Chemical compositions and nutritional profiles of two edible tunicate species (Halocynthia roretzi and Halocynthia aurantium).

As an abundant marine bioresource, tunicates could be exploited in the food industry. However, limited knowledge of their chemical composition and nutritional profiles prohibited further application. In this study, two common edible tunicate species, Halocynthia roretzi (HR) and Halocynthia aurantium (HA), were subjected to comprehensive composition analysis in terms of moisture, protein, lipids, cellulose, ash, amino acids, fatty acids, non-cellulose carbohydrates and minerals. Reddish HR was much bigger than purple HA with respect to body length and weight, and their moisture fell within 82.98 %-90.92 %. The non-edible outer shell part (OS) and edible internal organs part (IO) had a dry weight ratio of around 3:2 for both two species. Generally, for both HR and HA, IO was more abundant in protein and lipids. In contrast, OS had much higher cellulose contents, confirming the better suitability of IO as a nutritional seafood. IO was richer in essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids, while OS had more abundant saturated fatty acids. The detected non-cellulose monosugars ranged from 0.47 % to 1.18 % and indicated the presence of some sulfated glycans. IO of HR had higher contents of essential minerals, such as Cu, Zn, and Fe, while IO of HA showed a higher K content. To sum up, this study identified the chemical composition and nutritional profile variations among different tunicate species and various dissected parts, guiding the development of specific strategies to exploit tunicates for proper food applications.

Degradation Behavior and Lifetime Prediction of Polyurea Anti-Seepage Coating for Concrete Lining in Water Conveyance Tunnels.

In the lining of water conveyance tunnels, the expansion joint is susceptible to leakage issues, significantly impacting the long-term safety of tunnel operations. Polyurea is a type of protective coating commonly used on concrete surfaces, offering multiple advantages such as resistance to seepage, erosion, and wear. Polyurea coatings are applied by spraying them onto the surfaces of concrete linings in water conveyance tunnels to seal the expansion joint. These coatings endure prolonged exposure to environmental elements such as water flow erosion, internal and external water pressure, and temperature variations. However, the mechanism of polyurea coating's long-term leakage prevention failure in tunnel operations remains unclear. This study is a field investigation to assess the anti-seepage performance of polyurea coating in a water conveyance tunnel project located in Henan Province, China. The testing apparatus can replicate the anti-seepage conditions experienced in water conveyance tunnels. An indoor accelerated aging test plan was formulated to investigate the degradation regular pattern of the cohesive strength between polyurea coating and concrete substrates. This study specifically examines the combined impacts of temperature, water flow, and water pressure on the performance of cohesive strength. The cohesive strength serves as the metric for predicting the service lifetime based on laboratory aging test data. This analysis aims to evaluate the polyurea coating's cohesive strength on the tunnel lining surface after five years of operation.

Does oncolytic viruses-mediated metabolic reprogramming benefit or harm the immune microenvironment?

Oncolytic virus immunotherapy as a new tumor therapy has made remarkable achievements in clinical practice. And metabolic reprogramming mediated by oncolytic virus has a significant impact on the immune microenvironment. This review summarized the reprogramming of host cell glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutamine metabolism by oncolytic virus and illustrated the effects of metabolic reprogramming on the immune microenvironment. It was found that oncolytic virus-induced reprogramming of glucose metabolism in tumor cells has both beneficial and detrimental effects on the immune microenvironment. In addition, oncolytic virus can promote fatty acid synthesis in tumor cells, inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, and promote glutamine catabolism, which facilitates the anti-tumor immune function of immune cells. Therefore, targeted metabolic reprogramming is a new direction to improve the efficacy of oncolytic virus immunotherapy.

Role of Caveolin-1 on the molybdenum and cadmium exposure induces pulmonary ferroptosis and fibrosis in the sheep.

