ABSTRACT
Ionogels, a family of hybrid materials in which ionic liquids (ILs) are confined in a sol-gel network, are receiving much attention in a variety of scientific and technological fields. In this work, ionogels derived from three different ILs based on the anion bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI), namely 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Py][TFSI]), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Pyrr][TFSI]), and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C4C1Pip][TFSI]) were obtained on the outer surface of optical fibres by sol-gel technology. The obtained hybrid materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and subsequently evaluated as sorbent coatings for the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of volatile chlorinated organic compounds in combination with gas chromatography with barrier ionization discharge detection (GC-BID). The ionogel based on [C4C1Pyrr][TFSI] exhibited the highest extractability for target analytes. The experimental parameters that affect the extraction process were optimized by means of a central composite design. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method yielded excellent enrichment factors (EFs) in the range 3889-20 919 and limits of detection (LODs) between 11 and 151 ng L(-1) for the target compounds. The inter-day repeatability, intra-day reproducibility and fibre-to-fibre reproducibility, were less than 8.5, 9.6 and 16.9%, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied to the analysis of water samples, showing recovery values in the range 95-106%.
ABSTRACT
A new methodology was developed for the determination of ultratrace levels of gold in water samples, soils and river sediments. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was used to preconcentrate the ion pair formed between AuCl(4)(-) and [CH(3)(CH(2))(3)](4)N(+) in a microliter-range volume of chlorobenzene using acetone as disperser solvent. When solid samples were analyzed, the method consisted of a combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with final detection by electrothermal-atomic absorption spectrometry. Since an HCl medium was required for the formation of the AuCl(4)(-) complex, HCl together with HNO(3) was used as extractants for ultrasound-assisted extraction. After optimization, the enrichment factor obtained was 220 for water samples. Moreover, the extraction efficiency was around 96%. The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation ranged from 3.6% to 9.7%. The instrumental detection limit was 8.4 ng L(-1), whereas the procedural detection limits were 42 ng L(-1) for water samples and 1.5 ng g(-1) for environmental solid samples.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of applying headspace single-drop microextraction with in-drop precipitation for the quantitative determination of the acid labile sulfide fraction (H2S, HS-, and S2- (free sulfide), amorphous FeS and some metal sulfide complexes-clusters as ZnS) in aqueous samples by microvolume turbidimetry. The methodology lies in the in situ hydrogen sulfide generation and subsequent sequestration into an alkaline microdrop containing ZnO(2)(2-) and exposed to the headspace above the stirred aqueous sample. The ZnS formed in the drop was then determined by microvolume turbidimetry. The optimum experimental conditions of the proposed method were: 2 microL of a microdrop containing 750 mg L(-1) Zn(II) in 1 mol L(-1) NaOH exposed to the headspace of a 20-mL aqueous sample stirred at 1600 rpm during 80 s after derivatization with 1 mL of 6 mol L(-1) HCl. An enrichment factor of 1710 was achieved in only 80 s. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 5-100 microg L(-1) with a detection limit of 0.5 microg L(-1). The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation, was 5.8% (N = 9). Finally, the proposed methodology was successfully applied to the determination of the acid labile sulfide fraction in different natural water samples.
