ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to analyze the frequency and associated risk factors for COVID-19 infection and the availability of Personal Protective Equipment used by primary healthcare workers. METHOD: a cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in Rio Grande do Sul. Descriptive analysis was performed, with the comparison of independent samples using Pearson's Chi-square test and Fisher's Exact test (p<.05). RESULTS: the study included 206 (27%) healthcare workers who presented COVID-19 symptoms. There was a statistical association for the following variables: availability of surgical masks (p=.003), seeking information on the correct use of personal protective equipment (p=.045), having attended people with flu-like syndrome (p=.024), and believing that the highest risk of contamination is when attending a patient positive for coronavirus disease (p=.001). CONCLUSION: the availability of personal protective equipment is indispensable for COVID-19 prevention, with special emphasis on the use of surgical masks. Furthermore, the study highlighted the importance of providing Personal Protective Equipment in conjunction with guidance on its use. HIGHLIGHTS: (1) Highlighted impacts on the distribution of PPE necessary for worker safety.(2) Emphasized the need for training and education regarding the use of PPE.(3) Found significance regarding the availability of surgical masks.(4) Identified the need for further research on health safety topics.(5) Revealed a high incidence of symptomatic workers and positive cases of COVID-19.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Health Personnel , Personal Protective Equipment , Primary Health Care , Humans , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Personal Protective Equipment/statistics & numerical data , Personal Protective Equipment/supply & distribution , Female , Male , Adult , Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data , Primary Health Care/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Pandemics , Young Adult , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control , Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/statistics & numerical data , SARS-CoV-2Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Humans , Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Female , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Bovine anaplasmosis presents a significant challenge to livestock production in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. For many years, the concept of enzootic stability/instability (initially established for babesiosis) and herd seroprevalence as an indicator of outbreak risks have been applied to anaplasmosis. However, this model has never been definitively validated for Anaplasma marginale. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between herd immunity (seroprevalence) and the occurrence of anaplasmosis outbreaks in Southern Brazil. A case-control study was conducted, categorizing farms into two groups: cases (farms with a history of clinical anaplasmosis) and controls (those without anaplasmosis). Thirteen farms were identified as "cases", while 23 were identified as "controls". A substantial difference in seroprevalence distribution between the two groups was observed. The majority of "control" farms exhibited over 75% of animals with antibodies to A. marginale in both calves and heifers, whereas the majority of "case" farms had a seropositive cattle percentage below 75%. Additionally, twelve months after cattle serology tests, we conducted a prospective follow-up survey to identify any clinical cases of anaplasmosis. Statistical associations (P < 0.05) were found between both retrospective and prospective anaplasmosis outbreaks and the hypothetical threshold of herd seroprevalence (75%). We hypothesize that herd seroprevalence may be an indicator of the risk of occurrence of clinical anaplasmosis. It appears that the epidemiology of cattle anaplasmosis, at least in our conditions, aligns with the well-known model of enzootic stability/instability originally applied to bovine babesiosis.
Subject(s)
Anaplasma marginale , Anaplasmosis , Babesiosis , Cattle Diseases , Animals , Cattle , Female , Anaplasmosis/epidemiology , Babesiosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Case-Control Studies , Retrospective Studies , Prospective Studies , Cattle Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that are increasingly used in cancer treatments. As experience in the use of immunotherapy increases, more is known about its safety profile and immune-mediated adverse effects. Among them is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a rare but serious fatal complication of treatment. In this paper we describe the cases of three patients who presented with episodes of DKA during treatment with ICIs, two of which manifested with fulminant forms, leading to an acute course with initially normal glycosylated hemoglobin values. In addition, we conducted a review of the literature on DKA associated with ICIs in order to highlight the importance of noticing these potentially fatal complications and promptly establishing appropriate therapy.
