotherapy users. New therapies or interventions are needed to reduce treatment disruption in this patient population.

Real-world palbociclib dosing patterns and implications for drug costs in the treatment of HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study described real-world palbociclib dosing patterns and associated impacts on treatment costs for HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in the US. METHODS: Postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC who initiated palbociclib-based therapy (initiation date = index date) between 02/03/2015 (palbociclib approval) and 02/29/2016, and continuous quarterly activity 1 year before and 6 months after the index date, were identified in the Symphony Health Solutions database. Rates of 1) dose reduction (≥25 mg dose decrease/daily), and 2) reduction or interruption (>60 day gap in continuous drug supply) were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Drug wastage cost was estimated based on overlapping days between two prescription fills: the last original dose fill and the first reduced dose fill. RESULTS: 1,242 patients initiated palbociclib-based therapy (mean age = 62.7 years, median follow-up = 8.7 months). During the 12-month post-index period, across the first four lines, dose reduction rates were 31.9-33.7% and dose reduction/interruption rates were 63.5-80.9%. A total of 411 (33.1%) patients changed dose, among whom 128 (31.1%) experienced prescription fill overlap (average = 11.1 days). Mean potential drug wastage cost among patients with fill overlap was $5,471. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients receiving palbociclib experienced dose reduction or interruption early in treatment; the associated drug wastage may lead to considerable costs.

Patterns of Disease Monitoring and Treatment Among Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex-related Angiomyolipomas.

OBJECTIVE: To use the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) Natural History Database to describe monitoring and treatment patterns among patients with TSC-related angiomyolipomas (AMLs). METHODS: This study used the TSC Natural History Database, which contains demographics, affected areas, diagnosis, and treatments for more than 1300 patients with TSC enrolled in 16 participating clinics during 2006-2013. Patient characteristics, AML monitoring tests, and AML treatments were assessed. RESULTS: Among the 621 patients with TSC-related AMLs, 54% were female; 77% were Caucasian. Median age at TSC diagnosis was <1 year, whereas median age at AML diagnosis was 9.8 years. Most patients (84%) had at least 1 monitoring test following AML diagnosis. The most commonly used tests were magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 65% of patients), ultrasound (62%), and computed tomography (41%). Between 2000 and 2012, MRI made up an increasingly large proportion of the total number of monitoring tests. Once diagnosed, 155 (25%) of patients received treatment for AML. The median time from diagnosis to first treatment was 3.8 years. The most common treatments were embolization (10%), everolimus (9%), sirolimus (6%), and nephrectomy (6%). The rate of nephrectomies declined over time, with none conducted during 2011 and 2012. No subsequent surgeries were reported among the 71 patients who received mTOR inhibitor as first-line therapy. CONCLUSION: The use of MRIs increased between 2000 and 2012 among patients with TSC-AML. The majority of these patients did not receive treatment for AML. Use of nephrectomy decreased over the study period and was particularly rare in patients who received an mTOR inhibitor.

Real-World Survival Outcomes and Prognostic Factors Among Patients Receiving First Targeted Therapy for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A SEER-Medicare Database Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The real-world survival outcomes and prognostic factors among patients receiving first-line targeted therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) are not well known. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult patients diagnosed with RCC and treated with first-line targeted therapy were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database (January 1, 1993 to December 31, 2012). The patients were grouped into early (2006-2009) or late (2010-2012) targeted therapy era cohorts by the year of the first-line targeted therapy initiation. Overall survival (OS) was measured from first-line targeted therapy initiation and compared between the 2 cohorts using Kaplan-Meier analyses. The prognostic factors for OS were assessed using a multivariable-adjusted Cox model. RESULTS: A total of 604 and 641 aRCC patients (mean age, 68 years; ∼60% male in both cohorts) initiated first-line targeted therapy during the early and late targeted therapy eras, respectively. OS was significantly longer in the late than in the early targeted therapy era. Higher tumor grades (hazard ratio [HR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.31-2.00) and lung (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.53), bone (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13-1.66), and liver (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10-1.84) metastases were associated with significantly shorter OS. Previous nephrectomy (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.42-0.72) and pazopanib as first-line targeted therapy relative to sorafenib (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37-0.85) or sunitinib (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.95) were associated with significantly longer OS. CONCLUSION: The results of these real-world analyses suggest progress in aRCC management and identified positive (nephrectomy, pazopanib vs. sunitinib or sorafenib) and negative (higher tumor grade and lung, bone, or liver metastasis) prognostic factors among patients receiving first-line targeted therapy.

