Inervación de las regiones escapular, braquial y antebraquial de la llama (Lama glama) / Innervation of the scapular, brachial and antebrachial of the llama (Lama glama)

La llama (Lama glama) es un mamífero cuya producción ha crecido exponencialmente en las últimas décadas, sobre todo en la región noroeste y patagónica de Argentina, Chile, Bolivia y Perú. Asociada a este crecimiento, la clínica médica veterinaria ha tenido que enfrentarse con el desafío de nuevos diagnósticos neuroanatómicos, así como también con maniobras semiológicas y quirúrgicas específicas para esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una detallada descripción de la inervación de las regiones de la espalda, el brazo y el antebrazo, aportando conocimientos que sean de utilidad para que el veterinario clínico pueda interpretar alteraciones funcionales o para la realización de tratamientos quirúrgicos, terapéuticos y/o diagnósticos. Se incluye además la descripción de las relaciones musculares y vasculares de los nervios.

The llama (Lama Glama) is a mammal whose production has grown exponentially in the last decades, especially in the Northwest and Patagonian region of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru. Associated with this growth, veterinary medical clinic has had to deal with the challenge of new neuroanatomical diagnostic, as well as surgical and semiological maneuvers specific to this species. This work aims to make a detailed description of the innervation of the regions back, arm, and forearm, providing knowledge that is useful to the clinical veterinarian to interpret functional alterations or for the performance of surgical, therapeutic, treatment and/or diagnosis. It also includes the description of the muscular and vascular relationships of nerves.

Canine electroencephalographic recording technique: findings in normal and epileptic dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The absence of a standardized recording technique and of normal reference patterns may have hindered the use of experimental electroencephalography (EEG) in dogs and in veterinary medicine as well. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to develop a recording technique for brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic breeds of dogs that would standardize the recording parameters, including the electrical activity of the rhinencephalon and prorean gyrus, and to prove its feasibility for detecting abnormal activity. METHODS: We accomplished this task by employing 12 recording electrodes. Three different doses of xylazine (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg) were used to determine which gave enough sedation to obtain a recording free of artifact. Fifty normal dogs were studied; for comparison 9 epileptic dogs were also explored. RESULTS: We found specific anatomical skull sites where the EEG recording electrodes should be attached; the location of these sites is, in practical terms, the same for every dog, regardless of their skull type. A dose of 1 mg/kg xylazine was chosen for restraining. Normal dogs displayed predominant 6-12 Hz waves which could be recognized all over the cortex. Epileptic dogs were individualized because of the appearance of paroxysmal discharges, composed of spikes, sharp and anomalous sinusoidal waves which usually started in one area, spreading to the whole cortex later on, in the clinical interictal periods. CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to obtain more extensive electrophysiological coverage of the canine cerebral cortex, including the rhinencephalon and prorean gyrus, than previously described in the literature. Intramuscular or subcutaneous xylazine, at a dose of 1 mg/kg, proved to produce the best restraint for recordings. The technique allowed to distinguish abnormal activity in epileptic dogs.