[Child vaccination: the coverage, knowledge and attitudes of the population. A study in a health area]. / Vacunación infantil: cobertura, conocimientos y actitudes de la población. Estudio en un Area de Salud.

The purpose of this study was to know the vaccination coverage in children under 16 years of age in our health care area, as well as the level of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, vias of information and other factors that could influence the state of child vaccination. A transverse study by interviewing parents was made. Children were distributed into three groups: A (0 to 4 years of age), B (5 to 9 years of age) and C (10 to 16 years of age). Our results showed a correct global vaccination coverage rate of 58.4%. The correct vaccination coverage rate 94.5% in group A, 74.7% in group B and 30.8% in group C (p < 0.001). The correct coverage for specific vaccinations was: measles 74.6%, rubella 69%, mumps 63.1%, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and polio 67.6%. This coverage was also greater in the younger children. There was no statistical difference among the several basic health zones. Of those parents interviewed, 94.8% thought that vaccines were good for health. Their knowledge about dosage, the administration frequency and the different diseases and their complications was suitable. Information about vaccinations was received from pediatricians in 31.3% of the cases and from nurses in 24.8%, with the majority of the cases classifying the information as sufficient, although 36.8% classified it as deficient. There were no statistical differences of the vaccination status according to sex, family size, numerical order in the family, or if the children were from an urban zone or a rural zone. However, there was a statistical difference according to the parent's intellectual level. In conclusion, the vaccination coverage found in children up to 4 years old was very suitable, but it was worse in older children. The level of knowledge and attitude was also suitable; however better health and vaccination education is necessary.

[Focal infarction of the testis. Report of a case simulating a gonadal mass]. / Infarto focal del testículo. A propósito de un caso que simulaba un proceso expansivo gonadal.

Series of comments on the clinical history of one patient diagnosed "a posteriori" with a focal infarction of the testis. The case was pre-operatively handled as a tumour, as a result of which the patient underwent radial orchiectomy. The only notable feature in the patient's background was a vasectomy, performed two years earlier. The rationale for this communication is the rarity of this entity and the differential diagnosis to be practised. Reference is made to some complementary diagnostic tests that may be requested. It includes a number of considerations on testis vascularization. After reviewing some studies contributed by the Spanish literature, several complications to be taken into consideration when performing a vasectomy are explained.

[Tumorous lymphedema of the penis. Report of verrucous elephantiasis. A brief case. Preliminary note]. / Linfedema tumoral del pene. A propósito de una elefantiasis verrucosa. Caso sucinto. Nota preliminar.

Exclusively penial lymphatic affections can be considered a highly infrequent occurrence. In the absence of an scrotal oedema, an "elephantiac" involvement with tumoral appearance in the penis, is indeed exceptional. A clinical case is briefly commented here. It refers to a patient with a significant sociopathy who presented a lymphedema confined to the penis in its maximum expression (elephantiasis verrucosa nostras).

[Fibrous pseudotumor of the epididymis]. / Pseudotumor fibroso de epidídimo.

Presentation of one case of fibrous pseudotumor of epididymis in a 33 year-old patient. Final diagnosis was achieved after surgical exeresis and its pathoanatomical examination. Etiopathogeny, clinic presentation and therapeutical approach are reviewed. Considering, in general, the clinical inespecificity of intrascrotal processes, we believe it is important to know this entity in order to be in a position to address differential diagnosis with truly neoplastic processes.

[Epididymal neoplasms. New case report. Report of an adenomatoid tumor]. / Neoplasias epididimarias. Nueva aportación. A propósito de un tumor adenomatoide.

Presentation of the case of one patient with epididymal adenomatoid tumour presenting as episodes of inguino-scrotal discomfort. With no evidence of relapse, the case is monitored three years after surgery. On the lines of the literature review presented, a series of considerations on what has been a controversial histogenesis are made. The reason for this report is the differential diagnosis which conditions all inguino-scrotal processes with torpid evolution.

[Schwannoma of the spermatic cord]. / Schwannoma del cordón espermático.

