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1.
Health Care Women Int ; 31(6): 515-32, 2010 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20461602

ABSTRACT

International migration is associated with increased HIV vulnerability, but little is known about the vulnerability of internal migrants. This qualitative study explored perceptions of HIV and condom use among Mexican migrant female factory workers. Migration and male sexual infidelity contributed to increased HIV vulnerability and unprotected sex was ubiquitous. The dominant cultural discourse that dichotomizes "good" (monogamous) and "bad" (sexually stigmatized) women, and male partner's resistance, were barriers to condom use. Women's positive attitudes toward the dual protection (pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections) offered by condoms and sexual agency expressed by refusing unwanted sexual contact are resources for HIV prevention.


Subject(s)
Attitude to Health/ethnology , Condoms , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Safe Sex/ethnology , Transients and Migrants/psychology , Women, Working/psychology , Adult , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Cooperative Behavior , Extramarital Relations/ethnology , Female , HIV Infections/ethnology , HIV Infections/transmission , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Qualitative Research , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Safe Sex/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Partners/psychology , Social Support , Stereotyping , Surveys and Questionnaires , Transients and Migrants/education , Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable Populations/ethnology , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data , Women, Working/education , Women, Working/statistics & numerical data
2.
Rev. chil. salud pública ; 12(3): 161-168, 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-535028

ABSTRACT

El objetivo es conocer cómo las parteras tradicionales construyen su saber en salud materna y cómo se relacionan con las instituciones de salud.(a). Se realizó un estudio cualitativo en el 2005, se entrevistaron en sus domicilios a ocho parteras tradicionales, se observaron tres consultas prenatales y dos cursos de capacitación para parteras en Morelos, México. Las guías de entrevista y observación comprendieron temáticas sobre iniciación como parteras, relación con las instituciones de salud, así como utilización de prácticas tradicionales y biomédicas. Las parteras tradicionales combinan conocimientos tradicionales y biomédicos. Este último por influencia de las instituciones de salud a través de cursos de capacitación. Estas mujeres se han visto expuestas al rechazo médico, lo que ha ocasionado ciertos conflictos en la relación. La situación las ha obligado a ocultar que son parteras o no acompañar a sus pacientes a la atención médica con el fin de que sus pacientes accedan a la atención médica. Como forma de resistencia ante la crítica médica llevan a cabo prácticas tradicionales que consideran benéficas para las mujeres. El proceso de medicalización que prevalece en las instituciones de salud ha repercutido de forma importante en la partería tradicional. Las parteras se han expuesto a la exclusión y deslegitimización de sus prácticas tradicionales; sin embargo, han adquirido conocimientos biomédicos para mejorar la calidad de su atención.


Purpose: To know how traditional midwives build their maternal health knowledge and how they relate with health institutions. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in 2005. In such study eight traditional midwives were interviewed at their homes, and three antenatal consultations and two training courses for midwives were assessed in Morelos, Mexico. Interview and observation guidelines included topics such as the beginnings as a midwife, the relation with health institutions as well as the observance of traditional and biomedical practices. Results: Traditional midwives combine traditional and biomedical knowledge. The latter is a result of the influence of health institutions carried out through training courses. These women have been exposed to the rejection attitude of physicians that has generated relationship conflicts, the situation leading them to hide their midwife nature or not to escort their patients to medical consultation in order to preserve their patient’s physician medical care. As a means of resistance before the medical criticism, they carry out traditional practices they consider beneficial to women. Conclusions: The medicalization process prevailing in health institutions has had a significant impact on traditional midwifery. Midwive shave been exposed to exclusion and illegitimation of their traditional practices, however, they have acquired biomedical knowledge to improve the quality of the care provided.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Health Services , Medicine, Traditional , Professional Training , Mexico
3.
Am J Public Health ; 97(6): 986-96, 2007 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17463368

ABSTRACT

Marriage presents the single greatest risk for HIV infection among women in rural Mexico. We drew on 6 months of participant observation, 20 marital case studies, 37 key informant interviews, and archival research to explore the factors that shape HIV risk among married women in one of the country's rural communities. We found that culturally constructed notions of reputation in this community lead to sexual behavior designed to minimize men's social risk (threats to one's social status or relationships), rather than viral risk and that men's desire for companionate intimacy may actually increase women's risk for HIV infection. We also describe the intertwining of reputation-based sexual identities with structurally patterned sexual geographies (i.e. the social spaces that shape sexual behavior). We propose that, because of the structural nature of men's extramarital sexual behavior, intervention development should concentrate on sexual geographies and risky spaces rather than risky behaviors or identities.


