Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection among special populations in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among special populations in Nanjing City, so as to provide the reference for formulating the interventions for the prevention and control of T. gondii infections in this population. Methods The HIV/AIDS patients, tumor patients, pregnant women, and people with livestock and poultry breeding or processing works were selected as the study subjects from September to November 2015. The venous blood samples were collected from each participant for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. Results The overall prevalence of T. gondii infection was 10.2% in the study subjects in Nanjing City. The T. gondii infection rates were 12.2%, 11.3%, 4.0%, and 13.0% among the HIV/AIDS patients, tumor patients, pregnant women, and people with livestock and poultry breeding or processing works, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups (χ2 = 5.668, P = 0.130). The prevalence of T. gondii infection was higher in men than in women (15.3% vs. 5.8%; χ2 = 10.213, P = 0.001), and there were significant differences in the prevalence of T. gondii infection in terms of gender (χ2 = 9.501, P = 0.023), education levels (χ2 = 9.850, P = 0.043) or occupations (χ2 = 8.983, P = 0.062). Conclusions The infection rate of T. gondii among the special population in Nanjing City is high. Therefore, the health education intervention should be strengthened in the follow-up work for the special population.

[Detection effect of an automatic identification system of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of an automatic identification system of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia, and compare it with the traditional eye detection method in the simulation field. METHODS: A total of 260 fecal samples were collected from schistosomiasis non-endemic areas, and the test sample bottles containing schistosome miracidia were prepared according to different experimental needs. Thirty fecal samples for the sensitivity test were separately added with five fresh miracidia per sample, and then the mixed samples were detected by two experienced technicians (with more than 15 years' traditional test experience) or the automatic system. The positive detection rates were compared between the two methods. Thirty fecal samples for repetition test were separately added with ten fresh miracidia per sample, and then the mixed samples were detected separately with the automatic identification system by two experienced technicians. The results were compared between two persons. The two methods including the automatic identification system and the traditional eye detection method were carried out blindly with totally 200 samples in the simulation field. There were three groups (each with 30 samples) : Group 1 with more than 21 fresh miracidia, Group 2 with 6 to 20 fresh miracidia, and Group 3 with 1 to 5 fresh miracidia. The other 110 samples were as a negative group. The detection time, accuracy, missed detection rate, and false detection rate of the two methods were statistically compared. RESULTS: The positive detection rates of the 30 positive samples were 43.33% and 33.33% by the two technicians with the traditional eye detection method, respectively, while the detection rate was 80.00% by the automatic identification system, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 7.05, χ2 = 12.97, both P < 0.01). Thirty positive samples were detected by the two technicians using the same automatic identification system, and the positive detection rates of the two were 96.67% and 86.67%, respectively, with no significant difference (χ2 = 0.27, P > 0.05). The experiments showed that the correct detection rate of the positive samples was 98.00% by the automatic identification system, which was higher than 79.75% by the traditional eye detection method. The detection time of the automatic identification system was shortened by half compared with that of the traditional eye detection method. The missed detection rate, and false detection rate of the automatic identification system were 2.22% and 1.82%, respectively, which were much lower than 35.56% and 7.73% of the traditional eye detection method. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the traditional eye detection method, the automatic identification system of S. japonicum miracidia has the advantages of high sensitivity, good repeatability, short detection time, high accuracy, low missed detection rate, and low false detection rate. It can be used in the field and clinical detection in replacement of the traditional eye detection method.

[Effectiveness evaluation of dynamic automatic identification system (device) of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a dynamic automatic identification system (device) of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia to achieve the automatic detection and improve the detection rate and efficiency of schistosome miracidia. METHODS: The dynamic automatic identification system (device) of S.japonicum miracidia was composed of an optical stereoscope, a digital camera, dynamic automatic tracking recognition software, and a computer. Under different conditions, the detection rates and efficiency of the system were compared with those of five professional persons. RESULTS: The basic function of the system was to identify, label and warn the miracidia of S. japonicum, and the records could be saved automatically. The laboratory tests showed that the missing rate of the system was 0. The total consistent rates of the manual detection were 74.67% and 66.67% in the condition with and without water bug, while the total consistent rates of the system were 100.00% and 96.67%, respectively (χ2 = 9.634, 11.081, both P < 0.01) . CONCLUSIONS: The system is much superior to manual detection in the accuracy and speed, and the system could completely replace the manual detection. Therefore, the system could be used in the field and basic research of schistosomiasis.

[Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection among special populations in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among special populations in Nanjing City, so as to provide the reference for formulating the interventions for the prevention and control of T. gondii infections in this population. METHODS: The HIV/AIDS patients, tumor patients, pregnant women, and people with livestock and poultry breeding or processing works were selected as the study subjects from September to November 2015. The venous blood samples were collected from each participant for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of T. gondii infection was 10.2% in the study subjects in Nanjing City. The T. gondii infection rates were 12.2%, 11.3%, 4.0%, and 13.0% among the HIV/AIDS patients, tumor patients, pregnant women, and people with livestock and poultry breeding or processing works, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups (χ2 = 5.668, P = 0.130). The prevalence of T. gondii infection was higher in men than in women (15.3% vs. 5.8%; χ2 = 10.213, P = 0.001), and there were significant differences in the prevalence of T. gondii infection in terms of gender (χ2 = 9.501, P = 0.023), education levels (χ2 = 9.850, P = 0.043) or occupations (χ2 = 8.983, P = 0.062). CONCLUSIONS: The infection rate of T. gondii among the special population in Nanjing City is high. Therefore, the health education intervention should be strengthened in the follow-up work for the special population.

Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection among special populations in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among special populations in Nanjing City, so as to provide the reference for formulating the interventions for the prevention and control of T. gondii infections in this population. Methods The HIV/AIDS patients, tumor patients, pregnant women, and people with livestock and poultry breeding or processing works were selected as the study subjects from September to November 2015. The venous blood samples were collected from each participant for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. Results The overall prevalence of T. gondii infection was 10.2% in the study subjects in Nanjing City. The T. gondii infection rates were 12.2%, 11.3%, 4.0%, and 13.0% among the HIV/AIDS patients, tumor patients, pregnant women, and people with livestock and poultry breeding or processing works, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups (χ2 = 5.668, P = 0.130). The prevalence of T. gondii infection was higher in men than in women (15.3% vs. 5.8%; χ2 = 10.213, P = 0.001), and there were significant differences in the prevalence of T. gondii infection in terms of gender (χ2 = 9.501, P = 0.023), education levels (χ2 = 9.850, P = 0.043) or occupations (χ2 = 8.983, P = 0.062). Conclusions The infection rate of T. gondii among the special population in Nanjing City is high. Therefore, the health education intervention should be strengthened in the follow-up work for the special population.

Detection effect of an automatic identification system of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

To evaluate the effect of an automatic identification system of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia, and compare it with the traditional eye detection method in the simulation field.A total of 260 fecal samples were collected from schistosomiasis non-endemic areas, and the test sample bottles containing schistosome miracidia were prepared according to different experimental needs. Thirty fecal samples for the sensitivity test were separately added with five fresh miracidia per sample, and then the mixed samples were detected by two experienced technicians (with more than 15 years’ traditional test experience) or the automatic system. The positive detection rates were compared between the two methods. Thirty fecal samples for repetition test were separately added with ten fresh miracidia per sample, and then the mixed samples were detected separately with the automatic identification system by two experienced technicians. The results were compared between two persons. The two methods including the automatic identification system and the traditional eye detection method were carried out blindly with totally 200 samples in the simulation field. There were three groups (each with 30 samples) : Group 1 with more than 21 fresh miracidia, Group 2 with 6 to 20 fresh miracidia, and Group 3 with 1 to 5 fresh miracidia. The other 110 samples were as a negative group. The detection time, accuracy, missed detection rate, and false detection rate of the two methods were statistically compared.The positive detection rates of the 30 positive samples were 43.33% and 33.33% by the two technicians with the traditional eye detection method, respectively, while the detection rate was 80.00% by the automatic identification system, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 7.05, χ2 = 12.97, both P < 0.01). Thirty positive samples were detected by the two technicians using the same automatic identification system, and the positive detection rates of the two were 96.67% and 86.67%, respectively, with no significant difference (χ2 = 0.27, P > 0.05). The experiments showed that the correct detection rate of the positive samples was 98.00% by the automatic identification system, which was higher than 79.75% by the traditional eye detection method. The detection time of the automatic identification system was shortened by half compared with that of the traditional eye detection method. The missed detection rate, and false detection rate of the automatic identification system were 2.22% and 1.82%, respectively, which were much lower than 35.56% and 7.73% of the traditional eye detection method.Compared with the traditional eye detection method, the automatic identification system of S. japonicum miracidia has the advantages of high sensitivity, good repeatability, short detection time, high accuracy, low missed detection rate, and low false detection rate. It can be used in the field and clinical detection in replacement of the traditional eye detection method.

