Low handgrip strength is related to elevated echogenicity in patients with chronic kidney disease: A pilot, cross-sectional and exploratory study.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluate associations between triceps braqui muscle ultrasound measures (TB US) and handgrip strength (HGS), and the sensibility of TB US for low HGS in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (nd-CKD) patients. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: This pilot, cross-sectional, and exploratory study evaluated TB cross-sectional images from A-mode US and processed by FIJI-Image J to obtain muscle thickness (MT), echogenicity (EI), cross-sectional area (CSA), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (Lf) associating them with absolute HGS by simple and, multiple linear regression. The HGS was normalized to body mass index (BMI) and separated into low HGS (HGS/BMI≤10p according to sex and age) and adequate HGS (HGS/BMI>10p) groups. The body composition was from multifrequency bioimpedance. ROC analysis verified the TB US diagnostic accuracy to low HGS. RESULTS: Were included 42 (21M/21F) adults with 65.5 (60-70) y median age, 47.22% in 3b CKD stage. The low HGS group (45.23%) showed a higher fat mass (FM), TB muscle medium head's PA, and EI than adequate HGS (p<0.05). In crude model, a pixels increase in EI was associated with a 0.452kgf HGS reduction (p=0.019); adjusted for sex, age, and FM, a one-unit increase in EI was associated with a 0.510kgf HGS reduction (p=0.011). The EI also showed moderate diagnostic accuracy (AUC=0.730; CI 95%=0.589; 0.919) to low HGS and a sensitivity of 86.9% (cutoff≥13.52 pixels). CONCLUSION: In nd-CKD patients, of all measurements from US, the EI was the most associated with HGS, and the only one sensitive to low HGS diagnosis.

FRAIL scale as a screening tool and a predictor of mortality in non-dialysis dependent patients.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic yield of the FRAIL scale with respect to the physical frailty phenotype measure and their association with mortality in non-dialysis-dependent patients. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, non-dialysis dependent patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3b-5 seen in the nephrology outpatient clinics of two university hospitals were included. The presence of frailty was evaluated by physical frailty phenotype measure and the FRAIL scale. Patients were evaluated for six months, and mortality was recorded. The Kappa test was used to evaluate the diagnostic properties between the methods, and logistic regression to test the association between frailty and mortality. RESULTS: One hundred fifty-three patients were evaluated; average age was 65 (56-70) years, 50.9% were women, and the all-cause mortality rate was 2.6%. Forty-six patients were classified as living with frailty according to the physical frailty phenotype while 36 patients were rated frail by the FRAIL scale. In adults < 60 years of age, the FRAIL scale showed good accuracy (84.9%) and specificity (93.2%) but had low sensitivity (41.3%) and moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p < 0.001) compared to the definition of the physical frailty phenotype. The adjusted logistic regression model showed that the patients with frailty assessed by the FRAIL scale had a greater chance of mortality than the non-frail patients (OR: 6.8; CI95%:1.477-31.513; p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: Physical frailty phenotype identifies more patients as having pre-frailty and frailty in non-dialysis dependent patients as compared to the FRAIL scale. However, the FRAIL scale is a simple bedside tool that can be useful for screening for frailty and whose results were associated with mortality.

Comparison between general obesity and abdominal adiposity to estimate cardiovascular disease prevalence in individuals with chronic kidney disease: results from NHANES 2005-2016.

Abdominal obesity, regardless of overall obesity, is associated with metabolic abnormalities and with direct impact on cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) to estimate cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The data analyzed is from 2005-2016 cycles of the NHANES. A total of 2,825 participants with CKD were included in this study, and most of them had a high BMI, 66.1%, to be exact (BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m² if age <65 or >27.0 if age ≥ 65). The prevalence rates of high WC (≥102 cm for men or ≥88 cm for women) and high WHtR (WHtR>0.5) in the study population were 70.0% and 91.0%, respectively. The results of this study suggest that BMI is a good indicator of the risk of CVDs in individuals with CKD. In addition, the results show that WC and WHtR are associated with CVDs in non-overweight individuals of both sexes. These results indicate that the assessment of abdominal fat is essential even in non-overweight patients because the risk of CVDs cannot be identified in this subpopulation using only BMI.