Subject(s)
Extramarital Relations , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Men/psychology , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/epidemiology , Social Environment , Adult , Communication , Condoms/statistics & numerical data , Cultural Characteristics , Female , HIV Infections/transmission , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Rural Population , Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/transmission , Unsafe Sex , Women's Health
4.
Salud Publica Mex ; 48(4): 325-31, 2006.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16913457

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify cultural beliefs and practices to evaluate the acceptability of dietary supplements of Oportunidades Program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ethnographic study with in-depth interviews (n=43)--mothers of children less than five years of age and pregnant and breasfeeding women (PBW)--, key informants (n=9); focus groups (n=8) and direct observation, in four communities from North, Central, South and Southwest of Mexico. RESULTS: The supplement was prepared in several different ways. The liquid preparation was best accepted; generally the supplement was mixed with milk. Initially, the supplement caused nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, but these symptoms disappeared with continued consumption. Acceptance was highest among PBW. CONCLUSIONS: The supplement tends to replace milk as a food product in the daily diet. There is a necessity to develop culturally specific evaluations in regions with different food intake practices. The study results should be interpreted in the context of other program components, such as health care and education.


Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Malnutrition/prevention & control , Program Evaluation , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Maternal Behavior , Mexico , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Pregnancy
5.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(4): 325-331, jul.-ago. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-433949

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Identificar usos y prácticas culturales para evaluar la aceptabilidad de los suplementos alimenticios del programa Oportunidades. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio etnográfico con entrevistas a profundidad (43) -madres de niños menores de cinco años y mujeres embarazadas y en periodo de lactancia (MEPL)-; informantes clave (9); grupos focales (8) y observación directa en cuatro comunidades del norte, centro, rur y sureste de México. RESULTADOS: El suplemento se prepara en distintas formas. Se consumió más en forma líquida que en solución de consistencia espesa. En las primeras ingestas causa vómito, diarrea y náuseas, pero estos malestares se superan posteriormente. Debido a la preferencia por la forma líquida, el suplemento se combina con leche. Entre las MEPL la aceptación fue generalizada. CONCLUSIONES: El suplemento tiende a sustituir a la leche como un alimento en la dieta diaria. Se recomiendan evaluaciones en regiones con prácticas alimenticias culturalmente diferentes y considerar su relación con otros componentes del programa.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Pregnancy , Dietary Supplements , Malnutrition/prevention & control , Program Evaluation , Maternal Behavior , Mexico , Patient Acceptance of Health Care
6.
Salud Publica Mex ; 48(2): 127-40, 2006.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16619869

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To analyze, from the decision maker's perspective, the financial resource allocation process of the health services of the state of Jalisco (SSJ, per its abbreviation in spanish), within the context of decentralization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Through a qualitative approximation using semi-structured individual interviews of key personnel in managerial positions as the method for compiling information, the experience of the SSJ in financial resource allocation was documented. From September to November 2003, the perception of managers and administrators regarding their level of autonomy in decision-making was explored as well as the process they follow for the allocation of financial resources, in order to identify the criteria they use and their justifications. RESULTS: From the point of view of decision-makers, autonomy of the SSJ has increased considerably since decentralization was implemented, although the degree of decision-making freedom remains limited due mainly to high adminstrative costs associated with salaries. In this sense, the implications attributable to labor situations that are still centralized are evident. Some innovative systems for financial resource allocation have been established in the SSJ for the sanitary regions and hospitals based upon administrative-managerial and productivity incentives. Adjustments were also made for degree of marginalization and population lag, under the equity criterion. CONCLUSIONS: General work conditions and decision-making autonomy of the sanitary regions constitute outstanding aspects pending decentralization. Although decentralization has granted more autonomy to the SSJ, the level of decision-making freedom for allocating financial resources has been held within the highest hierarchical levels.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Politics , Resource Allocation/methods , Mexico
7.
Salud pública Méx ; 48(2): 127-140, mar.-abr. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-429951

