ABSTRACT
It has long been desired to develop rapid methods for the rapid identification and quantification of pesticides and their metabolites. Carbofuran, a representative pesticide of the carbamate group, is highly systemic and is used on vegetables, fruits and grains, which has led many countries to test for residues in food and the environment. In this study, gold and silver composite core-shell (Au@Ag) nanoparticles were used to label the carbofuran antibody and Raman molecule 5,5-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to synthesize Raman immune probes. The signal value of DTNB was read using a Raman spectrometer, and the quantitative detection technology of carbofuran was established based on lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (ICA) combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). SERS-ICA is a rapid, quantitative and ultrasensitive test for the determination of carbofuran in fruits and vegetables with a sensitivity of 0.1 pg mL-1. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the SERS-based lateral flow immunosensor developed in this study has the advantages of excellent assay sensitivity and remarkable multiplexing capability, and thus it will have great application potential in food safety monitoring.
Subject(s)
Carbofuran , Chromatography, Affinity , Fruit , Gold , Metal Nanoparticles , Silver , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Vegetables , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods , Carbofuran/analysis , Vegetables/chemistry , Fruit/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Gold/chemistry , Silver/chemistry , Chromatography, Affinity/methods , Food Contamination/analysis , Limit of DetectionABSTRACT
Previous research studies have shown that sulfated polysaccharides can inhibit food allergy, but the detailed mechanism remains largely unknown. In this study, RBL-2H3 cells were used to compare the anti-allergic activities of four sulfated polysaccharides, and an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized allergic mouse experiment was used to explore their desensitization effect, with regard to the alteration in gut microbiota and immune cell differentiation. Compared with the shark, bovine and porcine chondroitin sulfate, sea cucumber chondroitin sulfate (SCCS) significantly inhibited the degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells. SCCS reduced allergic symptoms and protected the jejunum from injury in mice. Furthermore, SCCS increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, decreased the relative proportion of Prevotellaceae NK3B31, and up-regulated the secretion of short chain fatty acids such as butyric acid in the feces, resulting in an increase in the mucin 2 (MUC2) secretion by goblet cells HT-29. Meanwhile, SCCS induced the differentiation of regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes of mice. This study provides a deeper understanding of the functioning mechanism of SCCS in alleviating food allergy and may guide the development and production of anti-allergy active ingredients.
Subject(s)
Anti-Allergic Agents , Food Hypersensitivity , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Sea Cucumbers , Mice , Animals , Cattle , Ovalbumin , Chondroitin Sulfates , Mice, Inbred BALB C , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , Food Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/therapeutic use , Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology , Cell Differentiation , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
O-glycome is one of the important components of glycoconjugates in human milk which is speculated to provide protective features similar to those observed in free oligosaccharides. The effects of maternal secretor status on free oligosaccharides and N-glycome in milk have been well researched and documented. Currently, milk O-glycome of secretors (Se+) and nonsecretors (Se-) was investigated through reductive ß-elimination combined with porous graphitized carbon-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 70 presumptive O-glycan structures were identified, of which 25 O-glycans (including 14 sulfated O-glycans) were reported for the first time. Notably, 23 O-glycans exhibited significant differences between Se+ and Se- samples (p < 0.05). Compared to Se- group, the O-glycans of the Se+ group was two times more abundant in the total glycosylation, sialylation, fucosylation, and sulfation (p < 0.01). In conclusion, approximately one-third of the milk O-glycosylation was influenced by maternal FUT2-related secretor status. Our data will lay a foundation for the study of O-glycans structure-function relationship.