Estado nutricional de crianças de 5 a 9 anos por regional de saúde do estado de Goiás / Nutritional status of children aged 5 to 9 years by regional health of the state of Goiás

Nos últimos anos a população brasileira apresenta um aumento expressivo de indivíduos com excesso de peso e redução na prevalência de desnutrição. O Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) permite o monitoramento de dados antropométricos e marcadores de consumo alimentar dos usuários da Atenção Primária do Sistema Único de Saúde de todas as fases da vida. Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de magreza, excesso de peso e déficit de estatura de escolares de 5 a 9 anos no estado de Goiás e regionais de saúde (RS). Métodos: Trata-se de estudo ecológico descritivo, realizado a partir de dados secundários registrados no SISVAN nos últimos 5 anos. A avaliação antropométrica foi realizada a partir dos indicadores estatura por idade e índice de massa corporal por idade. Resultados: Observou-se baixa prevalência de magreza (5,7%) e déficit de estatura (6,1%) e alta prevalência de excesso de peso (34,8%) entre as crianças avaliadas, sendo maior na RS Entorno Norte, nos dois primeiros parâmetros, e na RS Rio Vermelho, no último parâmetro. Com relação à evolução das prevalências nos últimos cinco anos, observou-se aumento do excesso de peso. Conclusão: Destacou-se o crescente aumento no excesso de peso em escolares de 5 a 9 anos, indicando a importância do monitoramento dos dados de estado nutricional, bem como a atenção para o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas para a reversão do cenário encontrado

In recent years, the Brazilian population has shown a significant increase in overweight individuals and a reduction in the prevalence of malnutrition. The Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) allows the monitoring of anthropometric data and food consumption markers of users of Primary Care of the Unified Health System of all stages of life. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of thinness, excess weight and short stature in schoolchildren aged 5 to 9 years in the state of Goiás and regional health centers (RS). Methods: This is an descriptive ecological study, based on secondary data recorded in SISVAN in the last 5 years. Anthropometric assessment was performed using height-for-age and body mass index-for-age indicators. Results: There was a low prevalence of thinness (5.7%) and short stature (6.1%) and a high prevalence of overweight (34.8%) among the children evaluated, being higher in RS Entorno Norte in the first two parameters and in the RS Rio Vermelho in the last parameter. Regarding the evolution of prevalence in the last five years, an increase in excess weight was observed. Conclusion: The growing increase in overweight in schoolchildren aged 5 to 9 years was highlighted, indicating the importance of monitoring nutritional status data, as well as attention to the development of actions aimed at reversing the scenario found

Turmeric supplementation with piperine is more effective than turmeric alone in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

PURPOSE: Turmeric has renop rotective effects that can act to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Piperine has been indicated as a bioavailability enhancer of turmeric and consequently of its biological effects. However, data on the efficacy of the turmeric/piperine combination in HD patients are limited. We aimed to verify whether turmeric supplementation in combination with piperine has a superior effect to turmeric alone in increasing antioxidant capacity and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in HD patients. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in HD patients (age 20-75 years). Patients were supplemented with turmeric (3 g/day) or turmeric/piperine (3 g turmeric + 2 mg piperine/day) for 12 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and ferritin were evaluated at baseline and the end of the study. RESULTS: There was a reduction in the MDA and ferritin levels in the turmeric/piperine group and in the comparison between groups at the end of the study [MDA: -0.08(-0.14/0.01) nmol/mL versus -0.003(-0.10/0.26) nmol/mL, p = 0.003; ferritin: -193.80 ±â€¯157.29 mg/mL versus 51.99 ±â€¯293.25 mg/mL, p = 0.018]. In addition, GPx activity reduced in the turmeric group (p = 0.029). No changes were observed for CAT, GR, and hs-CRP. CONCLUSION: Turmeric plus piperine was superior to turmeric alone in decreasing MDA and ferritin levels. The use of a combination of turmeric and piperine as a dietary intervention may be beneficial for modulating the status oxidative and inflammation in HD patients. BRAZILIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS NUMBER: RBR-2t5zpd; Registration Date: May 2, 2018.