Los inhibidores de puntos de control inmune (ICIs) son anticuerpos monoclonales cada vez más utilizados en tratamientos oncológicos. A medida que aumenta la experiencia en el uso de inmunoterapia, se conoce cada vez más su perfil de seguridad y los efectos adversos inmunomediados. Entre ellos se encuentra la cetoacidosis diabética (CAD), complicación infrecuente, grave y potencialmente mortal. En este trabajo describimos los casos de tres pacientes que se presentaron con episodios de CAD durante el tratamiento con ICIs, dos de los cuales manifestaron con formas fulminantes, llevando un curso agudo con valores de hemoglobina glicosilada inicialmente normales. Asimismo, realizamos una revisión de la literatura sobre la CAD asociada a ICIs a fines de resaltar la importancia de advertir estas complicaciones potencialmente fatales e instaurar rápidamente la terapéutica apropiada.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetic Ketoacidosis , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Humans , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/chemically induced , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/therapy , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Immunotherapy/adverse effects , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/complicationsABSTRACT
Resumen Los inhibidores de puntos de control inmune (ICIs) son anticuerpos monoclonales cada vez más utilizados en tratamientos oncológicos. A medida que aumenta la experiencia en el uso de inmunoterapia, se conoce cada vez más su perfil de seguridad y los efectos adversos inmunomediados. Entre ellos se encuentra la cetoaci dosis diabética (CAD), complicación infrecuente, grave y potencialmente mortal. En este trabajo describimos los casos de tres pacientes que se presentaron con episo dios de CAD durante el tratamiento con ICIs, dos de los cuales manifestaron con formas fulminantes, llevando un curso agudo con valores de hemoglobina glicosilada inicialmente normales. Asimismo, realizamos una revi sión de la literatura sobre la CAD asociada a ICIs a fines de resaltar la importancia de advertir estas complica ciones potencialmente fatales e instaurar rápidamente la terapéutica apropiada.
Abstract Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that are increasingly used in cancer treat ments. As experience in the use of immunotherapy increases, more is known about its safety profile and immune-mediated adverse effects. Among them is dia betic ketoacidosis (DKA), a rare but serious fatal compli cation of treatment. In this paper we describe the cases of three patients who presented with episodes of DKA during treatment with ICIs, two of which manifested with fulminant forms, leading to an acute course with initially normal glycosylated hemoglobin values. In ad dition, we conducted a review of the literature on DKA associated with ICIs in order to highlight the importance of noticing these potentially fatal complications and promptly establishing appropriate therapy.
ABSTRACT
Stiff-person syndrome is a rare neurological condition characterized by muscular rigidity of the trunk and extremities and muscle spasms triggered by sensory or emotional stimuli, which progresses towards prostration. It has a pathophysiogenic mechanism with an immunological basis, in which autoantibodies, such as antiGAD65, play a central role. Likewise, the detection of these antibodies corroborates the diagnosis in a patient with a suggestive clinical picture. Four to 6% of cases have underlying neoplasms. Treatment is based on symptomatic, immunomodulatory, and underlying disease management in paraneoplastic cases. We report a case of classic stiff person syndrome associated with thymoma and review the main characteristics of this entity.
El síndrome de persona rígida es un cuadro neurológico infrecuente caracterizado por rigidez muscular de tronco y extremidades y espasmos musculares gatillados por estímulos sensoriales o emocionales, que progresa hacia la postración. Cuenta con un mecanismo fisiopatogénico con base inmunológica, en el cual los autoanticuerpos, como el antiGAD65, cumplen un rol central. Asimismo, la detección de dichos anticuerpos corrobora el diagnóstico ante un paciente con cuadro clínico sugestivo. Un 4 a 6% de los casos tienen neoplasias subyacentes. El tratamiento se basa en el manejo sintomático, inmunomodulador y de la enfermedad de base en los casos paraneoplásicos. Reportamos un caso de síndrome de persona rígida clásico asociado a timoma y describimos las características principales de esta entidad.
