ABSTRACT
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common cirrhotic ascites complication which exacerbates the patient's condition. SBP is caused by gram-negative bacilli and, to a lesser extent, gram-positive cocci. Hospital-acquired infections show higher levels of drug-resistant bacteria. Geographical location influences pathogenic bacteria distribution; therefore, different hospitals in the same country record different bacteria strains. Intestinal changes and a weak immune system in patients with liver cirrhosis lead to bacterial translocation thus causing SBP. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are important in SBP management. When the treatment effect is not effective, other rare pathogens should be explored.
Subject(s)
Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Liver Cirrhosis/microbiology , Peritonitis/diagnosis , Peritonitis/etiology , Animals , Ascites/diagnosis , Ascites/drug therapy , Ascites/etiology , Ascites/microbiology , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacterial Infections/diagnosis , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/etiology , Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Cross Infection/etiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Humans , Peritonitis/drug therapy , Peritonitis/microbiologyABSTRACT
Parthenogenetic activation is a procedure that an oocyte at meiosis II stage is activated into mitosis by some chemical or physical stimulation other than a sperm and the embryo is formed in the absence of any contribution from a male gamete. The activation of oocyte is the result of calcium ion oscillations and deactivation of some cytokines such as maturation promoting factor, mitogen-activated protein kinase and cytostatic factor. Parthenogenetic activation is artificially induced by various kinds of physical and/or chemical methods. The main activation method of human oocyte is chemical methods. The rates of activation and cleavage depend on the age, origin,and culture conditions of the oocyte.