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element that exists in all tissues of the human body, but excessive Mo intake has a toxic effect. Cadmium (Cd) is a widely known and harmful heavy metal that exists in the environment. Although studies on Mo and Cd are available, it is still unknown how the combination of Mo and Cd causes pulmonary injury. Forty-eight sheep that were 2 months old were chosen and randomly separated into four groups as follows: Control group, Mo group, Cd group, and Mo + Cd group. The experiment lasted 50 days. The results showed that Mo and/or Cd caused significant pathological damage and oxidative stress in the lungs of sheep. Moreover, Mo and/or Cd exposure could downregulate the expression levels of xCT (SLC7A11 and SLC3A2), GPX4 and FTH-1 and upregulate the expression levels of PTGS2 and NCOA4, which led to iron overload and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis induced Wnt/ß-catenin-mediated fibrosis by elevating the expression levels of Caveolin-1 (CAV-1), Wnt 1, Wnt3a, ß-catenin (CTNNB1), TCF4, Cyclin D1, mmp7, α-SMA (ACTA2), Collagen 1 (COL1A1) and Vimentin. These changes were particularly noticeable in the Mo and Cd combination group. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that Mo and/or Cd exposure led to lung ferroptosis by inhibiting the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 axis, which in turn increases CAV-1 expression and subsequently activates the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, leading to fibrosis in sheep lungs.

Targeting the inward rectifier potassium channel 5.1 in thyroid cancer: artificial intelligence-facilitated molecular docking for drug discovery.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent and metastatic thyroid cancer is more invasive and can transform to dedifferentiated thyroid cancer, thus leading to a severe decline in the 10-year survival. The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) plays an important role in differentiation process. We aim to find a therapeutic target in redifferentiation strategies for thyroid cancer. METHODS: Our study integrated the differentially expressed genes acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database by comparing TSHR expression levels in the Cancer Genome Atlas database. We conducted functional enrichment analysis and verified the expression of these genes by RT-PCR in 68 pairs of thyroid tumor and paratumor tissues. Artificial intelligence-enabled virtual screening was combined with the VirtualFlow platform for deep docking. RESULTS: We identified five genes (KCNJ16, SLC26A4, TG, TPO, and SYT1) as potential cancer treatment targets. TSHR and KCNJ16 were downregulated in the thyroid tumor tissues, compared with paired normal tissues. In addition, KCNJ16 was lower in the vascular/capsular invasion group. Enrichment analyses revealed that KCNJ16 may play a significant role in cell growth and differentiation. The inward rectifier potassium channel 5.1 (Kir5.1, encoded by KCNJ16) emerged as an interesting target in thyroid cancer. Artificial intelligence-facilitated molecular docking identified Z2087256678_2, Z2211139111_1, Z2211139111_2, and PV-000592319198_1 (-7.3 kcal/mol) as the most potent commercially available molecular targeting Kir5.1. CONCLUSION: This study may provide greater insights into the differentiation features associated with TSHR expression in thyroid cancer, and Kir5.1 may be a potential therapeutic target in the redifferentiation strategies for recurrent and metastatic thyroid cancer.

Crosstalk between Mfn2-mediated mitochondria associated membranes disorder and autophagy induced by molybdenum and cadmium in sheep heart.

To investigate the crosstalk of mitochondria associated membranes (MAMs) disorder and autophagy co-induced by molybdenum (Mo) and cadmium (Cd) in sheep hearts. A total of 48 sheep were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, Mo group, Cd group and Mo + Cd group. The intragastric administration lasted for 50 days. The results showed that Mo or/and Cd exposure could cause morphological damage, imbalance of trace elements and antioxidant function, Ca2+ concentration decreased markedly, and significantly increase the contents of Mo or/and Cd in myocardium. Additionally, the mRNA and protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related factors and mitochondrial biogenesis related factors were altered by Mo or/and Cd, as well as the content of ATP, inducing ERS and mitochondrial dysfunction. Meanwhile, Mo or/and Cd could lead to the alteration of expression level of MAMs-related genes and proteins, and the distance between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in MAMs disorder. Moreover, Mo or/and Cd exposure upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of autophagy related factors. In conclusion, our results revealed that Mo or/and Cd exposure caused ERS, mitochondrial dysfunction and structural MAMs disruption, ultimately leading to autophagy in sheep hearts, and the effects of Mo and Cd co-exposure were more obvious.

