Nonradicals induced degradation of organic pollutants by peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS): Recent advances and perspective.

Nonradical persulfate oxidation processes have emerged as a new wastewater treatment method due to production of mild nonradical oxidants, selective oxidation of organic pollutants, and higher tolerance to water matrixes compared with radical persulfate oxidation processes. Since the case of the nonradical activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) was reported on CuO surface in 2014, nonradical persulfate oxidation processes have been extensively investigated, and much achievement has been made on realization of nonradical persulfate activation processes and understanding of intrinsic reaction mechanism. Therefore, in the review, nonradical pathways and reaction mechanisms for oxidation of various organic pollutants by PDS and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are overviewed. Five nonradical persulfate oxidation pathways for degradation of organic pollutants are summarized, which include surface activated persulfate, catalysts-free or catalysts mediated electron transfer, 1O2, high-valent metals, and newly derived inorganic oxidants (e.g., HOCl and HCO4-). Among them, the direct oxidation processes by persulfate, nonradical based persulfate activation by inorganic/organic molecules and in electrochemical methods is first overviewed. Moreover, nonradical based persulfate activation mechanisms by metal oxides and carbon materials are further updated. Furthermore, investigation methods of interaction between persulfate and catalyst surface, and nature of reactive species are also discussed in detail. Finally, the future research needs are proposed based on limited understanding on reaction mechanism of nonradical based persulfate activation. The review can offer a comprehensive assessment on nonradical oxidation of organic pollutants by persulfate to fill the knowledge gap and provide better guidance for future research and engineering application of persulfate.

Homogeneous catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate and heterogeneous reductive regeneration of Co2+ by MoS2: The pivotal role of pH.

The application of MoS2 to enhance Co(II)/peroxymonosulfate (Co(II)/PMS) system for organic pollutants degradation was developed, and the mechanism for pH dependent catalytic activity in the MoS2 co-catalyzed Co(II)/PMS processes was systematically investigated. It was found that MoS2 presented enhancement effect for Co(II)/PMS system in the tested pH range from 4.0 to 7.0, especially at pH 5.5 and 6.0. The pseudo first order reaction rates for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation in MoS2-Co2+/PMS system at pH 5.5 and 6.0 were 3.2 and 1.8 times that in Co2+/PMS system (Co2+ 2 µmol L-1, PMS 0.2 mmol L-1, MoS2 0.5 g L-1). The redox recycle of Co3+/Co2+ was promoted by Mo(IV) and S(-II) on MoS2 surface and regenerated Co2+ induced homogeneous activation of PMS for the robust production of free radical with the major of hydroxyl radicals. Increasing MoS2 dosage, Co2+ and PMS concentration can linearly raise RhB degradation rate in MoS2-Co(II)/PMS system. Moreover, MoS2 exhibited excellent catalytic and chemical stability in recyclability and reuse for catalytic decontamination in MoS2-Co(II)/PMS system. This work gains new insight into the enhancement effect of MoS2 in the meal ions/PMS system, and provides a high performance wastewater treatment process of Co(II)/PMS at low concentrated Co2+.

P1-HNF4α expression negatively correlates with HER2 levels and is associated with good prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma.

HNF4α, a member of the steroid/thyroid nuclear receptor super family, is a transcriptional factor expressed in various tissues and cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of P1-HNF4α protein expression in gastric adenocarcinoma. We examined P1-HNF4α and HER2 protein levels in the tissue of 245 gastric adenocarcinoma samples by immunohistochemistry, and analyzed the association between P1-HNF4α levels, and clinicopathologic factors or prognosis. In gastric adenocarcinoma, positive staining of P1-HNF4α was shown in 150 (61.2%) of 245 cases, while positive expression of HER2 was shown in 36 (14.7%) of 245 cases as detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of P1-HNF4α was negatively correlated with that of HER2. Furthermore, P1-HNF4α and HER2 highly expressed in intestinal-type adenocarcinoma according to the Lauren classification, tubular adenocarcinoma according to WHO classification, and well-to-moderately differentiated tumors. In gastric adenocarcinoma, P1-HNF4α was significantly associated with histological type, Lauren grade, degree of tumor differentiation, vascular invasion, lymph node metastases, and pTNM stage. Moreover, survival analysis showed that P1-HNF4α expression was an independent prognostic factor of good survival in gastric adenocarcinoma (P<0.05). Our results indicate that a negative correlation exists between P1-HNF4α and HER2 expression levels and P1-HNF4α is significantly correlated with tumor progression and a good prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma.

Identification of IgH gene rearrangement and immunophenotype in an animal model of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphomas.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic herpesvirus associated with lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Because the susceptible hosts of EB virus are limited to human and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), there have been no appropriate animal models until the lymphoma model induced by EBV in human peripheral blood lymphocyte (hu-PBL)/SCID chimeric mice was reported. However, it is still controversial whether the EBV-associated lymphoma induced in hu-PBL/SCID mice is a monoclonal tumor. In this study, we transplanted normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hu-PBL) from six donors infected with EBV into SCID mice to construct hu-PBL/SCID chimeric mice. The induced tumors were found in the mediastinum or abdominal cavity of SCID mice. Microscopic observation exhibited tumor cells that were large and had a plasmablastic, centroblastic or immunoblastic-like appearance. Immunophenotyping assays showed the induced tumors were LCA-positive, CD20/CD79a-positive (markers of B cells), and CD3/CD45RO-negative (markers of T cells). A human-specific Alu sequence could be amplified by Alu-PCR. This confirmed that induced tumors were B-cell lymphomas originating from the transplanted human lymphocytes rather than mouse cells. EBER in situ hybridization detected positive signals in the nuclei of the tumor cells. Expression of EBV-encoded LMP1, EBNA-1, and EBNA-2 in the tumors was significantly positive. PCR-based capillary electrophoresis analysis of IgH gene rearrangement revealed a monoclonal peak and single amplification product in all six cases of induced tumors. This indicated that EBV can induce monoclonal proliferation of human B lymphocytes and promotes the development of lymphoma. J. Med. Virol. 88:1804-1813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus infection in different types and sites of lymphomas.

To analyze the association of several types of malignant lymphomas in different anatomical sites with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection status, 127 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of malignant lymphomas were investigated with in situ hybridization detecting EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in tumor cells. Forty-six out of 108 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases were positive for EBER (42.6%). The EBER-positivity rate of NHL in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx (35/60 cases, 58.3%) was higher than that of NHL in stomach (9/30 cases, 30%) and in the superficial lymph nodes (2/18 cases, 11.1%) (P<0.05). The EBER-positivity rate of Hodgkin lymphoma in the superficial lymph nodes was 26.3% (5/19 cases). These findings suggest that the EBV-positivity rate in lymphomas is related to their histological types and locations.