Assessment of the impact of wetland changes on carbon storage in coastal urban agglomerations from 1990 to 2035 in support of SDG15.1.

The quantitative assessment and spatial representation of wetland carbon storage, which play a critical role in the global carbon cycle and human production, can provide useful data and knowledge for decision-making in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Currently, human activities and climate change impacts pose a challenge for the assessment of wetland carbon storage in coastal urban clusters. We proposed a "past-present-future" long time series refined wetland carbon storage assessment model using Guangxi Beibu Gulf (GBG) and Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and the Greater Bay Area (GBA) as the study area. The CLUE-S and InVEST models were coupled to conduct a comparative analysis of the spatial and temporal changes in wetland carbon storage and the spatial identification of damages from 1990 to 2035 and finally explore the sensitivity of wetland changes to carbon storage and quantitatively assess the SDG15.1 target. The results showed that (1) both urban clusters are characterized by many reservoirs/farming ponds, large river areas and few lakes. 1990-2035 rivers, shallow waters and mudflats have a decreasing trend to be distributed in the middle of their respective regions, mangroves are on an increasing trend, GBG is mainly distributed in the Maowei Sea and GBA is mainly distributed in Shenzhen Bay. (2) Wetland carbon storage of the two urban clusters show an overall fluctuating downward trend, with rivers, lakes and beaches all showing a downward trend. The multiyear average carbon storage of the GBG are 3.2 times higher than those of the GBA. In ecological protection scenario (EPS) policy planning, it is reasonable to help wetland carbon sequestration in coastal urban clusters. (3) The trend of wetland change from 1990 to 2020 was positive for carbon storage. The rate of recovery of wetland carbon stocks is lower in GBA than in GBG under the natural increase scenario (NIS) and the ecological protection scenario (EPS). The economic development scenario (EDS) contributes least to the realisation of SDG15.1 for the coastal urban agglomeration. The ecological protection scenario (EPS) contributes the most to the realisation of SDG15.1 for the coastal urban agglomeration.

Evaluation of future wetland changes under optimal scenarios and land degradation neutrality analysis in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth and are also focused on by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, global wetlands have suffered from considerable degradation due to rapid urbanization and climate change. To support wetland protection and SDG reporting, we predicted future wetland changes and assessed land degradation neutrality (LDN) from 2020 to 2035 under four scenarios in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). A simulation model combining random forest (RF), CLUE-S and multi-objective programming (MOP) methods was developed to predict wetland patterns under the natural increase scenario (NIS), economic development scenario (EDS), ecological protection and restoration scenario (ERPS) and harmonious development scenario (HDS). The simulation results indicated that the integration of RF and CLUE-S achieved good simulation accuracy, with OA over 0.86 and kappa indices over 0.79. From 2020 to 2035, the mangrove, tidal flat and agricultural pond increased while the coastal shallow water decreased under all scenarios. The river decreased under NIS and EDS, while increased under ERPS and HDS. The Reservoir decreased under NIS, while increased under the remaining scenarios. Among scenarios, the EDS had the largest built-up land and agricultural pond, and the ERPS had the largest forest and grassland. The HDS was a coordinated scenario that balanced economic development and ecological protection. Its natural wetlands were almost equal to these of ERPS, and its built-up land and cropland were almost equal to these of EDS. Then, the land degradation and SDG 15.3.1 indicators were calculated to support the LDN target. From 2020 to 2035, the ERPS had a smallest gap of 705.51 km2 from the LDN target, following the HDS, EDS and NIS. The SDG 15.3.1 indicator was lowest under the ERPS, with a value of 0.85 %. Our study could offer strong support for urban sustainable development and SDGs reporting.

Simultaneous determination of twenty-five compounds with anti-inflammatory activity in Spatholobi Caulis by using an optimized UFLC-MS/MS method: An application to pharmacokinetic study.