Subject(s)
Stiff-Person Syndrome , Thymoma , Thymus Neoplasms , Humans , Thymoma/complications , Thymoma/diagnosis , Stiff-Person Syndrome/complications , Stiff-Person Syndrome/diagnosis , Thymus Neoplasms/complications , Thymus Neoplasms/diagnosis , AutoantibodiesABSTRACT
Resumen El síndrome de persona rígida es un cuadro neuro lógico infrecuente caracterizado por rigidez muscular de tronco y extremidades y espasmos musculares ga tillados por estímulos sensoriales o emocionales, que progresa hacia la postración. Cuenta con un mecanismo fisiopatogénico con base inmunológica, en el cual los autoanticuerpos, como el antiGAD65, cumplen un rol central. Asimismo, la detección de dichos anticuerpos corrobora el diagnóstico ante un paciente con cuadro clínico sugestivo. Un 4 a 6% de los casos tienen neoplasias subyacentes. El tratamiento se basa en el manejo sintomático, inmunomodulador y de la enfermedad de base en los casos paraneoplásicos. Reportamos un caso de síndrome de persona rígida clásico asociado a timoma y describimos las características principales de esta entidad.
Abstract Stiff-person syndrome is a rare neurological condi tion characterized by muscular rigidity of the trunk and extremities and muscle spasms triggered by sensory or emotional stimuli, which progresses towards prostra tion. It has a pathophysiogenic mechanism with an immunological basis, in which autoantibodies, such as antiGAD65, play a central role. Likewise, the detec tion of these antibodies corroborates the diagnosis in a patient with a suggestive clinical picture. Four to 6% of cases have underlying neoplasms. Treatment is based on symptomatic, immunomodulatory, and underlying disease management in paraneoplastic cases. We re port a case of classic stiff person syndrome associated with thymoma and review the main characteristics of this entity.
ABSTRACT
The apicomplexan hemoprotozoan Theileria equi is a tick-borne pathogen that causes disease in equids, and together with Babesia caballi, causes equine piroplasmosis (EP). Many ticks are associated with EP around the world, and in South America three species may be related: Dermacentor nitens, Amblyomma sculptum, and Rhipicephalus microplus, as they are commonly found in horses. Among the species cited above, only R. microplus is found in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil. In addition, this state has the only area legally free of R. microplus in Brazil. This study aimed to compare the seroprevalence for T. equi on farms located in a tick-free area (23 farms, 215 horses) and a tick-infested (25 farms, 141 horses) adjacent areas, as well as to identify potential risk factors for exposure to T. equi. Blood was collected from 356 horses from both areas, and later an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect anti-T. equi antibodies. Besides the blood collection, questionnaires and interviews were conducted in an attempt to identify potential risk factors. The R. microplus-free zone had 6% seropositive horses against 70% in the tick-infested zone. Previous observation of ticks on horses of the herd increased four times the odds of a horse to be seropositive for T. equi, and by three times if ticks were observed on cattle which share paddocks with horses on the farm. The results showed a large difference in T. equi seroprevalence between tick-infested and free areas, and also emphasized the relevance of R. microplus in the epidemiology of T. equi. The study also reveals the potential of the establishment of a T. equi-free zone for horse breeding in Southern Brazil.
Subject(s)
Babesiosis , Cattle Diseases , Theileria , Ticks , Horses , Animals , Cattle , Babesiosis/epidemiology , Babesiosis/diagnosis , Brazil/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Introdução: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é considerada uma das zoonoses mais relevantes das Américas devido à acentuada magnitude, à ampla distribuição geográfica e à alta taxa de letalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde quanto à ocorrência da LV em Uruguaiana (Rio Grande do Sul). Método: Estudo observacional transversal empregando um questionário autoaplicável durante o período de dezembro de 2016 a janeiro de 2017. Resultados: Participaram 183 profissionais de saúde, sendo 136 integrantes da Estratégia Saúde da Família, 20 agentes de controle de endemias e 27 veterinários. Identificaram-se deficiências de percepção dos profissionais de saúde a respeito da epidemiologia e da sintomatologia da doença. Conclusões: Fragilidades na percepção dos profissionais de saúde quanto à epidemiologia e à sintomatologia da LV ficaram evidenciadas, o que poderá impactar na detecção precoce de casos da doença e, consequentemente, na execução das ações preconizadas para o controle e prevenção da doença. É necessário investir em estratégias de capacitação sobre a LV, visando corrigir lacunas no conhecimento e fomentar discussões que englobem a complexidade do tema.
Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered one of the most relevant zoonoses in the Americas due to its high magnitude, wide geographic distribution, and high fatality rate. Objective: Evaluate the perception of health professionals regarding the occurrence of VL in Uruguaiana (RS). Method: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire from December 2016 to January 2017. Results: One hundred eighty-three health professionals participated in the study (one hundred thirty-six members of the Family Health Strategy, twenty endemic control agents and twenty-seven veterinarians). Health professionals' perception deficiencies were identified regarding the epidemiology and symptomatology of the disease. Conclusions: This study showed weaknesses in the knowledge of health professionals about the epidemiology and symptoms of VL, which may impact the early detection of cases and, consequently, their favorable resolution. It is necessary to invest in training strategies on VL, aiming to correct gaps in knowledge and foster discussion on the subject.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate inequalities in leisure-time physical activity (PA) practice amid the COVID-19 pandemic in a southern Brazilian city. METHODS: Four repeated population-based surveys were carried out. PA was collected using a questionnaire proposed by the authors and an adapted version of the leisure-time section of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The sociodemographic variables were sex, age, skin color, and education level. The participants also answered questions regarding social distancing measures compliance. Descriptive analyses based on proportions and their respective P values for categorical variables were presented. The chi-square test for heterogeneity and linear trend was used. RESULTS: The sample is composed of 1556 individuals (66.1% female). Overall, between rounds 1 and 2, PA prevalence declined, followed by a gradual increase thereafter. PA practice during the pandemic was higher among men, individuals with higher education level, and individuals with white skin color in all rounds. In rounds 2, 3, and 4, PA was lower among individuals who were practicing more social distancing. CONCLUSION: To tackle the PA inequalities, policymakers and stakeholders need to confront disparities, defending greater availability of public policies that are attentive to inequalities, especially regarding gender, skin color, and educational level, to promote PA as a human right.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Brazil/epidemiology , Exercise , Female , Humans , Male , SARS-CoV-2 , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between household food insecurity (FI) and major depressive episodes (MDE) amid Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study carried out with data from four consecutive population-based studies. SETTING: The study was conducted between May and June 2020, in Bagé, a Brazilian southern city. Household FI was measured using the short-form version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Utilising the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, we used two different approaches to define MDE: the cut-off point of ≥ 9 and the diagnostic criteria proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Association between FI and MDE was analysed using crude and adjusted Poisson regression models. PARTICIPANTS: 1550 adults (≥ 20 years old). RESULTS: The prevalence of household FI was 29·4 % (95 % CI 25·0, 34·4). MDE prevalence varied from 4·4 % (95 % CI 3·1, 6·0), when we used the DSM-IV-TR criteria to define this condition, to 9·6 % (95 % CI 7·3, 12·5) of the sample, when we used the cut-off point of ≥ 9 as definition. The prevalence of MDE was more than two times higher in those individuals living with FI, independent of the criteria adopted to define the outcome. Adjustment for potential confounders did not change the association's magnitude. CONCLUSIONS: Household FI has been positively associated with MDE amid Covid-19 pandemic, independent of socio-demographic characteristics of participants. Actions are needed to warrant basic living conditions to avoid FI and hunger and its consequences for the Brazilian population, especially those consequences linked to mental health disorders.