Intuitive eating in general aspects of eating behaviors in individuals with obesity: Randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dysfunctional eating behaviors may be associated with weight gain and have a negative impact on obesity. Intuitive eating is a strategy that helps with changing eating behaviors. This study aimed to analyze the effects of intuitive eating alone or combined with nutritional guidelines on eating behaviors, weight, and body mass index (BMI), in individuals with obesity. METHODS: This is a randomized clinical trial of 58 individuals (84.5% females and 84.5% candidates for bariatric surgery). The mean age was 40.5 years (SD = 9.1). The mean BMI was 48.3 kg/m2 (SD = 7.4). Individuals were randomized into three groups: 1) the control group (CG; n = 18), who received an individualized meal plan, 2) the intuitive eating group (IEG; n = 23), and 3) the intuitive eating and nutritional guidelines application group (IEGDG; n = 17). The study lasted for six months. Eating behaviors were assessed using the Binge Eating Scale and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire, the 21-item version. RESULTS: Compared with the CG, the IEG and IEGDG did not differ in binge eating, cognitive restriction, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating. Likewise, there were no significant differences in weight and BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Intuitive eating alone or in combination with nutritional guidelines did not alter the general domains of eating behaviors, weight, and BMI in individuals with obesity. We suggest further studies involving other health professionals, as well as evaluating the effects of intuitive eating using scales, in addition to eating behaviors. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br6, Identifier: RBR-7q9nj8.

Low hand grip strength is associated with worse functional capacity and higher inflammation in people receiving maintenance hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations of hand grip strength (HGS) with body composition, functional capacity, muscle quality, and inflammatory markers in people receiving maintenance hemodialysis. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in people receiving maintenance hemodialysis. HGS was measured by hydraulic dynamometer on the upper limb without fistula. Participants were stratified into low or adequate HGS, based on population-specific cutoff points. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and functional capacity by the Short Physical Performance Battery and timed up-and-go tests. In addition, serum creatinine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP) were measured before the dialysis session. RESULTS: A total of 67 participants (41.8% women, 58.2% male; ages 54.1 ± 11.7 y) were included. Those with low HGS had worse functional capacity than those with adequate HGS (timed up-and-go test, 10.7 ± 1.0 versus 8.5 ± 0.8 sec, respectively; P < 0.001). IL-6 and us-CRP were higher in those with low HGS than their counterparts (IL-6: 2.7 ± 0.3 versus 1.9 pg/mL, P = 0.03; us-CRP: 14.8 ± 3.0 versus 4.7 ± 1.9 mg/L, P = 0.03). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that appendicular lean mass, us-CRP, age, sex, and seven-point subjective global assessment score were associated with HGS. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with low HGS showed higher inflammation and lower functional capacity. In addition to muscle mass, inflammation and nutritional status also affect HGS..

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response to curcumin supplementation in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hemodialysis (HD) patients are vulnerable to malnutrition and cardiovascular complications due to many factors, including oxidative stress and inflammation. Curcumin supplementation is associated with attenuation of proinflammatory cytokines and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, but its effects in HD patients are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of curcumin supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation in HD patients. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolled 43 HD patients and divided them into two groups: supplemented with curcumin (1 g/day) or placebo (corn starch) for 12 weeks. Demographic information and blood samples were taken at the start and the end of the study to determine serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activity, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). RESULTS: The curcumin group showed a significant increase in catalase activity [Δ = 1.13 ± 2.87 versus Δ = -1.08 ± 2.68; p = 0.048] and preserved glutathione peroxidase activity [Δ = -4.23 ± 11.50 versus Δ = -14.44 ± 13.96; p < 0.01] compared with the placebo group. However, no significant changes were found in MDA concentrations, glutathione reductase activity, and hs-CRP concentrations after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Curcumin supplementation for 12 weeks had potential effects on antioxidant response, but it was not enough to reduce oxidative stress markers and inflammation in HD patients. This trial was registered at EnsaiosClínicos.gov.br under registration number RBR-2t5zpd.

