Lumbar intersegmental spacing and angulation in the modified lateral decubitus position versus variants of prone positioning.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Interspinous process devices represent an emerging treatment for neurogenic intermittent claudication resulting from lumbar spinal stenosis. Most published descriptions of the operative technique involve treatment of patients in the modified lateral decubitus knee-chest position (modified lateral decubitus), and yet many surgeons have begun to perform the procedure in various prone positions. The patient's positioning on the operating room table seems likely to influence resting interspinous distance, and thus implant sizing and possibly the risk of intraoperative spinous process fracture. The intersegmental lumbar effect of variants on operative prone positioning compared with the modified lateral decubitus position has not been studied. PURPOSE: We performed this study to determine the comparative differences in interspinous distance and intersegmental angulation effected by the lateral decubitus knee-chest position and the variants on prone positioning used in practice. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Experimental human radiographic study. PATIENT SAMPLE: Twenty healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 43.6+/-10.8 years (range, 24-63), without chronic back pain, symptoms of neurogenic claudication, or history of lumbar surgery were enrolled. OUTCOME MEASURES: Interspinous distance, anterior and posterior disc heights, disc angulation were measured on PACS monitor. METHODS: Lateral X-rays were taken of the lower lumbar spine in each of four different surgical positions (modified lateral decubitus, Andrews frame, Wilson frame, and Jackson frame). Statistical analysis was performed on the resultant data points to assess the significance of the effect of the position of the subject on intersegmental spacing and angulation. RESULTS: The 20 enrollees had a mean age of 43.6+/-10.8 years (range, 24-63). The mean interspinous distance at the L4-L5 level was greatest on the Andrews table (23.5+/-8.3mm) followed by the modified lateral decubitus position (19.6+/-5.1mm), the Wilson frame (15.6+/-4.6mm), and then the Jackson frame (10.1+/-4.7mm; significantly less than all other positions p< or =.036). Mean segmental extension at the L4-L5 level was least in the modified lateral decubitus position (-0.1 degrees +/-2.9 degrees ); this was statistically similar to extension on the Andrews table (1.5 degrees +/-4.7 degrees , p=1.0), but significantly less than that recorded on the Wilson frame (4.6 degrees +/-3.1 degrees , p<.001), and also significantly less than that recorded on the Jackson frame (p< or =.001). Similar differences in segmental measurements were observed at L3-L4. CONCLUSIONS: Prone positioning of patients in flexion on the operating table using the Andrews table or Wilson frame resulted in similar lumbar interspinous distance compared with the modified lateral decubitus position. Prone positioning on the Jackson frame resulted in statistically less interspinous distance than all other positions. Positioning on the Andrews table resulted in similar segmental angulation to the modified lateral decubitus position. Extrapolation from these data, obtained in healthy males younger than the typical age of patients treated with interspinous distraction devices, should clearly be done with caution. However, it seems reasonable to suggest that performing these procedures in the prone position using the Andrews table (greatest interspinous distance) is unlikely to result in the placement of significantly undersized implants, or significantly increase the force required to insert an implant.

Effects of temporal application parameters on lesion dimensions during transvenous catheter cryoablation.

UNLABELLED: Lesion dimension of cryoablation. BACKGROUND: Transvenous catheter cryoablation is a novel technique for treating cardiac arrhythmias. However, the relative importance of temporal application parameters on lesion dimension and clinical efficacy has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated the effects of (1) application duration: single 2.5 (2.5x1) versus single 5 versus double 2.5 (2.5x2) versus double 5 (5x2) minutes, (2) number of freeze-thaw cycles: single versus double, and (3) electrode contact area: horizontal versus vertical orientation, on the lesion diameter and depth during catheter cryoablation (10F, 6.5-mm tip-electrode, CryoCor, San Diego) in a thigh muscle preparation. A total of 175 lesions (horizontal=90, vertical=85) were created in thigh muscle preparations on 10 swine. The lesion diameter and depth were significantly greater using 2.5x2 and 5x2 application modes as compared with 2.5x1 applications (P<0.05). Horizontal tip-electrode orientation produced larger lesion diameter (P<0.05), but not lesion depth as compared with vertical orientation. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that both tip-electrode orientation and duration of freeze >2.5 minutes were independent predictors for lesion diameter (P<0.001). However, only duration of freeze >2.5 minutes was an independent predictor for lesion depth (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The dimensions of lesions created by catheter cryoablation are affected by mode of cryoablation application and electrode orientation. Increasing the duration of application, employing multiple freeze-thaw cycles at shorter cycle durations, and orienting the catheter to enhance/increase tissue contact can create a larger lesion.