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analizar, a partir de la perspectiva de los tomadores de decisiones, el proceso de asignación de los recursos financieros en los servicios de salud del estado de Jalisco (SSJ), México, en el contexto de la descentralización. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Mediante una aproximación cualitativa, con entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave de puestos directivos como técnica de levantamiento de información, se documentó, a través del análisis del discurso de los informantes, la experiencia de los SSJ en materia de asignación de recursos financieros. De septiembre a noviembre de 2003, se exploró la percepción de directivos y administradores sobre el grado de autonomía que tienen en la toma de decisiones y el proceso que se sigue en la asignación de los recursos financieros, para identificar los criterios que se utilizan y sus justificaciones. RESULTADOS: Desde el punto de vista de los tomadores de decisiones, a partir de la descentralización se ha incrementado la autonomía de los SSJ, aunque el grado de decisión permanece limitado debido, principalmente, al gran gasto administrativo asociado a nómina. En este sentido, las implicaciones imputables a las condiciones laborales aún no descentralizadas son todavía evidentes. En los SSJ se han establecido sistemas propios e innovadores para la asignación de los recursos financieros por regiones sanitarias y hospitales, con base en incentivos administrativo-gerenciales y en productividad, asimismo realizando ajustes por grado de marginación y rezago poblacional, bajo el criterio de equidad. CONCLUSIONES: Las condiciones generales de trabajo y el poder de decisión asignado a las regiones sanitarias constituyen un aspecto pendiente de descentralizar. Si bien la descentralización ha otorgado mayor autonomía a los SSJ, el nivel de decisión para la asignación de recursos financieros se ha concentrado en los niveles jerárquicos más altos.


Subject(s)
Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Politics , Resource Allocation/methods , Mexico
8.
Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP ; 39(4): 375-382, dez. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: lil-458936

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Documentar las creencias y las prácticas de las parteras tradicionales respecto al embarazo parto y puerperio. Método: Aprovechando un curso de capacitación de 160 parteras tradicionales locales de las regiones Media y Huasteca del Estado de San Luis Potosí, México, dos de las enfermeras-instructoras entrevistaron a 25 de los capacitandos, apoyadas por un miembro de las comunidades náhuatl y tenek. La identidad de los participantes se mantiene anónima y se obtuvo permiso para publicar los resultados mediante consentimiento informado. Resultados: Las prácticas de las parteras (os) tradicionales son comunes en los grupos sociales que carecen de servicios de salud. Sus funciones no están limitadas al parto e incluyen nutrición, cuidados prenatales, del puerperio y la lactancia, así como apoyo afectivo emocional de las madres parturientas y sus familiares. En este estudio se registraron varios mitos y terapias tradicionales. Conclusión: Los recursos de la terapia tradicional y de la atención primaria de la salud de las parteras Náhuatl y Tenek son útiles y benéficos para los cuidados perinatales.


OBJETIVO: Documentar as crenças e as práticas das parteiras tradicionais quanto à gravidez, parto e puerpério. MÉTODO: Aproveitando um curso de capacitação de 160 parteiras tradicionais locais das regiões Media e Huasteca do Estado de São Luís Potosi, México, duas das enfermeiras-instrutoras entrevistaram 25 participantes do curso, apoiadas por um membro das comunidades náhuatl e tenek. Foi garantido o anonimato dos participantes, que concordaram com a publicação dos resultados, mediante o termo de consentimento esclarecido. RESULTADOS: As práticas das (os) parteiras (os) tradicionais são comuns nos grupos sociais carentes de servicos de saúde. Suas funções não estão limitadas ao parto, compreendem nutrição, cuidados do pré-natal, do puerpério e da lactância, assim como apoio afetivo emocional das mães parturientes e de seus familiares. Neste estudo registraram-se vários mitos e terapias tradicionais. CONCLUSÃO: Os recursos da terapia tradicional e da atenção primaria da saúde das parteiras náhuatl e tenek são úteis e benéficas para os cuidados do pré-natal.


OBJECTIVE: To document the beliefs and practices of traditional midwifes in regard to pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. METHOD: Taking advantage of a training course for 160 local traditional midwives from the Media and Huasteca regions of San Luis Potosí State, Mexico. Two of the teacher-nurses interviewed 25 of them, supported by a member of Náhuatl and Tenek communities. The participant's identity was kept anonymous and permit for publications of results was obtained by informed consent. RESULTS: Traditional midwifes practices are common in social groups lacking health services. Their role is not limited to delivery and includes nursing, prenatal and puerperium care, as well as emotional and affective support to delivering mothers and their families. In this study several myths and traditional therapies were registered. CONCLUSION: The traditional therapy and primary health care resources of the Náhuatl and Tenek midwifes are useful and harmless for the perinatal care.