Exposition of one case of a patient with spermatic cord schwannoma which became apparent through awareness of mass and a certain inguinoscrotal discomfort. It is controlled five years after surgery. The required differential diagnosis conditioning every expansive inguinoscrotal process prompts this report.

[Leiomyosarcoma of the testis]. / Léiomyosarcome du testicule.

We present the clinical case of a patient with testicular leiomyosarcoma, the symptoms of which were a palpable mass and a frank inguinoscrotal discomfort. The reason for this paper is the extreme rarity of the condition and the differential diagnosis by all expansive inguinoscrotal tumors. Considerations are made on further examinations that may be carried out, and treatment options are discussed. Complete remission is present 2 years after onset of the disease.

[Several comments and various considerations on Von Brunn nests]. / Algunos comentarios y consideraciones varias acerca de los Nidos de Von Brunn.

Subsequent to a certain amount of aggression, the vesical epithelium can induce some histological changes which would range from the most innocent morphological vicarious forms to the most aggressive neoplastic types (transitional, squamous and/or glandular tumours). Co-existence in the same urothelium of metaplastic, dysplastic and/or neoplastic lesions should not therefore be a surprise. With the intention of assessing the urothelium evolutive potential, we present a morphological study of the male cervix-trigonal epithelium abnormally involved in the steroidal hormones immunosuppression and actions. The typical patches of "female cervical trigonitis" have not been seen in this epithelium although there has been a wide range of evolutive possibilities of squamous and/or glandular lineage. Both tissular options have a clear metaplastic etiology. They present neither atypia not dysplasia, but participate of the distinctive dynamics of Von Brunn nidi. (C. Pellicé Jr: Doctorate Thesis, 1990). Of all the various evolutive options displayed by the urothelium when subjected to aggression, this study will focus on the Von Brunn nidi because of their atypical behaviour, their peculiar histogenesis and their dubious and controversial participation in vesical carcinogenesis.

[Hypertrophy of Bertin's columns]. / Hipertrofia de las columnas de Bertin.

Description of 17 cases of columns of Bertin's hypertrophy found by chance while performing 587 urological ecographies carried out while following other urogenital diagnostic approaches. The present report is prompted by the entity's features and the differential diagnosis forced by the "renal mass effects". A series of reflections are built on the various supplementary tests that can be performed.

[Aberrant renal papilla. 2 new case reports. Diagnostic considerations]. / Papila renal aberrante. Dos nuevas aportaciones. Consideraciones diagnósticas.

Another two cases of aberrant renal papilla are described. These had been diagnosed following an IVP procedure and corroborated by ultrasound. One patient had presented with prostatism and the other had consulted for episodes of renal colic. Because a differential diagnosis is mandatory to distinguish this uncommon condition from other filling defects of the renal pelvis and particularly from false aberrant renal papilla, we were prompted to report on these two cases.

[Intra-diverticular neoplasms of the bladder. Apropos of a squamous carcinoma]. / Neoplasias intradiverticulares de vejiga. A propósito de un carcinoma escamoso.

We present a case of a cirrhotic patient suffering an intradiverticular squamous carcinoma with perforation to the peritoneal cavity, diagnosed after performance of an emergency laparotomy due to acute abdomen with infaust evolution. The rarity of the entity and the differential diagnosis imposed are the reasons for our presenting it. A series of diagnostic, prognostic and preventive aspects are considered.

[Tumors of the spermatic cord. Preliminary report. Apropos of a hemangioma]. / Tumores del cordón espermático. Nota preliminar. A propósito de un hemangioma.

We report on a patient with a benign spermatic cord tumor who presented with pain and scrotal tumescence. The rarity of this disease entity and the need to establish a differential diagnosis prompted us to report on this case and review the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.

[Thoracic kidney ectopy]. / Ectopie thoracique rénale.

We present a case of intra-thoracic kidney, a chance finding in a study carried out arising from a kidney disease. The rarity of this case led us to study and present it. A series of embryological and diagnostic considerations has been made, and the procedure to follow in these cases is discussed.