Transcultural adaptation of the Thirst Distress Scale (TDS) into Brazilian Portuguese and an analysis of the psychometric properties of the scale for patients on hemodialysis / Adaptação transcultural do instrumento Thirst Distress Scale (TDS) para o português brasileiro e propriedades psicométricas em pacientes em hemodiálise

Abstract Objective: To produce a transcultural adaptation of the Thirst Distress Scale (TDS) into Brazilian Portuguese and analyze the scale's psychometric properties for patients on hemodialysis (HD). Methods: The original scale was translated, back translated, and discussed with psychometric assessment experts. The final version was tested with 126 patients on HD and retested with 70 individuals from the original patient population. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the scale's internal consistency. Reliability of thirst intensity evaluated via the visual analogue scale (VAS) was tested with Kappa statistic and the Bland-Altman plot. Reproducibility was assessed based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: The wording of three items and the verb tenses of six had to be adjusted in the final version of the Brazilian Portuguese TDS. Comprehension of the scale by patients on HD was good, the scale's internal consistency was satisfactory (0.84; p<0.001), agreement with a visual analogue scale (VAS) was moderate (kappa=0.44; p<0.001), and reproducibility neared perfection (ICC=0.87; p<0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the scale might be used reliably. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the TDS is a practical, affordable, accessible and well-accepted tool that has a lot to offer for the management of patients with HD.

Resumo Objetivo: Realizar a adaptação transcultural da escala Thirst Distress Scale (TDS) para o português brasileiro e estudar suas propriedades psicométricas em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). Métodos: Foram realizadas traduções, retrotraduções, discussão com especialistas e avaliação psicométrica, com aplicação da versão final em 126 pacientes em HD e reteste em 70 pacientes da amostra inicial. A consistência interna do instrumento foi obtida pelo alfa de Cronbach. Para analisar a concordância com a intensidade de sede, avaliada pela Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), foi utilizado o teste Kappa e a estratégia gráfica de Bland-Altman. Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade, foi realizado teste de correlação intraclasse (CCI). Resultados: Para obtenção da versão final da escala TDS em português brasileiro, intitulada TDS-BR, foi necessária adaptação de vocabulário em três itens e mudança de tempo verbal em seis itens. Houve boa compreensão da escala pelos pacientes em HD, consistência interna satisfatória (0,84, p<0,001), concordância moderada com a Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) (kappa=0,44; p<0,001) e reprodutibilidade quase perfeita (CCI=0,87; p<0,001). Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos indicam a aplicabilidade e confiabilidade do instrumento na língua portuguesa (Brasil). A ferramenta, por ser de fácil compreensão e baixo custo, além de ter boa aceitação, pode ser um instrumento relevante no manejo da sede de pacientes em HD.

Transcultural adaptation of the Thirst Distress Scale (TDS) into Brazilian Portuguese and an analysis of the psychometric properties of the scale for patients on hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: To produce a transcultural adaptation of the Thirst Distress Scale (TDS) into Brazilian Portuguese and analyze the scale's psychometric properties for patients on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: The original scale was translated, back translated, and discussed with psychometric assessment experts. The final version was tested with 126 patients on HD and retested with 70 individuals from the original patient population. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the scale's internal consistency. Reliability of thirst intensity evaluated via the visual analogue scale (VAS) was tested with Kappa statistic and the Bland-Altman plot. Reproducibility was assessed based on the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The wording of three items and the verb tenses of six had to be adjusted in the final version of the Brazilian Portuguese TDS. Comprehension of the scale by patients on HD was good, the scale's internal consistency was satisfactory (0.84; p<0.001), agreement with a visual analogue scale (VAS) was moderate (kappa=0.44; p<0.001), and reproducibility neared perfection (ICC=0.87; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that the Brazilian Portuguese version of the scale might be used reliably. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the TDS is a practical, affordable, accessible and well-accepted tool that has a lot to offer for the management of patients with HD.

Effect of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Traditional Brazilian Diet on the Bone Health Parameters of Severely Obese Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Dietary interventions can stabilize and/or reverse bone mass loss. However, there are no reports on its effects on bone mineral density (BMD) in severely obese people, despite the vulnerability of this group to bone loss. We examine the effect of extra virgin olive oil supplementation and the traditional Brazilian diet (DieTBra) on BMD and levels of calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in severely obese adults. A randomized controlled trial followed-up with severely obese adults (n = 111, with mean body mass index 43.6 kg/m2 ± 4.5 kg/m2) for 12 weeks. Study participants received either olive oil (52 mL/day), DieTBra, or olive oil + DieTBra (52 mL/day + DieTBra). BMD was assessed by total spine and hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After interventions, BMD means for total spine (p = 0.016) and total hip (p = 0.029) were higher in the DieTBra group than in the olive oil + DieTBra group. Final mean calcium levels were higher in the olive oil group compared to the olive oil + DieTBra group (p = 0.026). Findings suggest that DieTBra and extra virgin olive oil have positive effects on bone health in severely obese adults. The major study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02463435).