Subject(s)
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Mexico , Midwifery , Parturition , Postpartum Period , Women's Health
9.
Rev Esc Enferm USP ; 39(4): 375-82, 2005 Dec.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16419446

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To document the beliefs and practices of traditional midwifes in regard to pregnancy, delivery and puerperium. METHOD: Taking advantage of a training course for 160 local traditional midwives from the Media and Huasteca regions of San Luis Potosí State, Mexico. Two of the teacher-nurses interviewed 25 of them, supported by a member of Náhuatl and Tenek communities. The participant's identity was kept anonymous and permit for publications of results was obtained by informed consent. RESULTS: Traditional midwifes practices are common in social groups lacking health services. Their role is not limited to delivery and includes nursing, prenatal and puerperium care, as well as emotional and affective support to delivering mothers and their families. In this study several myths and traditional therapies were registered. CONCLUSION: The traditional therapy and primary health care resources of the Náhuatl and Tenek midwifes are useful and harmless for the perinatal care.


Subject(s)
Delivery, Obstetric , Midwifery , Postpartum Period , Pregnancy , Professional Practice , Female , Humans , Mexico
10.
Salud Publica Mex ; 46(1): 23-31, 2004.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15053393

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to cases of low birth weight among a sample of Mexican women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present analysis utilizes data from a post partum survey of 565 women implemented in eight different social security hospitals in western Mexico during 2001. Women giving birth to low weight infants (2.5 kgs) were oversampled and make up half of the sample. RESULTS: A series of logistic regression equations are presented that estimate the risk of low birth weight. Study findings indicate that, although behavioral factors appear to be highly significant in predicting the odds of low birth weight, socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors were found to be important in determining utilization of prenatal care. CONCLUSIONS: The key role of behavioral characteristics in determining low birth weight risk and the role of socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors in determining prenatal care usage highlights the need to improve prenatal care utilization by disadvantaged populations.


Subject(s)
Infant, Low Birth Weight , Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Postpartum Period , Surveys and Questionnaires
11.
Salud pública Méx ; 46(1): 23-31, ene.-feb. 2004. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-361839

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Objetivo. Identificar los factores relacionados con el bajo peso al nacer en mujeres mexicanas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizan datos de una encuesta recientemente aplicada en 2001 a 565 mujeres en condición de posparto, en ocho hospitales de la Secretaría de Salud, en el Occidente de la República Mexicana, que permite una evaluación detallada de los factores que contribuyen al riesgo de bajo peso. La mitad de las mujeres había dado a luz a recién nacidos de bajo peso (menos de 2.5 kgs) y el resto de peso normal. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una serie de regresiones logísticas que estiman el riesgo de bajo peso al nacer. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que mientras los factores de comportamiento están asociados significativamente al bajo peso al nacer, los factores sociodemográficos y socioeconómicos están más relacionados con la utilización de servicios de atención prenatal. CONCLUSIONES: El papel clave de las características de comportamiento en la determinación del riesgo del bajo peso y el papel de los factores sociodemográficos y socioeconómicos en la determinación de atención prenatal, enfatizan la necesidad de incrementar la utilización de servicios de atención prenatal por parte de los sectores más desfavorecidos de la población.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Postpartum Period , Surveys and Questionnaires
12.
Cad. saúde pública ; 13(2): 205-11, abr.-jun. 1997. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-195730

ABSTRACT

En 1988 la Dirección General de Epidemiología y el Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría llevaron a cabo la primera Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones (ENA), que proporciona información a nivel nacional y regional sobre el uso de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas. La ENA incluye una submuestra de mujeres que se embarazaron alguma vez en la vida. Se obtuvieron 5.234 respuestas afirmativas a la pregunta de se alguma vez se habían embarazado. A este grupo se les perguntó si en su último embarazo tuvieron un aborto espontáneo, un bebe nacido muerto o un bebe con anomalías congênitas. La prevalencia de aborto espontáneo fue de 3,8 por ciento, 1,2 por ciento de nascidos muertos y 1,1 por ciento de anomalías congénitas. Se utilizaron modelos de regressión logística múltiple para analizar el papel del consumo de bebidas alcohólicas sobre estos problemas. El consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo sólo se asoció con la prevalencia de anomalías congénitas, con una razón de prevalencia de 3,4. Entre las bebedoras habituales de alcohol en los últimos 12 meses, sólo las mujeres que se ubicaron en la más alta categoría de consumo mostraron relaciones importantes con los tres probemas mencionados. Se sugiere la necessidad de realizar estudios de seguimento para llegar a conclusiones más definitivas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Abortion, Spontaneous , Alcohol Drinking , Infant, Newborn, Diseases , Pregnancy/drug effects , Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
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