Effectiveness evaluation of dynamic automatic identification system(de-vice)of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To develop a dynamic automatic identification system(device)of Schistosoma japonicum miracidia to achieve the automatic detection and improve the detection rate and efficiency of schistosome miracidia.Methods The dynamic automatic identification system(device)of S.japonicum miracidia was composed of an optical stereoscope,a digital camera,dy-namic automatic tracking recognition software,and a computer.Under different conditions,the detection rates and efficiency of the system were compared with those of five professional persons.Results The basic function of the system was to identify,la-bel and warn the miracidia of S.japonicum,and the records could be saved automatically.The laboratory tests showed that the missing rate of the system was 0.The total consistent rates of the manual detection were 74.67% and 66.67% in the condition with and without water bug,while the total consistent rates of the system were 100.00% and 96.67%,respectively(χ2=9.634, 11.081,both P<0.01).Conclusions The system is much superior to manual detection in the accuracy and speed,and the sys-tem could completely replace the manual detection.Therefore,the system could be used in the field and basic research of schis-tosomiasis.

[Cryptosporidium infection in Nanjing City from 2015 to 2016].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of Cryptosporidium infection in the population in Nanjing City so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis. METHODS: A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from each of three districts (Liuhe, Qixia and Gaochun) and one hospital (Nanjing Zhongda Hospital) in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The fecal samples were detected for Cryptosporidium with microscopy (by using the gold amine phenol-modified acid-fast staining) and the positive samples were detected again for the molecular biology confirming by using the fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS: During the two years, 581 cases of normal population who lived in the city were surveyed and no Cryptosporidium infection was found. Among 202 cases of outpatients with chronic diarrhea, there were 9 Cryptosporidium positive cases with the microscope scanning method (4.46%), and among the 9 cases, 7 cases showed obvious logarithmic amplification curves showing positive Cryptosporidium nucleic acid, but 2 cases without the obvious logarithmic amplification curves, and the Cryptosporidium nucleic acid positive rate was 3.47%. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptosporidium infection is not found in the normal population of Nanjing City, but the Cryptosporidium infection is found in the chronic diarrhea patients. The results imply that we should strengthen the detection of Cryptosporidium in the chronic diarrhea patients, so as to provide the evidence for improving the diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis.

[Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Nanjing City, so as to provide the evidence for further formulating and adjusting the malaria prevention and control strategy. METHODS: The data of malaria situation, malaria cases and epidemiological investigations were collected from the Internet Reporting System in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015 and analyzed statistically. RESULTS: A total of 137 confirmed malaria cases were reported in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015, including 102 falciparum malaria cases (74.45%), 33 vivax malaria cases (24.09%), one ovale malaria case (0.73%) and one quartan malaria case (0.73%). Among the 137 malaria cases, 126 cases (91.97%) were imported from foreign countries, 2 cases (1.46%) were infected locally, and nine cases (6.57%) were imported from other provinces in China. Among the 126 overseas imported cases, 117 cases were imported from African countries and 9 from Asian countries. These malaria cases were majorly young men working as migrant workers, laborers and technical persons. About 19.30% of the cases went to hospital on onset day, and 55.65% were confirmed by medical institutions as malaria in the same day. The majority of diagnosis institutions were municipal hospitals (74.45%). CONCLUSIONS: The number of malaria cases in Nanjing City is declining year by year. The local infections are eliminating gradually. However, the situation of imported malaria from overseas is still serious. Therefore, the surveillance work and health education still should be strengthened, so as to reduce the risk of imported malaria.

[Comparison of Schistosoma japonicum development between single sexual infection and double sexual infection in mice and rabbits].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the development of Schistosoma japonicum after single sexual infection and double sexual infection respectively. METHODS: A single Oncomelania hupensis snail was infected by a single schistosome miracidium. The larva were induced and released from the snail after 60-day incubation at 26 ℃. The mice were infected by the larva (single sexual infection) and dissected 40 days after the infection. All the worms were collected and the sex of the larvae was determined by the sex of the adult worms. Then, the mice and rabbits were infected by single sex of larvae (single sexual infection) and double sex of larvae (double sexual infection) respectively. The mice and the rabbits were dissected 40 days after the infection. All the worms were collected and measured under a microscope. RESULTS: All the male or female worms were collected from the mice and rabbits after single sexual infection. There were three main forms of worms after dissection of double sexual infection of mice and rabbits: folded mature male and female, male or female. Few folded male and immature female were found. Only the double sexual larva infected mice or rabbits had schistosome eggs in the liver and the liver had typical schistosome egg nodules. The single sexual larva infected mice or rabbits had no schistosome eggs or schistosome egg nodules in the liver tissues. The single male larva could develop to worms with the testis, and with a little smaller size compared to the mature folded male, while the single sexual infection female worm could not develop to the mature stage with much thinner and smaller compared to the mature folded female. CONCLUSIONS: The male or female worms from single sexual infection are smaller than those from double sexual infection (mature worms - folded male and female). So it is necessary to check single sex worms in vessels of intestinal mucosa thoroughly in the sentinel mice when no schistosome eggs were found in the liver.