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Depressive Disorder, Major , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology , Food Insecurity , Food Supply , Humans , Pandemics , Prevalence , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of seropositivity in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through 10 consecutive surveys conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. METHODS: Nine cities covering all regions of the State were studied, 500 households in each city. One resident in each household was randomly selected for testing. In survey rounds 1-8 we used the rapid WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech Co., Guangzhou, China). In rounds 9-10, we used a direct ELISA test that identifies IgG to the viral S protein (S-UFRJ). In terms of social distancing, individuals were asked three questions, from which we generated an exposure score using principal components analysis. RESULTS: Antibody prevalence in early April 2020 was 0.07%, increasing to 10.0% in February 2021, and to 18.2% in April 2021. In round 10, self-reported whites showed the lowest seroprevalence (17.3%), while indigenous individuals presented the highest (44.4%). Seropositivity increased by 40% when comparing the most with the least exposed. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of the population already infected by SARS-Cov-2 in the state is still far from any perspective of herd immunity and the infection affects population groups in very different levels.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Antibodies, Viral , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
The objective was to analyze trends and inequalities in the prevalence of food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic according to sociodemographic factors and social distancing measures. We analyzed data from four serial epidemiological surveys on COVID-19 in May and June 2020, with adults and elderly living in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Food insecurity was assessed with the short version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA), with the recall period adapted to the beginning of the social distancing period in the city. Sociodemographic characteristics and the adoption of social distancing measures were analyzed, and their associations with food insecurity were assessed with chi-square test. The temporal trend in food insecurity according to these characteristics was assessed via linear regression. Inequalities in food insecurity were assessed with the angular inequality index and concentration index. Of the 1,550 individuals studied, 29.4% (95%CI: 25.0; 34.4) presented food insecurity. Analysis of inequality showed higher concentration of food insecurity among the younger and less educated and those living with five or more residents in the same household. Over the course of the four surveys, prevalence of food insecurity decreased most sharply among the younger, those living in households with up to two residents, and those with two or more workers. There was a strong association between food insecurity and sociodemographic factors, which may indicate the pandemic´s potential economic impact on households' food situation.
O objetivo foi analisar tendências e desigualdades na prevalência de insegurança alimentar na pandemia de COVID-19, de acordo com fatores sociodemográficos e com medidas de distanciamento social. Dados de quatro inquéritos epidemiológicos seriados sobre a COVID-19 desenvolvidos entre maio e junho de 2020, com adultos e idosos residentes na cidade de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Insegurança alimentar foi avaliada por meio da versão curta da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA), com o período recordatório adaptado ao início das medidas de distanciamento social no município. As características sociodemográficas e a adoção de medidas de distanciamento social foram analisadas, e suas associações com a insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste de qui-quadrado. A tendência temporal da insegurança alimentar de acordo com tais características foi avaliada usando-se regressão linear. As desigualdades na insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas utilizando-se o índice angular de desigualdade e o índice de concentração. Dos 1.550 indivíduos estudados, 29,4% (IC95%: 25,0; 34,4) apresentaram insegurança alimentar. A análise de desigualdade mostrou maior concentração da insegurança alimentar entre os mais jovens, os menos escolarizados e os que residiam em domicílios com cinco moradores ou mais. Ao longo dos quatro inquéritos, a prevalência de insegurança alimentar reduziu mais acentuadamente entre os mais jovens, naqueles que residiam em domicílios com até dois moradores e com dois ou mais trabalhadores. Evidenciou-se forte associação da insegurança alimentar com os aspectos sociodemográficos dos entrevistados, o que pode indicar o potencial impacto econômico da pandemia na situação alimentar dos domicílios.