Intradialytic Resistance Training Improves Functional Capacity and Lean Mass Gain in Individuals on Hemodialysis: A Randomized Pilot Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of high vs moderate loads of intradialytic resistance training (RT) on body composition, sarcopenia prevalence, functional capacity, inflammatory markers, and quality of life (QoL) in individuals on hemodialysis. DESIGN: A pilot randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Two hemodialysis centers. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals on hemodialysis (N=80; 51% men, aged 30-75y) in treatment for at least 3 months, adequately dialyzed (Kt/V≥1.2, where K is dialyzer clearance in mL/min, t is time, and V is volume of water) with vascular access via arteriovenous fistula. INTERVENTIONS: The 12 weeks of intradialytic RT was performed 3 times per week. The training groups were: high-load intradialytic group (HLG, 8-10 repetitions), moderate-load intradialytic group (MLG, 16-18 repetitions), and control group (CG, stretching exercise). The total training volume was equalized among training groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Lean leg mass was assessed by a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; functional capacity was assessed by Short Physical Performance Battery and Timed Up and Go test; and QoL was assessed by Kidney Disease QoL Instrument, inflammatory markers, and sarcopenia. RESULTS: After the training period, the HLG increased lean leg mass compared with the CG. The HLG also displayed improvements in the pain and physical function domains. The skeletal muscle index and functional capacity increased in both RT protocols. The prevalence of sarcopenia was reduced 14.3% and 25% in the MLG and HLG, respectively, while there was an increase of 10% in the CG. No differences were observed in cytokines after intervention. CONCLUSIONS: High-load intradialytic RT was associated with gains in lean leg mass and QoL while functional capacity, appendicular muscle mass, and sarcopenia status were improved regardless of the RT load.

Overweight and associated factors in adolescents from a brazilian capital. / Excesso de peso e fatores associados em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira.

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight in adolescents and its associated factors. METHODS:: A cross-sectional study in public and private schools in Goiania, Brazil. Socioeconomic status, family history of obesity, lifestyle, blood pressure and Body Mass Index were studied in a sample of 1,169 Brazilian youth aged 12 - 18 years, who attended public and private schools. Data were obtained from a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements previously tested in a pilot study. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight, prevalence ratios and associations with the other factors. RESULTS:: The prevalence of overweight was 21.2%, with a significant difference between boys and girls (26.3 and 16.8% respectively). Regression analysis showed that maternal obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight in boys (PR = 1.86; p = 0.004), and boys aged 15 - 18 years had a lower prevalence of overweight than boys aged 12 - 14 years (PR = 0.70; p = 0.021). Among the girls, the presence of obese parents was associated with higher prevalence of overweight (PR = 2.42; p < 0.001), and the girls from a C class socioeconomic position were negatively associated with overweight (PR = 0.67; p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS:: Overweight in adolescence is associated with gender, obesity family history, and socioeconomic position. These data should be considered when planning intervention programs.

Excesso de peso e fatores associados em adolescentes de uma capital brasileira / Overweight and associated factors in adolescents from a brazilian capital

