A rare case of urothelial carcinoma metastasizing to the gallbladder wall with manifestations as acute cholecystitis.

BACKGROUND: Metastasis to the gallbladder is very rare. This case report highlights a rare cause of acute cholecystitis, which should be considered by the surgeon and other treating physicians in the differential diagnosis of patients with urothelial carcinoma. CASE: We report the case of a 73 year-old man with follow-up oncology care. He was diagnosed with infiltrating urothelial carcinoma in 2019, received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and subsequently underwent radical cystectomy with ureteroileostomy in April 2020. Histology confirmed complete regression of bladder cancer, the lymphonodes were also free of tumour infiltration. In July 2021, the patient was examined for intermittent abdominal pain, predominantly of the right upper quadrant. On clinical examination, the gallbladder hydrops was palpable and a positive Murphy's sign was present. Due to the signs of acute cholecystitis, the patient was indicated for acute cholecystectomy. Gallbladder histology revealed metastatic involvement of the gallbladder wall by urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSION: If patients with bladder cancer present with intermittent right subcostal pain or signs of acute cholecystitis and diagnostic imaging shows a thickened gallbladder wall, clinicians and radiologists should consider the possibility of metastatic origin of lesion.

Postoperative delirium.

Postoperative delirium is a serious complication occurring mainly in patients over 65 years. This complication is common in the above mentioned age group and has been described in up to 50% of patients. Postoperative delirium has a significant impact both on postoperative morbidity and mortality. Systematic and early detection of at-risk patients is essential to reduce the risk of postoperative delirium. Targeted efforts are then developed in thus identified patients to reduce the risk factors for developing delirium. An individualized approach to anesthesia is adopted during the surgery. Procedures that contribute to reducing the risk of developing delirium are preferred in the postoperative period. If this complication does occur, it is primarily preferred to manage any potential cause of the condition using non-pharmacological procedures. Pharmacological interven- tion should be reserved only for patients with a hyperactive form of delirium. The aim of the article was to shed more light on measures that help to prevent the delirium and on the therapeutic procedures used.

The Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Human Metapneumovirus in Bulgaria, 2016-2019.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) among patients with acute respiratory infections in Bulgaria, and performed genetic characterization of the F gene of these strains. METHODS: Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients of a range of ages were tested by using real-time PCR for 12 respiratory viruses. The F gene was sequenced, and phylogenetic and amino acid analyses of the F gene/protein were performed. RESULTS: A total of 1,842 patients were examined during a 3-year period; 1,229 patients (66.7%) were positive for at least one respiratory virus. hMPV was identified in 83 (4.5%) patient samples. Eleven (13%) of hMPV-positive patients were coinfected with another respiratory virus. The hMPV incidence rate in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019 winter seasons was 5.4, 5.4, and 3.1%, respectively. hMPV was mainly detected in specimens collected between January and May (89.2% of cases). The incidence of hMPV infection was highest (5.1%) among the youngest age-group (0-4 years), where hMPV was a causative agent in 8.1 and 4.8% of bronchiolitis and pneumonia cases, respectively. Among the patients aged ≥5 years, hMPV was detected in 2.2 and 3.2% of cases of pneumonia and central nervous system infections, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the F gene showed that the sequenced hMPV strains belonged to the A2b, B1, and B2 genotypes. Numerous amino acid substitutions were identified compared with the NL00/1 prototype strain. CONCLUSION: This study revealed the significant role of hMPV as a causative agent of serious respiratory illnesses in early childhood, and also demonstrated year-to-year changes in hMPV prevalence and genetic diversity in circulating strains.

Synchronous liver metastases of rectal cancer and the possibility of simultaneous resection.

Treatment of metastatic rectal cancer and liver metastases continues to pose a major challenge. Synchronous liver metastases are present in up to one fifth of patients diagnosed with rectal carcinoma. Multidisciplinary cooperation is essential for determination of the consequent diagnostic and therapeutic plan. Only tight collaboration of experts from different medical fields allows for optimal timing of various medical procedures leading to a maximal benefit for the patient. Given the complexity of the problem, different specific methods and combinations thereof are applied in the course of the therapy, making the design of straightforward guidelines impossible. Since open surgery is complicated by the vastly distant locations of the rectum and liver, minimally invasive approach brings more perspectives in simultaneous surgery. A novel possibility of robotic and/or laparoscopic surgery performed by two teams is currently being developed. Despite the progress in surgical technology, optimal strategy has not yet been established.

Lymphomas and acute abdomen - a set of case reports.