As a kind of commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine in clinical, Spatholobi Caulis (SPC) contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including protocatechuate (1), nicotinic acid (2), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), salicylic acid (4), 6,9-dihydroxy megastigma-4,7-dien-3-one (5), 8,9-dihydroxy megastigma-4,6-dien-3-one (6), daidzin (7), genistin (8), isolariciresinol (9), ononin (10), 4',8-dimethoxy-7-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl isoflavone (11), 3'-methoxydaidzein (12), odoratin (13), spasuberol A (14), (+)-pinoresinol (15), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid methyl ester (16), (+)-epipinoresinol (17), calycosin (18), 8-O-methylretusin (19), formononetin sodium (20), formononetin (21), biochanin A (22), butesuperin A (23), homovanillyl-4-oxo-nonanoate (24) and (6aR,11aR)-maackiain (25). The pharmacokinetic characteristics of these twenty-five compounds in rat plasma were quantitatively and simultaneously studied using a fast, sensitive and precise ultra fast liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method after oral administration of aqueous extract of SPC to rats. The mobile phase consists of acetonitrile and 0.5 mM ammonium acetate in water, and these compounds were well separated at a gradient elution program with flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Carbamazepine was employed as the internal standard (IS) and all samples were precipitated with MeOH-ACN (2:1, v/v). The analytical method has been proved to be good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9957), precise, accurate, stable, recovery and matrix effect, which applicated becomingly to study the pharmacokinetic processes of these compounds in rat plasma. In addition, these twenty-five compounds exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on the inflammatory model of NO over production in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Isoflavones, especially compounds 20-22 (The IC50 of which were 22.75 µM, 21.11 µM and 48.29 µM, respectively.) might be the important constituents for anti-inflammatory activity of SPC. This study provides reference values for the clinical application, in-depth study on new dosage forms and pharmacological activities of SPC.

Simultaneous detection and quantification of 57 compounds in Spatholobi Caulis applying ultra-fast liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.

A method of ultra-fast liquid chromatography in series with tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid and sensitive detection of 57 compounds in Spatholobi Caulis (the vine stem of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn) within 35 min was established. This assay can simultaneously determine a variety of compounds without matrix interference in multiple reaction monitoring mode including evaluating the quality of different batches of Spatholobi Caulis from several areas and further identifying the characteristic compounds efficiently. After comprehensive validation, this method can be used to determinate samples rapidly, precisely, accurately, repeatably, and sensitivity. There were significant content differences in 12 batches of Spatholobi Caulis, which were further classified and systematically differentiated applying multivariate statistical analysis. Furthermore, orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis results indicated that (-)-gallocatechin (10), (-)-epiafzelechin (20), 4,7,2'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavanol (51), and biochanin A (53) characterize compounds to discernment internal quality of Spatholobi Caulis, and recommended as quality control indicators. Hence, presented work provides a method for further study on pharmaceutic preparation, metabolism, as well as for the design, production optimization process, and clinical application.

An effective UFLC-MS/MS method used to study pharmacokinetics of major constituents of Fukeqianjin formula in rat plasma.

BACKGROUND: Fukeqianjin formula (FKQJF) is a Chinese medicine prescription, which has been widely used individually or in combination with other western medicine for the treatment of various gynecological inflammatory diseases, including chronic cervicitis, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and endometritis, so on and so force. METHODS: The ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS), a quick and efficient method was established and applied to quantify the major constituents of Fukeqianjin formula in rat plasma, and its pharmacokinetics of oral absorption was studied. Nineteen components in Fukeqianjin formula were detected and identified as the major compounds absorbed into the blood according to their chromatographic behavior, molecular weight, ion fragments and other information of these compounds. Furthermore, the plasma drug concentration-time curves were established and the related kinetic parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: The results showed that all the 19 compounds could be rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, the plasma drug concentration of most compounds could reach a peak at around 1-2 h, and the double-peaks on behalf of the enterohepatic circulation were found in most drug concentration-time curves. The method used in this experiment was validated comprehensively including specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, matrix effect, and recovery. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that the developed method was suitable for pharmacokinetic analysis of the main components of Fukeqianjin formula in rat plasma, and may provide useful information for the subsequent distribution studies in vivo.

Simultaneous characterisation of multiple Mahonia fortunei bioactive compounds in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS for application in pharmacokinetic studies and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro.