Rhinolophus sinicus virome revealed multiple novel mosquito-borne zoonotic viruses.

To exploit the Rhinolophus sinicus-specific virome, 29 Rhinolophus sinicus were gathered in Lincang, China. Enriched viral sequences of 22 virus families were acquired by metavirome techniques. Hereby, the part of virome in Rhinolophus sinicus, including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Getah virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were validated by PCR. Five CHIKV viral sequences were amplified, among which CHIKV-China/B2016C-1 shared the highest homology to CHIKV isolated from Italy in 2007, with the genotype as African ECS. Eight JEV viral sequences were amplified, of which JEV-China/B2016E-1 shared the highest homology with at least 91.3% nt identity with the JEV sequence found in South Korea in 1988 and was classified as genotype III. Notably, JEV was isolated for the first time in Rhinolophus sinicus. The newly isolated JEV-China/B2016-1 could increase infectivity while passaging in Vero cells from BHK-21 cells. Overall, the research sheds insight into the diversity and viral susceptibility dynamics of the virome in Rhinolophus sinicus and reveals new light on the ecology of other important viral hosts.

Multiple Novel Mosquito-Borne Zoonotic Viruses Revealed in Pangolin Virome.

Swab samples were collected from 34 pangolins in Guangxi Province, China. Metavirome sequencing and bioinformatics approaches were undertaken to determine the abundant viral sequences in the viromes. The results showed that the viral sequences belong to 24 virus taxonomic families. To verify the results, PCR combined with phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Some viral sequences including Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Getah virus (GETV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) were detected. On the basis of the metavirome analysis, seven segments belonging to JEV were further identified through PCR amplification. Sequence comparison showed that, among seven sequences, JEV-China/P2020E-1 displayed the highest nucleotide (80.6%), with the JEV isolated in South Korea, 1988, and all of which belonging to genotype III. Seven CHIKV sequences were detected, with the highest homology (80.6%) to the Aedes africanus in Côte d'Ivoire, 1993. Moreover, passage from BHK-21 to Vero cells makes the newly isolated CHIKV-China/P2020-1 more contagious. In addition, the newly verified GETV sequences shared 86.4% identity with the 1955 GETV isolated from Malaysia. Some sudden and recurrent viruses have also been observed from the virome of pangolin in Guangxi Province, China; hence, dissemination tests will be implemented in the future.

Metavirome Analysis of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Reveals Novel Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Chikungunya Virus.

To explore the Culex tritaeniorhynchuses-specific virome, 6400 C. tritaeniorhynchuses were collected in Honghe autonomous prefecture, China. Abundant virus sequences were obtained from 28 viral families using metavirome sequencing. Herein, several viruses in C. tritaeniorhynchuses virome were verified using the PCR technique, which covers Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Getah virus, and even Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Seven JEV gene sequences were amplified successfully, of which JEV-China/CT2016E-1 shared the highest homology with the known JEV sequence isolated in Korea, 1946, with at least 96.1% nucleotide (nt) identity, which belonged to genotype III. Nine CHIKV gene sequences were amplified, which shared the highest with at least 93.0% nt identity with CHIKV from Thailand isolated in 2007, which was assigned to genotype Asian. Remarkably, CHIKV was isolated from C. tritaeniorhynchus in China for the first time. It was initially confirmed that the isolated virus CHIKV-China/CT2016-1 may increase infectivity after passaging in Vero cells from BHK-21 cells. Collectively, our study reveals the diversity, properties, and potential virus susceptibility dynamics of the C. tritaeniorhynchus virome and sheds new perspectives on the viral ecology in other important biological vectors.

Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria coupling attenuates vanadium-induced apoptosis via IP3R in duck renal tubular epithelial cells.

Vanadium (V) is necessary for the health and growth of animals, but excessive V has harmful effects on the ecosystem health. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria coupling as a membrane structure connects the mitochondrial outer membrane with the ER. The mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) is a region of the ER-mitochondria coupling and is essential for normal cell function. Currently, the crosstalk between ER-mitochondrial coupling and apoptosis in the toxic mechanism of V on duck kidney is still unclear. In this study, duck renal tubular epithelial cells were incubated with different concentrations of sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) and/or inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB) for 24 h. The results showed that V could significantly increase lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, the mitochondrial calcium level and the numbers of the fluorescent signal points of IP3R; shortened the length ER-mitochondria coupling and reduced its formation; markedly upregulate the mRNA levels of MAM-related genes and protein levels, causing MAM dysfunction. Additionally, V treatment appeared to upregulate pro-apoptotic genes and downregulate anti-apoptotic genes, followed by cell apoptosis. The V-induced changes were alleviated by treatment with IP3R inhibitor. In summary, V could induce the dysfunction of ER-mitochondrial coupling and apoptosis, and inhibition of ER-mitochondrial coupling could attenuate V-induced apoptosis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells.

Compound probiotics alleviate cadmium-induced intestinal dysfunction and microbiota disorders in broilers.

Cadmium (Cd), a common environmental pollutant, seriously threatens the health of intestine. This research aimed to investigate the effects of compound probiotics (CP) on intestinal dysfunction and cecal microbiota dysregulation induced by Cd in broilers. A total of 240 1-day-old Arbor Acre (AA) broilers were randomly assigned to four groups. After 120 days of feeding, the jejunum tissues and cecal contents were sampled for jejunum histopathological observation, the intestinal barrier and inflammatory factors related mRNA and proteins examinations, and intestinal microbiota analysis. The results showed that Cd could cause jejunal villus damage and inflammatory cells infiltration, down-regulate the mRNA levels of intestinal barrier related genes (ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, Claudin1, Claudin3, Claudin4, Occludin, and E-cadherin) and inflammatory factor related genes (IL-1ß, IL-18, IFN-γ, NF-κB), and the protein levels of Claudin1, ZO-1, Occludin, but up-regulate the Claudin2, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels. However, the addition of CP could effectively improve these changes. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that compared with the Cd group, supplementation CP increased the abundance of Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, Firmicutes, together with regulations on the pathways responsible for energy metabolism, translation and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, CP could improve intestinal barrier damage and intestinal microbiota disturbance induced by Cd.

Study on the Anti-Adenovirus Mechanism of Sargassum fusiforme.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) has a worldwide distribution and remains a major pathogen that leads to infections of the respiratory tract. No specific treatments or vaccines are yet available for HAdV infection. Sargassum fusiforme, an edible seaweed, has attracted a lot of attention for its various bioactivities. S. fusiforme has been reported to exhibit antiviral activity. However, research studies about its anti-HAdV activity are few. In this research, we found that S. fusiforme had low cytotoxicity and possessed anti-human adenovirus type 7 (HAdV7) activity in vitro, and the most effective ingredient was alginate. The time of addition assay demonstrated inhibitory effects that were observed in all life stages of the virus. In addition, we observed that the antiviral activity of alginate against HAdV7 infection might be closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that S. fusiforme extracts have potential application in the prevention and treatment of HAdV infection.