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de excesso de peso (EP) e fatores associados em adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em escolas públicas e privadas de Goiânia (GO). Foram analisados adolescentes de 12 a 18 anos (n = 1.169) por meio de questionário padronizado. A prevalência de EP foi avaliada pelas curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) por idade. As associações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de antecedentes familiares de obesidade, de estilo de vida e de pressão arterial com o EP foram analisadas por intermédio da razão de prevalência bruta e ajustada por meio da regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de EP foi de 21,2%, sendo 14,1% de sobrepeso e 7,1% de obesidade, com diferenças significativas entre gêneros (26,3% dos rapazes versus 16,8% das moças). Na análise de Poisson, a obesidade materna (RP = 1,86; p = 0,004) foi associada com a maior prevalência de EP no sexo masculino, e aqueles com idade entre 15 e 18 anos tiveram menor prevalência de EP quando comparados àqueles com idade entre 12 e 14 anos (RP = 0,70; p = 0,021). No sexo feminino, a presença de pais obesos (RP = 2,42; p < 0,001) associou-se a maior prevalência de EP, e as moças pertencentes à classe C tiveram menor prevalência de EP (RP = 0,67; p = 0,035). Conclusões: O EP em adolescentes esteve associado ao gênero, à obesidade familiar, e a melhor classificação socioeconômica - fatores que devem ser o foco do planejamento de intervenções específicas na promoção da saúde.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight in adolescents and its associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study in public and private schools in Goiania, Brazil. Socioeconomic status, family history of obesity, lifestyle, blood pressure and Body Mass Index were studied in a sample of 1,169 Brazilian youth aged 12 - 18 years, who attended public and private schools. Data were obtained from a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements previously tested in a pilot study. Poisson regression was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight, prevalence ratios and associations with the other factors. Results: The prevalence of overweight was 21.2%, with a significant difference between boys and girls (26.3 and 16.8% respectively). Regression analysis showed that maternal obesity was associated with a higher prevalence of overweight in boys (PR = 1.86; p = 0.004), and boys aged 15 - 18 years had a lower prevalence of overweight than boys aged 12 - 14 years (PR = 0.70; p = 0.021). Among the girls, the presence of obese parents was associated with higher prevalence of overweight (PR = 2.42; p < 0.001), and the girls from a C class socioeconomic position were negatively associated with overweight (PR = 0.67; p = 0.035). Conclusions: Overweight in adolescence is associated with gender, obesity family history, and socioeconomic position. These data should be considered when planning intervention programs.

Ganho de peso na vida adulta: preditor da hipertensão arterial? / Weight gain in adulthood: hypertension predictor?

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar o ganho de peso na idade adulta, bem como a influência sobre a prevalência da hipertensão. Métodos Estudo transversal, por meio de entrevista telefônica com indivíduos de 30-59 anos, recorte do Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis por Meio de Entrevistas Telefônicas (SIMTEL). Analisaram-se dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos e estilo de vida. O efeito independente do ganho de peso e do índice de massa corporal atual e aos 20 anos de idade na prevalência da hipertensão arterial foi analisado por meio de Regressão de Poisson. Resultados Mediana de 42 anos de idade (IC95%; 41,0-43,0). A média do ganho de peso relativo foi de 18,1 ± 11,1%. Na amostra, 7,0% tiveram ganho de peso nulo, 19,2% baixo, 34,2% médio e 39,4% alto. Na análise multivariada, o ganho de peso não se associou à hipertensão arterial, já o IMC atual teve associação significativa, sendo a prevalência 2,4 vezes maior nos obesos do que nos eutróficos, enquanto que nos obesos aos 20 anos de idade a prevalência de hipertensão foi 1,9 vezes maior. Conclusões Houve elevado ganho de peso na idade adulta, mas esse ganho não foi determinante para a hipertensão quando ajustado pelo IMC atual.

Abstract Objectives Assess weight gain in adulthood, as well as influence on the prevalence of hypertension. Methods Cross-sectional study through a telephone interview with individuals ranging from 30-59 years old, section of the Municipal Monitoring System of Risk Factors for Non-Transmitted Chronical Diseases via Telephone Interview (Sistema Municipal de Monitoramento de Fatores de Risco para Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis por Meio de Entrevistas Telefônicas (SIMTEL)). We analyzed demographic data, anthropometric and lifestyle. The independent effect of weight gain and current body mass index and 20 years of age in the prevalence of hypertension was analyzed using Poisson regression. Results The median age was 42 years old (CI95%, 41.0-43.0). The average relative weight gain was 18.1 ± 11.1%. In the sample, 7.0% presented zero weight gain, 19.2% low, 34.2% average, and 39.4% high weight gain. In multivariate analysis, the weight gain was not associated to high blood pressure, since the current BMI was significantly associated, with a prevalence 2.4 times higher in obese than in normal weight, while in obese at 20 years of age, the prevalence hypertension was 1.9 times higher. Conclusions There was a high weight gain in adulthood, but this gain was not decisive for hypertension when adjusted by the current BMI.