El objetivo fue analizar tendencias y desigualdades en la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19, de acuerdo con factores sociodemográficos, así como con las medidas de distanciamiento social. Se analizaron datos de cuatro encuestas epidemiológicas seriadas sobre la COVID-19, desarrolladas entre mayo y junio de 2020, con adultos y ancianos residentes en la ciudad de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La inseguridad alimentaria se evaluó a través de la versión corta de la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA), con un período recordatorio, adaptado al inicio de las medidas de distanciamiento social en el municipio. Fueron analizadas características sociodemográficas y la adopción de medidas de distanciamiento social, así como sus asociaciones con la inseguridad alimentaria, utilizándose un test de chi-cuadrado. Se evaluó la tendencia temporal de la inseguridad alimentaria de acuerdo con tales características, utilizándose la regresión lineal. Se evaluaron desigualdades en la inseguridad alimentaria, mediante el índice angular de desigualdad y el índice de concentración. De los 1.550 individuos estudiados, un 29,4% (IC95%: 25,0; 34,4) presentaron inseguridad alimentaria. El análisis de desigualdad mostró una mayor concentración de inseguridad alimentaria entre los más jóvenes, los menos escolarizados, y quienes residían en domicilios con cinco residentes o más. A lo largo de las cuatro encuestas, la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria se redujo más acentuadamente entre los más jóvenes, en quienes residían en domicilios con hasta dos residentes y con dos o más trabajadores. Se evidenció una fuerte asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con aspectos sociodemográficos de los entrevistados, lo que puede indicar el potencial impacto económico de la pandemia en la situación alimentaria de los domicilios.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemics , Adult , Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities , Cross-Sectional Studies , Food Insecurity , Food Supply , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of seropositivity in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through 10 consecutive surveys conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. METHODS Nine cities covering all regions of the State were studied, 500 households in each city. One resident in each household was randomly selected for testing. In survey rounds 1-8 we used the rapid WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech Co., Guangzhou, China). In rounds 9-10, we used a direct ELISA test that identifies IgG to the viral S protein (S-UFRJ). In terms of social distancing, individuals were asked three questions, from which we generated an exposure score using principal components analysis. RESULTS Antibody prevalence in early April 2020 was 0.07%, increasing to 10.0% in February 2021, and to 18.2% in April 2021. In round 10, self-reported whites showed the lowest seroprevalence (17.3%), while indigenous individuals presented the highest (44.4%). Seropositivity increased by 40% when comparing the most with the least exposed. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of the population already infected by SARS-Cov-2 in the state is still far from any perspective of herd immunity and the infection affects population groups in very different levels.
Subject(s)
Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Brazil/epidemiology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Antibodies, ViralABSTRACT
O objetivo foi analisar tendências e desigualdades na prevalência de insegurança alimentar na pandemia de COVID-19, de acordo com fatores sociodemográficos e com medidas de distanciamento social. Dados de quatro inquéritos epidemiológicos seriados sobre a COVID-19 desenvolvidos entre maio e junho de 2020, com adultos e idosos residentes na cidade de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Insegurança alimentar foi avaliada por meio da versão curta da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA), com o período recordatório adaptado ao início das medidas de distanciamento social no município. As características sociodemográficas e a adoção de medidas de distanciamento social foram analisadas, e suas associações com a insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste de qui-quadrado. A tendência temporal da insegurança alimentar de acordo com tais características foi avaliada usando-se regressão linear. As desigualdades na insegurança alimentar foram avaliadas utilizando-se o índice angular de desigualdade e o índice de concentração. Dos 1.550 indivíduos estudados, 29,4% (IC95%: 25,0; 34,4) apresentaram insegurança alimentar. A análise de desigualdade mostrou maior concentração da insegurança alimentar entre os mais jovens, os menos escolarizados e os que residiam em domicílios com cinco moradores ou mais. Ao longo dos quatro inquéritos, a prevalência de insegurança alimentar reduziu mais acentuadamente entre os mais jovens, naqueles que residiam em domicílios com até dois moradores e com dois ou mais trabalhadores. Evidenciou-se forte associação da insegurança alimentar com os aspectos sociodemográficos dos entrevistados, o que pode indicar o potencial impacto econômico da pandemia na situação alimentar dos domicílios.
The objective was to analyze trends and inequalities in the prevalence of food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic according to sociodemographic factors and social distancing measures. We analyzed data from four serial epidemiological surveys on COVID-19 in May and June 2020, with adults and elderly living in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Food insecurity was assessed with the short version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA), with the recall period adapted to the beginning of the social distancing period in the city. Sociodemographic characteristics and the adoption of social distancing measures were analyzed, and their associations with food insecurity were assessed with chi-square test. The temporal trend in food insecurity according to these characteristics was assessed via linear regression. Inequalities in food insecurity were assessed with the angular inequality index and concentration index. Of the 1,550 individuals studied, 29.4% (95%CI: 25.0; 34.4) presented food insecurity. Analysis of inequality showed higher concentration of food insecurity among the younger and less educated and those living with five or more residents in the same household. Over the course of the four surveys, prevalence of food insecurity decreased most sharply among the younger, those living in households with up to two residents, and those with two or more workers. There was a strong association between food insecurity and sociodemographic factors, which may indicate the pandemic´s potential economic impact on households' food situation.