CXCL8 Facilitates the Survival and Paclitaxel-Resistance of Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to demonstrate CXCL8 expression in TNBC tissues and cells, and elucidate the functional mechanism of CXCL8 in paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant TNBC. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PTX-resistant TNBC using publicly available data from the GEO, TCGA and METABRIC databases. STRING was used to identify the interacting partners of CXCL8. Kaplan-Meier software was used to analyze the relationship between CXCL8 expression and patient survival rate. The protein expression and distribution of CXCL8 were examined by immunohistochemistry, MTT assay and colony formation assay were performed to determine cell viability of TNBC cells treated with PTX. Western blotting was used to assess the levels of drug resistance and apoptosis-related proteins. GO-KEGG analysis was conducted on the DEGs to identify enriched signaling pathways. RESULTS: The results of bioinformatics analysis demonstrated a high expression of CXCL8 in TNBC tissues and cells. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the expression of CXCL8 is associated with poor prognosis. CXCL8 was upregulated in PTX-resistant TNBC cells. Knockdown of CXCL8 increased the sensitivity of TNBC cells to PTX. Mechanically, CXCL8 deficiency regulated PTX resistance in TNBC cells via cell apoptosis signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Our work demonstrated that CXCL8 may be a potential molecule to be targeted for the treatment of PTX-resistant TNBC.

An Integrated Analysis of the Rice Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals Differential Regulation of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Response to Nitrogen Availability.

Nitrogen (N) is an extremely important macronutrient for plant growth and development. It is the main limiting factor in most agricultural production. However, it is well known that the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice gradually decreases with the increase of the nitrogen application rate. In order to clarify the underlying metabolic and molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon, we performed an integrated analysis of the rice transcriptome and metabolome. Both differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolite Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that carbon and nitrogen metabolism is significantly affected by nitrogen availability. Further analysis of carbon and nitrogen metabolism changes in rice under different nitrogen availability showed that high N inhibits nitrogen assimilation and aromatic metabolism pathways by regulating carbon metabolism pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Under low nitrogen, the TCA cycle is promoted to produce more energy and α-ketoglutarate, thereby enhancing nitrogen transport and assimilation. PPP is also inhibited by low N, which may be consistent with the lower NADPH demand under low nitrogen. Additionally, we performed a co-expression network analysis of genes and metabolites related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism. In total, 15 genes were identified as hub genes. In summary, this study reveals the influence of nitrogen levels on the regulation mechanisms for carbon and nitrogen metabolism in rice and provides new insights into coordinating carbon and nitrogen metabolism and improving nitrogen use efficiency in rice.

Expression of STING and PD-L1 in colorectal cancer and their correlation with clinical prognosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of PD-L1 and STING in colorectal cancer and analyze their correlation with disease prognosis. METHODS: The colorectal tissue chip was taken as the research object. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect expression of PD-L1 and STING of 87 cases of colorectal cancer tissue and corresponding adjacent tissue in the tissue chip. Chi-square test or Fisher's test were used to analyze the relationship of expression of PD-L1 and STING and with the clinical pathological features. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze the relationship between expression of PD-L1 and STING and the prognosis of colorectal cancer. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of PD-L1 in 87 cases of colorectal cancer tissue and corresponding adjacent tissue was 79.3% and 42.5% respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The positive expression rate of PD-L1 in colorectal carcinoma tissues was not related with age, gender, tumor size, differentiation, TNM clinical stage, or depth of invasion (P > 0.05). The positive expression rate of STING in 87 cases colorectal cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent tissue was 9.2% and 40.2% respectively and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The positive expression rate of STING in colorectal carcinoma tissue was correlated with gender, age, and differentiation (P < 0.05), but not associated with tumor size, depth of invasion, and TNM clinical stage (P > 0.05). The expression rate of PD-L1 was related to the prognosis of colorectal cancer (P=0.018). The expression rate of STING was not correlated with prognosis of colorectal cancer (P=0.784). In four independent groups (PD-L1+STING+ group, PD-L1-STING- group, PD-L1-STING+ group, PD-L1+STING- group), there were significant differences in 5-year survival (P=0.047 < 0.05), the 5-year survival rate of the PD-L1-STING+ group was significantly higher than that of the other three groups. In the STING positive group, the PD-L1+STING+ group had a worse prognosis than the PD-L1-STING+ group. In the STING negative group, the PD-L1-STING-group had a higher survival rate than the PD-L1+STING- group. CONCLUSION: PD-L1 might promote the occurrence of disease and STING might play an important role in anti-tumor immunity. PD-L1 was related with the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer but the expression of STING was not obviously associated with the prognosis. Survival rates of patients with colorectal cancer were higher in patients with PD-L1 negative expression or STING positive expression. When PD-L1 expression was negative and STING expression was positive, the 5-year survival rate of patients with colorectal cancer was highest.