The stems of Mahonia fortunei (MF) are commonly used in Chinese Traditional Medicine and contain multiple bioactive compounds, including 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol-1-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (1), 5-hydroxypicolinic acid methyl ester (2), acortatarin A (3), syringic acid (4), 9-epi-acortatarin A (5), vomifoliol (6), corydaldine (7), noroxyhydrastinine (8), columbamine (9), jatrorrhizine (10), palmatine (11), berberine (12) and schisandrin (13). The pharmacokinetics of these 13 compounds in the rat plasma were assessed using a novel sensitive, rapid, and specific UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method after oral administration of an aqueous extract of MF stems. Carbamazepine was employed as the internal standard (IS) and all samples were precipitated with acetonitrile. Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column using a gradient elution at 0.3 mL/min, with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.06 % formic acid and 5 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution. The calibration curves showed satisfactory linearity in the examination area (r2 ≥ 0.99). The accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were within acceptable ranges. The method successfully assessed the pharmacokinetics of these 13 compounds. In vitro, compound 12 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against production of nitric oxide (NO) in the RAW264.7 cell line when stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while compounds 7, 12, and 13 were the most potent inhibitors of NO production in the BV2 cell line when stimulated by LPS. The IC50 values of compounds 7, 12 and 13 were 42.81, 20.55 and 22.74 µM. We conclude that these compounds have promise for clinical application, although their synergistic action may be more effective than that by any single compound alone.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Some Characteristic Constituents from the Vine Stems of Spatholobus suberectus.

The dried vine stems of Spatholobus suberectus are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating gynecological and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, five new compounds named spasuberol A (2), homovanillyl-4-oxo-nonanoate (5), spasuberol C (6), spasuberoside A (14), and spasuberoside B (15), together with ten known compounds (1, 3, 4, 7-13), were isolated from the dried vine stems of S. suberectus. Their chemical structures were analyzed using spectroscopic assays. This is the first study interpreting the detailed structural information of 4. The anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds was evaluated by reducing nitric oxide overproduction in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Compounds 1 and 8-10 showed strong inhibitory activity with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 5.69, 16.34, 16.87, and 6.78 µM, respectively, exhibiting higher activity than the positive drug l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (l-NIL) with an IC50 value of 19.08 µM. The IC50 values of inhibitory activity of compounds 2 and 4-6 were 46.26, 40.05, 45.87, and 28.29 µM respectively, which were lower than l-NIL, but better than that of positive drug indomethacin with an IC50 value of 55.44 µM. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that assayed compounds with good anti-inflammatory activity, such as 1, 6, 9, and 10 at different concentrations, can reduce the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). The anti-inflammatory activity and the possible mechanism of the compounds mentioned in this paper were studied preliminarily.

[Characteristic fingerprint and multi-components quantitative determination for Fuke Qianjin Capsules by HPLC].

To establish an HPLC characteristic fingerprint method of Fuke Qianjin Capsules,and determine the contents of its main components. The analysis was carried out on a Kromasil 100-5-C18 analytical column(4. 6 mm ×250 mm,5 µm) with gradient elution by acetonitrile(A)-0. 1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution(B),a flow rate at 1. 0 m L·min-1 and the detection wavelength of 254 nm.The column temperature was 30 ℃,and the injection volume was 10 µL. The determination method of genistin,jatrorrhizine,andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide index components were studied methodologically. The common mode of the characteristic fingerprint of Fuke Qianjin Capsules was set up with 8 common peaks,which were identified as genistin,jatrorrhizine,palmatine,berberine,andrographolide,14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide,Z-ligustilide,and Z-3-butylidenephthalide,respectively,in comparison with the references. The similarities of 20 batches of Fuke Qianjin Capsules samples were above 0. 95. All of the above-mentioned 4 analytes could be well separated under the optimized chromatographic conditions. RSD of precision and repeatability experiment were both less than 1. 5%,and the sample solution was stable during 72 h. All of the compounds had a good linearity and linear range. The contents of genistin,jatrorrhizine,andrographolide,and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide in 20 batches of Fuke Qianjin Capsules samples were 28. 66-56. 04,94. 77-197. 92,1 705. 33-4 148. 93 and 462. 16-1 225. 96 µg in each capsule,respectively. The developed HPLC characteristic fingerprint and quantitative analysis methods were reliable,accurate and sensitive,and could be used effectively evaluate the quality of Fuke Qianjin Capsules samples.

2-methyl-L-erythritol glycosides from Gardenia jasminoides.

Two new glycosides, 2-methyl-L-erythritol-4-O-(6-O-trans-sinapoyl)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 2-methyl-L-erythritol-1-O-(6-O-trans-sinapoyl)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with two known triterpenoids (3-4), four quinic acid derivatives (5-8) and one flavonoid (9) were isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. Their structures were elucidated through MS and 2D NMR experiments (HMQC and HMBC). Inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were evaluated. Though 2-methyl-D-erythritol and its glycosides have been reported in a few references, this is the first report about 2-methyl-L-erythritol glycosides. Based on this finding, we propose that 2-methyl-L-erythritol might be a new intermediate in the non-mevalonate biosynthesis of terpenoids.

