Controles familiares en los cánceres hereditarios / Family screening and surveillance in hereditary cancer

Propósito: El objetivo de la presente revisión es comentar y divulgar las recomendaciones de control y seguimiento de los pacientes y familiares de los principales síndromes de cáncer hereditario. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos más importantes publicados en los últimos 20 años, referentes a las pautas de vigilancia y control en los cánceres hereditarios, obtenidas del Medline y Cancerlit. Se han seleccionado los más relevantes de los años previos a la búsqueda. Resultados: Los cánceres hereditarios están caracterizados por: agregación familiar, aparición en edades más precoces que los tumores espontáneos; alta frecuencia de afectación bilateral o multifocal unilateral; diferentes tumores en órganos embriológicamente comunes; mayor riesgo de segundas neoplasias entre los supervivientes y asociados normalmente a rasgos fenotípicos que configuran sindromes típicos. Los familiares y pacientes portadores de mutaciones específicas de las células germinales presentan un mayor riesgo de desarrollar tumores con patrones histológicos, localizaciones y edades de presentación características de cada síndrome. Diversas recomendaciones pueden ser útiles en las personas afectadas. Conclusiones: En la mayoría de los síndromes no están suficientemente establecidos los riesgos y beneficios de los screenings de cáncer. Existe un amplio consenso de la utilidad y eficacia del seguimiento programado en los siguientes síndromes: Retinoblastoma Familiar; Enfermedad de Van HippelLindau; Neoplasia Múltiple Endocrina tipo 1 y 2A y 2B; Poliposis Adenomatosa Familiar, Cáncer de Colon Hereditario No Polipoideo; y Cáncer de Mama Hereditario 1 y 2. Probablemente también es útil en el síndrome de Li-Fraumeni, Xeroderma Pigmentosum y Melanoma Familiar. En las restantes enfermedades posiblemente reduzcan la morbimortalidad mediante la prevención y el diagnóstico precoz (AU)

[Risk factors for lung toxicity in pediatric cancer survivors]. / Factores de riesgo para toxicidad pulmonar en supervivientes de cáncer pediátrico.

OBJECTIVE: Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of alterations in lung function among pediatric cancer survivors with known risk factors and to establish clinical and imaging correlations, as well as to establish follow-up criteria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cancer survivors diagnosed at the Pediatric Oncology Unit between 1971 and 1997 who fulfilled at least one of the following criteria were eligible: 1) primary lung or thoracic wall neoplasm; 2) lung metastasis at diagnosis or later, or; 3) irradiation of mediastinum and/or lung fields. Assessment included respiratory symptomatology questionnaire, physical examination, forced spirometry, static lung volumes, maximal static respiratory pressures, single breath CO diffusing capacity, pulse oximetry and imaging studies. RESULTS: Thirty-five (14 females and 21 males) out of 41 survivors were assessed. Mean age at diagnosis, evaluation and follow-up were 9 (1-14), 18 (10-28) and 9 (3-27) years, respectively. The diagnoses included pleuropulmonary blastoma (1), chest wall Ewing's sarcoma (1), Hodgkin's disease (18), nephroblastoma (7), yolk-sac tumor (2), acute leukemia2), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (1), rhabdomyosarcoma (1), coriocarcinoma of the ovary (1) and osteosarcoma (1). Thirteen patients presented lung metastasis at diagnosis or later. All were administered chemotherapy. Irradiated fields were the mediastinum (dose 20-56 Gy) in 20 cases, the lung (8-30 Gy) in 6 and the spine (24 Gy) in one. Eight underwent thoracotomy. Fourteen percent were dyspneic when walking at the same rate as a person of the same sex and age (grade 2). Twenty percent had a restrictive ventilatory disorder, but none were obstructive. The presence of dyspnea had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of restrictive ventilatory disorder of 67%, 96%, 80% and 93%, respectively. Lung irradiation was associated with an increased risk for the development of restrictive disease. Excluding those who received lung irradiation, survivors under 6 years of age at diagnosis obtained lower spirometric values, lung volumes and DLCO values than survivors aged 6 years or older at diagnosis. There were no differences in pulmonary function values between survivors who received mediastinum irradiation and those who did not. The cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide significantly correlated with FVC, FEV1 and FRC. Pulse oximetry values were > or = 95% in all survivors. Maximal static respiratory pressures were within normal limits in all but one survivors whose other pulmonary function results were normal. Thirty-two percent (11 out of 34) had KCO (diffusing capacity adjusted to alveolar volume) values lower than 80% of reference values. Two survivors of nephroblastoma with pulmonary metastasis and who underwent lung irradiation had radiological signs of lung fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric cancer survivors who were administered intensive chemotherapy and/or lung irradiation are eligible for follow-up of lung function. Those diagnosed before 6 years of age and/or with moderate dyspnea are at high risk of having pulmonary restrictive disease. Imaging studies (chest X-ray) have a low sensitivity that prevents their use as a screening method in the follow-up of cancer survivors.