The pharmacokinetic characters of simvastatin after co-administration with Shexiang Baoxin Pill in healthy volunteers' plasma.

To investigate the effect of Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP), a tranditional Chinese medicine, on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of simvastatin in healthy volunteers' plasma, a quantitative method was developed using an Agilent G6410A rapid performance liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry system. The established method was rapid with high extraction recovery and successfully applied for the determination of simvastatin in plasma of 16 healthy volunteers. The results demonstrated that the MRT(0-∞), T1/2 and Tmax value of simvastatin were significantly decreased, while the AUC(0-t) and Cmax values of smivastatin were increased by SBP. The pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the metabolism parameters of simvastatin could be affected by SBP and the potential drug-drug interaction should be noted in the future clinical practice.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of five bufadienolides from the Shexiang Baoxin Pill following oral administration to mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shexiang Baoxin Pill (SBP) is a well-known composite formula of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), widely used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Bufadienolides are major active compounds of Venenum Bufonis, which is one of the seven materiamedicas that comprise the Shexiang Baoxin Pill. Previous pharmacokinetics studies of bufadienolides have typically used a single medicinal material delivered to rats. In this study, we have chosen the mouse, a more proper animal model than the rat, to investigate the in vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of bufadienolides from the Shexiang Baoxin Pill. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The concentrations of bufadienolides in plasma and tissues were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and the separation of bufadienolides was achieved using an ACQUITY HSS T3 column by gradient elution using water (containing 0.1% formic acid) and acetonitrile as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the five bufadienolides were rapidly absorbed and distributed into the body. The pharmacokinetic curve showed double peaks after oral administration. The major tissue depots for resibufogenin, bufalin, and bufotalin in mice were the intestines, lung and kidney, whereas the major tissue depots of gamabufotalin and arenobufagin were the intestines, liver and kidney. CONCLUSION: The information gained from this research provides a meaningful insight for the clinical applications of the Shexiang Baoxin Pill.

Pharmacokinetic study of five ginsenosides using a sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method following single and multiple oral administration of Shexiang Baoxin pills to rats.

Shexiang Baoxin pills (SBP) are a traditional Chinese medicine that are used for treating coronary heart disease. Ginsenosides are the main effective components of SBP, but a comprehensive and deep pharmacokinetic study of ginsenosides in SBP, including multiple dosing and linear or nonlinear properties, is lacking. This study was designed to investigate and compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics of ginsenosides in SBP at a single dose and in multiple doses. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb3, Rc and Rb1 in rat plasma. Rats were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of 4, 8 or 12 g/kg and multiple doses (4 g/kg) of SBP for 8, 15 or 22 consecutive days. The results revealed that ginsenosides, following a single oral dose of 4 or 8 g/kg, were absorbed rapidly, with a Tmax ranging from 0.250 to 1.08 h. The AUC0-t and Cmax of the ppd-type ginsenosides Rb3, Rc and Rb1 were greater than those of the ppt-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Re. Nondose-dependent exposure was observed at doses of 4-12 g/kg for all of the ginsenosides. After multiple dosing, the plasma levels of the ppt-type ginsenosides decreased, whereas those of the ppd-type ginsenosides did not change significantly. In conclusion, the LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of ginsenosides after single and multiple oral administrations of SBP. The ginsenosides did not accumulate after multiple dosing. The ppd-type ginsenosides displayed more favorable pharmacokinetic properties compared with the ppt-type ginsenosides.