Real-World Analysis of Medical Costs and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Elderly Women with HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving Everolimus-Based Therapy or Chemotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to analyze medical costs and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) associated with everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy among elderly women with hormone-receptor-positive, human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). METHODS: Elderly women (≥65 years) with HR+/HER2- mBC who failed a non-steroidal-aromatase-inhibitor and subsequently began a new line of treatment with everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy for mBC (index therapy) during July 20, 2012 to March 31, 2014 were identified from two large commercial claims databases. All-cause, BC-, and adverse event (AE)-related medical costs (2014 USD), and all-cause and AE-related HRU per patient per month (PPPM) were compared between patients treated with everolimus-based therapy and chemotherapy across their first four lines of therapy for mBC. Adjusted costs and HRU differences were estimated by pooling all lines and using multivariable models adjusted for differences in patient characteristics. RESULTS: In total, 925 elderly patients (mean age approximately 73 years) with HR+/HER2- mBC met the inclusion criteria; 230 received everolimus-based therapy (240 lines) and 737 received chemotherapy (939 lines). Compared with chemotherapy, everolimus-based therapy was associated with significantly lower total all-cause PPPM medical services costs (adjusted mean difference: $4007), driven by lower inpatient ($1994) and outpatient ($1402) costs; lower BC-related medical services costs ($3129), driven by both BC-related inpatient ($1883) and outpatient costs ($913); and lower AE-related medical services costs ($1873; all P < 0.01). Additionally, compared to patients treated with chemotherapy, patients treated with everolimus-based therapy had fewer all-cause outpatient visits (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 0.69), BC-related outpatient visits (0.66), other-medical-service visits (0.65), and AE-related HRU (0.59), which was driven by significantly fewer AE-related outpatient visits (0.56; all P < 0.01). Subgroup analyses comparing medical costs of everolimus-based therapy with capecitabine monotherapy showed consistent results overall. CONCLUSION: This retrospective claims database analysis of elderly women with HR+/HER2- mBC in the United States showed that everolimus-based therapy was associated with significantly lower all-cause, BC-related, and AE-related medical services costs and less use of healthcare resources compared with chemotherapy. FUNDING: Novartis.

Treatment patterns and factors associated with the use of everolimus among post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer: a retrospective US claims study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the real-world use of everolimus in the treatment of hormone-receptor-positive/human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic-breast-cancer (mBC). METHODS: Postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC who initiated a new therapy for mBC between 20 July 2012 and 31 March 2014 after a non-steroidal-aromatase-inhibitor were identified from two commercial claims databases. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with everolimus use versus endocrine-monotherapy or chemotherapy. Dosing patterns and adherence to everolimus were summarized. RESULTS: A total of 940 everolimus, 6,134 endocrine-monotherapy, and 3,410 chemotherapy regimens were included across patients' first four lines of therapy. Patients with bone and visceral metastases were more likely to use everolimus versus endocrine-monotherapy. Patients with more comorbidities, visceral or central-nervous-system metastases, and prior chemotherapy use for mBC were less likely to use everolimus versus chemotherapy. Approximately 80% of patients initiated everolimus at label-recommended-dose of 10 mg daily; 60-70% of patients had a medical possession ratio >0.8 to everolimus, and consistently high adherence was observed across lines of therapy. CONCLUSIONS: For HR+/HER2- mBC, patients treated with everolimus had more severe disease than patients treated with endocrine-monotherapy but less severe disease than patients treated with chemotherapy. Most patients used everolimus according to label-recommended dose and adherence was high across lines of therapy.

Comparison of medical costs and healthcare resource utilization of post-menopausal women with HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer receiving everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy: a retrospective claims database analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze medical costs and healthcare resource utilization (HRU) associated with everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy among post-menopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive, human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). METHODS: Patients with HR+/HER2- mBC who discontinued a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor and began a new line of treatment with everolimus-based therapy or chemotherapy (index therapy/index date) between July 20, 2012 and April 30, 2014 were identified from two large claims databases. All-cause, BC-related, and adverse event (AE)-related medical costs (in 2014 USD) and all-cause HRU per patient per month (PPPM) were analyzed for both treatment groups across patients' first four lines of therapies for mBC. Adjusted differences in costs and HRU between the everolimus and chemotherapy treatment group were estimated pooling all lines and using multivariable generalized linear models, accounting for difference in patient characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 3298 patients were included: 902 everolimus-treated patients and 2636 chemotherapy-treated patients. Compared to chemotherapy, everolimus was associated with significantly lower all-cause (adjusted mean difference = $3455, p < 0.01) and BC-related ($2510, p < 0.01) total medical costs, with inpatient ($1344, p < 0.01) and outpatient costs ($1048, p < 0.01) as the main drivers for cost differences. Everolimus was also associated with significantly lower AE-related medical costs ($1730, p < 0.01), as well as significantly lower HRU (emergency room incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.83; inpatient IRR = 0.74; inpatient days IRR = 0.65; outpatient IRR = 0.71; BC-related outpatient IRR = 0.57; all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective claims database analysis of commercially-insured patients with HR+/HER2- mBC in the US showed that everolimus was associated with substantial all-cause, BC-related, and AE-related medical cost savings and less utilization of healthcare resources relative to chemotherapy.

Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir Versus Sofosbuvir and Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Coinfected with HIV: A Matching-adjusted Indirect Comparison.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of daclatasvir plus sofosbuvir (DCV+SOF) versus SOF plus ribavirin (SOF+R) in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS: A systematic literature review of Phase III clinical trials identified 2 trials of SOF+R-PHOTON-1 (A Phase 3, Open-Label Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of GS-7977 Plus Ribavirin in Chronic Genotype 1, 2 and 3 Hepatitis C Virus [HCV] and Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV] Co-Infected Subjects) and PHOTON-2 (A Phase 3, Open-Label Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir Plus Ribavirin in Chronic Genotype 1, 2, 3 and 4 Hepatitis C Virus [HCV] and Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV] Co-Infected Subjects) suitable for comparison with the trial of DCV+SOF in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV-ALLY-2 (A Phase 3 Evaluation of Daclatasvir Plus Sofosbuvir in Treatment-naïve and Treatment-experienced Chronic Hepatitis C [Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6] Subjects Coinfected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]). Individual patient data from ALLY-2 were available; published summary data were extracted and pooled for the PHOTON trials. To adjust for cross-trial differences, ALLY-2 patients were subject to the inclusion and exclusion criteria reported in the PHOTON trials and were weighted to match all available summary baseline characteristics reported in both PHOTON trials. Sustained virologic response at week 12 post-treatment (SVR12) discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) and rates of AEs were compared. FINDINGS: The SVR12 rate was significantly higher among patients treated with DCV+SOF (n = 91) than among those treated with SOF+R (n = 455) both before (96.7% vs 84.6%; P = 0.002) and after (99.9% vs 84.6%; P < 0.001) adjusting for baseline characteristics. After adjustment, compared with patients treated with SOF+R, patients receiving DCV+SOF had a significantly lower rate of discontinuation due to AEs and significantly lower rates of the following specific AEs: cough, diarrhea, insomnia, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, and hemoglobin <10 g/dL. IMPLICATIONS: After adjustment for cross-trial differences in baseline characteristics, DCV+SOF was associated with a significantly higher SVR12 rate and lower rate of discontinuation due to AEs than SOF+R in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV.

Time on treatment of everolimus and chemotherapy among postmenopausal women with hormone-receptor-positive/human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative metastatic breast cancer: a retrospective claims study in the US.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare time on treatment (TOT) among patients treated with everolimus and chemotherapy, two commonly used treatments for hormone-receptor-positive/human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (mBC). METHODS: Postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- mBC who initiated ≥1 new line of therapy for mBC during 20 July 2012-31 March 2014 after a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor were identified from MarketScan and PharMetrics databases (2002Q1-2014Q2) using a claims-based algorithm. Patients were classified into treatment groups by regimen and line of therapy, and were followed until discontinuation of therapy, end of insurance eligibility, or data cut-off (30 June 2014). Discontinuation was defined as a treatment gap of ≥60 days; patients who did not discontinue were censored at the end of follow-up. TOT was compared between everolimus, chemotherapy, and capecitabine monotherapy using Kaplan-Meier analyses and multivariable Cox models adjusting for line of therapy, age, insurance, de novo mBC diagnosis, prior use of chemotherapy for mBC, sites of metastases, and Charlson comorbidity index. RESULTS: Across the first four lines of therapies for mBC, a total of 940 everolimus, 3410 chemotherapy, and 721 capecitabine monotherapy regimens were included. Based on the different lines of therapies, the median TOT ranged from 5.5 to 7.2 months for everolimus, 4.3 to 4.7 months for chemotherapy, and 3.5 to 6.0 months for capecitabine monotherapy. Pooling all lines of therapies, everolimus was associated with significantly longer TOT compared to chemotherapy (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62-0.76) or capecitabine monotherapy (multivariable-adjusted HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.64-0.83). Longer TOT was consistently observed for everolimus for each line of therapy. LIMITATIONS: Proxies used for identifying HR + /HER2- mBC and treatment line, lack of certain clinical factors in claims data, generalizability limited to commercially insured patients in the US. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that HR+/HER2- mBC patients receiving everolimus experienced significantly longer TOT than those receiving chemotherapy overall or capecitabine monotherapy.