El objetivo fue analizar tendencias y desigualdades en la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19, de acuerdo con factores sociodemográficos, así como con las medidas de distanciamiento social. Se analizaron datos de cuatro encuestas epidemiológicas seriadas sobre la COVID-19, desarrolladas entre mayo y junio de 2020, con adultos y ancianos residentes en la ciudad de Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La inseguridad alimentaria se evaluó a través de la versión corta de la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA), con un período recordatorio, adaptado al inicio de las medidas de distanciamiento social en el municipio. Fueron analizadas características sociodemográficas y la adopción de medidas de distanciamiento social, así como sus asociaciones con la inseguridad alimentaria, utilizándose un test de chi-cuadrado. Se evaluó la tendencia temporal de la inseguridad alimentaria de acuerdo con tales características, utilizándose la regresión lineal. Se evaluaron desigualdades en la inseguridad alimentaria, mediante el índice angular de desigualdad y el índice de concentración. De los 1.550 individuos estudiados, un 29,4% (IC95%: 25,0; 34,4) presentaron inseguridad alimentaria. El análisis de desigualdad mostró una mayor concentración de inseguridad alimentaria entre los más jóvenes, los menos escolarizados, y quienes residían en domicilios con cinco residentes o más. A lo largo de las cuatro encuestas, la prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria se redujo más acentuadamente entre los más jóvenes, en quienes residían en domicilios con hasta dos residentes y con dos o más trabajadores. Se evidenció una fuerte asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con aspectos sociodemográficos de los entrevistados, lo que puede indicar el potencial impacto económico de la pandemia en la situación alimentaria de los domicilios.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Aged , Pandemics , COVID-19 , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cities , Food Supply , SARS-CoV-2 , Food InsecurityABSTRACT
This study aimed to describe leisure-time physical activity (LPA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, according to gender, level of education, and adherence to social distancing. A population-based and cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Bagé (RS), Brazil. LPA during the pandemic, place of activity, and Physical Education professional's supervision, were described. The sample included 377 adults, and 24.4% reported LPA during the pandemic. Marked inequalities were observed. LPA prevalence among men was 20 percentage points (pp) higher than women and 40 pp higher among those with higher schooling than those with lower schooling. Among those reporting LPA, 53.5% practiced at home, and 64.8% did not report Physical Education professional supervision. No differences were observed between LPA and level of social distancing. Besides the recurrent discourse that people should include physical activity in the pandemic context, in the light of the marked inequalities observed, this study addressed sociocultural aspects and emphasized that LPA promotion initiatives require humanized approaches that consider the unequal living conditions of Brazilians.
O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prática de atividade física de lazer (AFL) em meio a pandemia do COVID-19 em cidade do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliando desigualdades entre os sexos e grupos de escolaridade e diferenças de acordo com o nível de distanciamento social. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal e base populacional com adultos no município de Bagé. Foram descritas a prática de AFL durante a pandemia, local de prática e orientação profissional. Na amostra de 377 adultos, 24,4% relataram prática de AFL durante a pandemia. Foram observadas marcantes desigualdades; a prevalência de AFL entre homens foi 20 pontos percentuais (pp) maior do que entre as mulheres, e 40 pp maior no grupo de maior escolaridade comparado ao grupo de menor escolaridade. Entre os que praticaram AFL durante a pandemia, 53,5% relataram a prática em casa e 64,8% não teve auxílio de um profissional de Educação Física. Não houve diferença na AFL de acordo com níveis de distanciamento social. Para além da reprodução do discurso de que as pessoas devam praticar atividade física no contexto da pandemia, este estudo buscou discutir aspectos socioculturais, enfatizando, à luz das desigualdades observadas, que a promoção de AFL necessita de olhar humanizado e atento à vida desigual das pessoas no Brasil.