Chemical constituents from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production.

Three new iridoid glycosides, 6"-O-trans-caffeoylgenipin gentiobioside (1), genipin 1-O-ß-D-apiofuranosyl (1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), genipin 1-O-α-D-xylopyranosyl (1→6)-ß-D-glucopyranoside (3), three new monocyclic monoterpenoids, jasminoside R (4), jasminoside S (5), jasminoside T (6), together with nine known iridoid glycosides (7-15) and three crocetin glycosides (16-18), were isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. Their chemical structures were established mainly by 1D and 2D NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. Inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccaride-activated macrophages were evaluated. Compounds 8 and 18 showed strong inhibitory activity on NO production with IC(50) values of 11.14±0.67 and 5.99±0.54 µM, respectively.

Isolation and identification of phase 1 metabolites of curcumol in rats.

Curcumol is one of the major components of the essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin with the structure of a guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid hemiketal. It exhibits clear antitumor, antihepatic fibrosis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. In this article, the metabolism of curcumol in rats was investigated by characterizing metabolites excreted into urine. Sixteen phase 1 metabolites of curcumol were isolated from the urine of rats after an oral dose of 40 mg/kg, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. The metabolites were characterized as 2α-hydroxycurcumol (M-1), (11αH)-3α-hydroxy-9-en-8,13-epoxycurcumol (M-2), (11αH)-14-hydroxy-9-en-8,13-epoxycurcumol (M-3), (11ßH)-14-hydroxy-9-en-8,12-epoxycurcumol (M-4), 10α,14-dihydroxy-(1αH,7ßH)-guai-4-en-3,8-dione (M-5), 10ß,14-dihydroxy-(1αH,7ßH)-guai-4-en-3,8-dione (M-6), 10ß-hydroxy-(1αH,7ßH,11αH)-guai-8(13),8(14)-diepoxy-4-en-3-one (M-7), 10ß-hydroxy-(1αH,7ßH,11ßH)-guai-8(12),8(14)-diepoxy-4-en-3-one (M-8), 10α-hydroxy-(1αH,7ßH,11αH)-guai-8(13), 8(14)-diepoxy-4-en-3-one (M-9), 10α-hydroxy-(1αH,7ßH,11ßH)-guai-8(12),8(14)-diepoxy-4-en-3-one (M-10), 10α,14,15-trihydroxy-(1αH,7ßH)-guai-4-en-3,8-dione (M-11), 10ß-hydroxy-(1αH,7ßH)-guai-4-en-3,8-dioxo-13-oic acid (M-12), (1αH,7ßH)-guai-4,10(14)-dien-3, 8-dioxo-13-oic acid (M-13), 5ß,10ß-dihydroxy-(1αH,7ßH,11αH)-guai-8(13),8(14)-diepoxide (M-14), 10ß,14-dihydroxycurcumol (M-15), and 5ß,10ß,14-trihydroxy-(1αH,7ßH)-guai-8-one (M-16). All were newly identified compounds, among which M-3 and M-4, M-5 and M-6, and M-7, M-8, M-9, and M-10 are three groups of epimers. On the basis of the metabolite profile, the possible metabolic pathways of curcumol in rats are proposed. This is the first study of the metabolites of guaiane-type sesquiterpene in animals.

Four new sesquiterpenes from Curcuma wenyujin and their inhibitory effects on nitric-oxide production.

Four new sesquiterpenes including the novel sesquiterpene lactone (6R)-dehydroxysipanolinolide (1), two new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes, curcolide (2) and curcodione (3), and a new xanthane-type sesquiterpene, curcumadionol (4), were isolated from Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling, together with five known ones, 5-9. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1-9 on nitric-oxide production in lipopolysaccaride-activated macrophages were evaluated.

Guaiane-type sesquiterpenes from Curcuma wenyujin and their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production.

Four new guaiane-type sesquiterpenes (1S,4S,5S,10R)-zedoarondiol, zedoalactones D, E, and F (1-4), along with 10 known ones (5-14), were isolated from Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1-14 on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were evaluated.