Surgical treatment of gastrointestinal solid tumors is the basic method with a curative potential. However, the first-line treatment modalities in lymphomas are systemic oncology therapy (chemotherapy, immunotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), radiotherapy or their combination. Surgery in lymphomas is predominantly associated with acute disease and dominantly, surgery is still used mainly in diagnosing lymphomas. Acute abdomen associated with lymphoma can be divided into 3 groups: bleeding, obstruction and perforation of GIT due to lymphoma. All these conditions might be caused by both gastrointestinal (extranodal) lymphomas or advanced nodal lymphomas that directly infiltrate or compress gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as well. Perforation is also often associated with the effect of systemic chemotherapy administration. When treating acute abdomen conditions caused by lymphomas, multidisciplinary cooperation with all participating experts is necessary. From the surgical point of view, minimizing the risk of postoperative complications is crucial to ensure the possibility of early systemic oncological treatment administration.

Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma - our experience with surgical approach.

Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma is a serious complication of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. Its incidence has increased in recent years due to an increasing number of patients on this treatment. A number of case series have been described in the literature. In the vast majority of cases, the hemodynamically stable patients were treated either conservatively or by selective radiological embolization of the bleeding source. A surgical approach is reported as a last choice in the cases where the conservative therapy fails, radiological intervention is unavailable, in patients with continuous bleeding or in patients who develop abdominal compartment syndrome. In our case report, we present a patient on anticoagulation therapy for deep venous thrombosis complicated by massive retroperitoneal bleeding: surgery was used as the method of first choice and the treatment was successful. Key words: retroperitoneal hematoma bleeding anticoagulation treatment surgery.

Radiofrequency ablation in pancreatic cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical study evaluating the impact of intraoperative radiofrequency ablation in pancreatic cancer. METHODS: Patients with histologically proved pancreatic cancer were included. Two groups were defined. In the RFA group (n=24) intraoperative RFA of the pancreatic tumour was performed. In the control group (n=24) only the bypass procedure was indicated (gastroenteric and hepaticojejunal anastomosis). No patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Three-month morbidity and mortality, overall survival, quality of life, pain relief and radiological response were studied. RESULTS: Overall three-month morbidity and mortality were 41.7% and 8.3%, respectively. RFA related morbidity and mortality reached 16.6% and 8.3%, respectively. The overall median survival time was 9.9 and 8.3 months in the RFA group and in the control group, respectively. The survival difference was not of statistical significance (p=0.758). QoL improvement after RFA was not proved. There was no statistically significant analgesic effect of RFA. Postoperative CT scan assessed as per RECIST criteria displayed progressive disease, stable disease, partial response and complete response in 41.6%, 45.8%, 8.3% and 0% cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative RFA of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer is a feasible palliative method. A survival benefit of this method remains doubtful, even though some positive results have been achieved in patients with localized, well-differentiated tumours. Although RFA was not associated with any impairment of the quality of life, no convincing evidence of a positive impact thereof on QoL was shown, either, during the three-month postoperative period. Pain relief was not achieved during the first 3 months after RFA.

Inorganic Nanomaterials for Restoration of Cultural Heritage: Synthesis Approaches towards Nanoconsolidants for Stone and Wall Paintings.

The synthesis of inorganic nanostructured materials for the consolidation of stone and wall paintings is reviewed. To begin, a description of the methods most commonly used to prepare nanoconsolidants is provided, particularly in the frame of colloid chemistry. Some concepts of the carbonation mechanism as well as the transport properties of some of these materials are addressed. An overview of the synthesis methods together with some of the application particularities of the distinct consolidants are presented thereafter. Furthermore, the requisites for efficient consolidants and some drawbacks of the nanoconsolidants are discussed.

[Radiotherapy in the treatment of rectal cancer is it time to move on?] / Radioterapie v lécbe karcinomu rekta - cas na zmenu?

Multidisciplinary treatment approach in accordance with current guidelines represents a gold standard of care for patients with rectal cancer. Radical surgical resection is a fundamental and the only curative treatment modality. Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (cT3-4N0M0 or anyTN1-2M0) are indicated for neoadjuvant radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy. However, there are many controversies regarding neoadjuvant radiotherapy indications in the available literature. Evidence-based medicine data suggest that neoadjuvant radiotherapy is associated with improved local control of the disease, but has no impact on patients survival. Moreover, neoadjuvant radiotherapy is associated with less favorable perioperative outcomes and significantly deteriorates anorectal function of patients after sphincter-preserving rectal resections.Key words: rectal cancer - radiotherapy - postoperative morbidity - survival - functional outcome.

[The importance of pre-operative MRI-detected extramural vascular invasion in the treatment of rectal carcinoma]. / Význam predoperacne zjistené extramurální vaskulární invaze v lécbe karcinomu rekta.