Formação e Qualificação de Profissionais de Saúde: Fatores Associados à Qualidade da Atenção Primária / Training and Qualification of Health Professionals: Factors Associated to the Quality of Primary Care

RESUMO As mudanças nos setores da educação e da saúde no século XX influenciaram as concepções e práticas dos profissionais de saúde, em especial na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Esta pesquisa analisou o perfil de formação e qualificação dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) e os fatores associados com a qualidade dos serviços de APS da região noroeste de Goiânia. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado por entrevista, incluindo a aplicação do Instrumento de Avaliação da Atenção Primária (PCATool). Participaram do estudo 92 profissionais (48 médicos e 44 enfermeiros) das equipes da ESF. Os dados foram analisados por meio dos testes U de Man-Whitney, Qui-Quadrado, Fischer e Regressão de Poisson. Os resultados apontaram diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre o perfil de formação e qualificação de médicos e enfermeiros. A avaliação dos atributos da APS resultou em alto escore geral de APS (6,7). Conclui-se que a qualidade dos serviços de atenção primária possui associação com o maior tempo de trabalho de médicos na mesma equipe e com a percepção de capacitação dos profissionais de saúde da região noroeste de Goiânia.

ABSTRACT The changes wtinessed in health and education in the twentieth century influenced the work of health professionals, particularly those in primary health care, on a conceptual and practical level. This research investgiated the training and qualifications of professionals that work with the Family Health Strategy (FHS), and factors related to the quality of primary health care services in the northwest region of Goiânia. The research is classified as a cross-sectional study, conducted using interviews that included the application of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool). Ninety-two professionals from FHS teams participated in the study (48 physicians and 44 nurses). The data analysis involved methods such as the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test, Fisher test and Poisson Regression. The results indicated significant differences (p<0.05) between the training profile and qualifications of doctors and nurses. Assessment of the primary health care attributes resulted in a general high score (6.7). It was concluded that the quality of the primary health care services can be correlated to doctors who work for a longer period of time in the same teams, as well as the perception of health professional training and qualifications in the northwest region of Goiânia.

Sedentary lifestyle and its associated factors among adolescents from public and private schools of a Brazilian state capital.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a transition stage between childhood and adulthood and is an important phase for the acquisition of future lifestyles, including the practice of physical activity (PA). The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle in adolescents is often high, creating the need for studies addressing the practice of PA and its associated factors for a better understanding of the phenomenon and possible interventions that would encourage positive changes. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of students aged 14-18 years enrolled in both public and private schools of a large Brazilian city to determine the level of physical activity (PA) and its associated factors. Sedentary lifestyle was measured by applying the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The independent variables were gender, age, race, tobacco use and alcohol consumption in the past 30 days, socioeconomic status, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure. The crude prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association and was estimated from a Poisson regression. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 862 adolescents with a mean age of 15.4 ± 1.1 years. Females were predominant (52.8%), and the age between 14 and 15 years was the most frequent (52.2%). The majority of the group reported themselves as Caucasians (51.2%), belonging to socioeconomic class C (52.5%) and were attending to public schools (69.1%). The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was 66.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 63.5-69.9), where values of 65.4% and 69.9% were observed among students from public and private schools, respectively (p = 0.196). Sedentary lifestyle was more frequent in females (78.0% vs 54.3%; p < 0.001). The factor directly associated with sedentary lifestyle was female gender both in public and private schools and the only independent variable related to sedentarism was also female gender. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was extremely high in the population of adolescents studied both in public and private schools. Female sex was directly associated with sedentary lifestyle.

Validação de fotografias de alimentos para estimativa do consumo alimentar / Validation of food's photographs for estimating the consumption food

RESUMO Objetivo Validar fotografias de um guia fotográfico de alimentos para estimativa do consumo alimentar. Métodos As fotografias de 12 alimentos (bolo simples, macarrão ao sugo, mamão formosa, melancia, repolho roxo ralado, quiabo refogado, churrasco em tiras, filé de frango grelhado, pudim de leite condensado, pizza, amendoim cru e queijo tipo minas), retratadas em três tamanhos de porções (pequena, média e grande), foram avaliadas por 90 indivíduos adultos. Foram também investigados o peso, a estatura e o sexo dos participantes. Para análise de concordância entre o tamanho da porção do alimento retratado nas fotos e o tamanho real do alimento, utilizou-se o teste Kappa. Os dados foram analisados no software Stata, considerando-se p <0,05. Resultados A maior prevalência de acerto foi para as preparações pizza (87,8%), churrasco (80,0%), filé de frango e pudim (75,5%). Já os alimentos com menor percentual de acertos foram a melancia (52,2%), o mamão formosa e o bolo (57,8%). A concordância geral entre a percepção do tamanho da porção do alimento e o tamanho real do alimento foi de 0,622 ( p <0,001). A percepção não foi influenciada pelo sexo e pelo estado nutricional dos participantes ( p >0,05). Conclusão As 12 fotografias apresentaram uma boa concordância com as porções dos alimentos e podem ser um instrumento útil para aumentar a acurácia dos relatos do consumo alimentar.