Subject(s)
Betacoronavirus , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Exercise , Physical Education and Training/statistics & numerical data , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Activities of Daily Living , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , COVID-19 , Cities/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Leisure Activities , Male , Pandemics , Quarantine , SARS-CoV-2 , Sex Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a prática de atividade física de lazer (AFL) em meio a pandemia do COVID-19 em cidade do Rio Grande do Sul, avaliando desigualdades entre os sexos e grupos de escolaridade e diferenças de acordo com o nível de distanciamento social. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de corte transversal e base populacional com adultos no município de Bagé. Foram descritas a prática de AFL durante a pandemia, local de prática e orientação profissional. Na amostra de 377 adultos, 24,4% relataram prática de AFL durante a pandemia. Foram observadas marcantes desigualdades; a prevalência de AFL entre homens foi 20 pontos percentuais (pp) maior do que entre as mulheres, e 40 pp maior no grupo de maior escolaridade comparado ao grupo de menor escolaridade. Entre os que praticaram AFL durante a pandemia, 53,5% relataram a prática em casa e 64,8% não teve auxílio de um profissional de Educação Física. Não houve diferença na AFL de acordo com níveis de distanciamento social. Para além da reprodução do discurso de que as pessoas devam praticar atividade física no contexto da pandemia, este estudo buscou discutir aspectos socioculturais, enfatizando, à luz das desigualdades observadas, que a promoção de AFL necessita de olhar humanizado e atento à vida desigual das pessoas no Brasil.
Abstract This study aimed to describe leisure-time physical activity (LPA) during the COVID-19 pandemic in a municipality of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, according to gender, level of education, and adherence to social distancing. A population-based and cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Bagé (RS), Brazil. LPA during the pandemic, place of activity, and Physical Education professional's supervision, were described. The sample included 377 adults, and 24.4% reported LPA during the pandemic. Marked inequalities were observed. LPA prevalence among men was 20 percentage points (pp) higher than women and 40 pp higher among those with higher schooling than those with lower schooling. Among those reporting LPA, 53.5% practiced at home, and 64.8% did not report Physical Education professional supervision. No differences were observed between LPA and level of social distancing. Besides the recurrent discourse that people should include physical activity in the pandemic context, in the light of the marked inequalities observed, this study addressed sociocultural aspects and emphasized that LPA promotion initiatives require humanized approaches that consider the unequal living conditions of Brazilians.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Physical Education and Training/statistics & numerical data , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Exercise , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Betacoronavirus , Time Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Activities of Daily Living , Quarantine , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data , Cities/epidemiology , Educational Status , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Leisure ActivitiesABSTRACT
The term juvenile osteochondral condition (JOCC) has been used to identify developmental changes in the growth plates. The condition is characterized by a set of changes with similar pathogenesis that affect the immature skeleton and joints of growing foals. The aim of the current study is to investigate the prevalence and degree of severity of osteochondral changes in Brazilian warmblood (BW) foals in two farms in the south of Brazil. Radiological evaluation was applied to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP), carpal (C), metatarsophalangeal (MTP), tarsal (T), and femorotibiopatellar (FTP) joints of 90 foals (47 females and 43 males) in the age group 16-36 months. The evaluation was made before the animals started their athlete performance. Changes were classified as a degree of severity 0 to 4. Changes were diagnosed in 56 foals (58%) that had 105 affected joints. Thirty-three (59%) out of the 56 animals had changes in more than one joint; 57% (19/33) of them had bilateral changes. MTP and MCP were the joints with the most severe changes, respectively (severity 2 and 3), followed by FTP, T, and C. Osteochondral fragments (59%), tarsal arthropathies (48%), irregularities and radiolucency in the FTP joint (7%), and subchondral cystic lesion in the FTP joint (1%), were the most observed changes. BW foals recorded the high prevalence of osteochondral alterations; although MTP and T were the most affected joints, MTP and MCP presented the most severe changes. The present study confirmed significant JOCC prevalence in BW. Further studies should be carried out in different properties.