ABSTRACT Objective Validate photographs of a photographic guide of foods to estimate food consumption. Methods The photos of 12 foods (simple cake, pasta to suck, papaya, watermelon, grated purple cabbage, okra stew, barbecue into strips, grilled chicken, condensed milk pudding, pizza, raw peanuts and cheese type mines), pictured in three portion sizes (small, medium and large), were evaluated for 90 adult subjects. The weight, height and gender of the participants also were investigated. For analysis of agreement between the size of the food portion pictured in the photos and the actual size of the food used the Kappa test. Data were analyzed using Stata software, considering p<0.05. Results The highest prevalence was hit for pizza preparations (87.8%), barbecue (80.0%) chicken fillet and pudding (75.5%), while foods with a lower percentage of correct answers were watermelon (52.2%), the papaya and cake (57.8%). The overall agreement between the perception of the size of the food portion and the actual size of the food was 0.622 (p<0.001). The perception was not influenced by sex and nutritional status of participants (p>0,05). Conclusion We conclude that the 12 photographs showed a good agreement with the portions of food and can be a useful instrument to increase the accuracy of dietary intake reports.

Anthropometric measurements and markers of renal function in adults and older adults / Indicadores antropométricos e marcadores de função renal em adultos e idosos

Objective: To determine whether anthropometric indicators are associated with markers of renal function in adults and older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 279 adults and older adults attending eight primary healthcare units in eastern Goiânia, Góias. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical data were collected using a standard questionnaire. Body mass index was categorized as overweight (≥25 kg/m²) or non-overweight. Waist circumference was classified as normal or high; chronic kidney disease was defined as a glomerular filtration rate below 60 mL/minutes/1.73 m²; micro/macroalbuminuria was defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio above 30 mg/g. The association between anthropometric indicators and renal function markers was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Chronic kidney disease was present in 8.9% and micro/macroalbuminuria in 34.8% of the sample. The prevalence of overweight was 57.0%. Waist circumference and body mass index were positively associated with glomerular filtration rate, characterized as glomerular hyperfiltration. Microalbuminuria was positively associated with body mass index in women. Conclusion: The prevalences of chronic kidney disease and overweight were high in the study population. Overweight was positively associated with glomerular filtration rate.

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre indicadores antropométricos do estado nutricional e marcadores da função renal em adultos e idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 279 adultos e idosos atendidos por oito Unidades de Atenção Básica à Saúde da Família da região Leste de Goiânia por meio de visitas domiciliares. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, de estilo de vida e clínicos. Para avaliação do estado nutricional foi considerado o índice de massa corporal, com classificação para excesso de peso (≥25 kg/m²) e sem excesso de peso; também foi avaliada a circunferência da cintura, caracterizada como aumentada ou normal. Para o diagnóstico de doença renal crônica foi considerada uma taxa de filtração glomerular <60 mL/minutos/1,73m² e para detecção de presença de albuminúria moderadamente/acentuadamente aumentada foi considerada a relação albumina/creatinina urinária >30 mg/g. A associação entre os indicadores antropométricos e marcadores da função renal foi avaliada com regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de doença renal crônica foi de 8,9% e de albuminúria foi de 34,8%. O excesso de peso foi detectado em 57,0% da amostra. Houve associação positiva do índice de massa corporal e da circunferência da cintura com a taxa de filtração glomerular em ambos os sexos (p<0,01), enquanto a albuminúria apresentou associação positiva somente com o índice de massa corporal e apenas em mulheres (p=0,016). Conclusão : A amostra apresentou alta prevalência de doença renal crônica e excesso de peso, sendo que os indicadores antropométricos apresentaram associação positiva com a taxa de filtração glomerular.