INTRODUCTION: Extramural vascular invasion (EMVI) is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with rectal carcinoma. Patients with proven vascular invasion have a shorter progression-free survival and overall survival. Until recently, vascular invasion had been identified primarily by pathologists. Currently, EMVI can be detected preoperatively by magnetic resonance imaging used for rectal cancer staging. Our study aimed at verifying the effect of pre-operative EMVI detection on PFS after resection and comparing this interval (PFS) to the group of patients with vascular invasion identified and confirmed by pathologists. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for rectal carcinoma at our Surgical Department in the years 20122016 were included in the group and were followed for local recurrence or systemic progression of the disease. The median follow-up was 36 months. In this group, we then retrospectively evaluated MR EMVI and at the same time the presence of tumor vascular invasion from the resected specimen. The relationship of both prognostic markers to PFS was compared. RESULTS: Tumor vascular invasion as well as positive extramural vascular invasion on MRI found preoperatively in our group had a statistically significant negative effect on the progression-free survival compared to the group without evidence of EMVI or vascular invasion. CONCLUSION: Positive extramural vascular invasion found on MRI during rectal cancer staging is associated with a poor prognosis. It is one of the prognostically negative factors and referral of these patients for outpatient care should receive special attention because even after radical resection with a negative resection line there is a risk of early progression of the disease.Key words: rectal carcinoma extramural vascular invasion - progression-free survival.

[Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy in the Diagnostics of Malignancy of the Gastrointestinal Tract]. / Konfokální laserová mikroskopie v diagnostice onkologických onemocnení gastrointestinálního traktu.

In confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), a type of optical microscope that uses a laser beam as its light source and processes the acquired image by processor unit is used. Although the principle behind the device has been known since 1957, its use in clinical practice has only recently been enabled by technical developments, and it is therefore a relatively new modality in differential diagnosis. CLE enables real-time microscopic imaging of the tissue under investigation and in fact non-invasive in vivo biopsy. First experiences with CLE have primarily been obtained in the field of endoscopy, in particular in the pathology of the esophagus, stomach, bile duct, pancreas, and colon. Further to its use in endoscopy, CLE was recently developed for perioperative use, with the most experience gained in neurological, breast, and prostate surgery. Numerous prospective randomized trials have confirmed the benefits of CLE in tumor screening, differential diagnosis of tumors or inflammatory diseases, earlier diagnostics of diseases, and reducing the number of required endoscopic examinations. In addition, CLE is associated with minimal side effects. A known possible side effect is allergy to the fluorescein used to stain tissues during the examination. Extending of endoscopic examination or surgery is minimal in the hands of trained personnel. Current limiting factors of CLE include insufficient clinical experience, the price of the CLE device and probes, and the subjectivity inherent in the evaluation of microscopic images by the endoscopist or surgeon. This article summarizes published studies of CLE in the diagnostics of oncological diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.Key words: confocal microscopy - gastrointestinal tract - neoplasms The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 9. 2. 2017Accepted: 26. 2. 2017.

Rare cases imitating acute appendicitis: Three case reports and a review of literature.

Acute appendicitis with its characteristic clinical course is one of the most common diagnoses that require urgent surgery. The following three case reports present patients with symptoms typical of acute appendicitis which was, however, not confirmed intraoperatively. Preoperative CT or MRI were not requested because symptoms clearly indicated acute appendicitis. The first case describes a male patient with right-sided diverticulitis, the second case report involves a pregnant woman in 33rd week of gestation with right adnexal torsion due to a dermoid cyst, and in the last report, a case of spontaneous perforation of appendiceal mucinous neoplasm is presented.Key words: right-sided diverticulitis - dermoid cyst - adnexal torsion - mucinous neoplasm - pseudomyxoma peritonei - appendicitis.

Pulmonary exacerbation due to colistin-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in a Bulgarian cystic fibrosis patient.

In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) lung damage secondary to chronic infection is the main cause of death. Treatment of lung disease to reduce the impact of infection, inflammation and subsequent lung injury is therefore of major importance. As Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the dominant pathogen in CF patients it has been the major target of all treatment strategies, possible antibiotic regimens and recommendations for years. More sophisticated antibiotic therapies introduced over the last decades have helped to improve the prognosis in cystic fibrosis, but then new multidrug-resistant pathogens emerged. We present a case of cystic fibrosis in a 16-year-old boy with pulmonary exacerbation due to colistin-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. This case raises some interesting questions regarding the antibiotic policy and treatment options in our country for patients with CF and multidrug-resistant strains. Colistin is used at present in Bulgaria as a strategic last option for the CF patients but with the advent of new more drug-resistant strains therapeutic approach should change - for instance, there should be restrictions imposed on the use of levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which are regarded as "cheap and not so potent" antibiotics suitable for any infection and use them only in strict dependence on the respective culture results.

[Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticulum causing pancreatobiliary problems - case report and literature review]. / Juxtapapilární divertikl duodena jako prícina pankreatobiliárních potízí - kazuistika a prehled literatury.

UNLABELLED: Juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula are reported as a potential cause of many pancreatobiliary diseases. However, data concerning this association is inconsistent and the role of the diverticulum is often underestimated or even denied in clinical practice. This case report and literature review is aimed at pointing out this problem.Obstruction of the diverticulum with a food bezoar can be considered as an important clinical clue of the etiological role of the diverticulum in pancreatobiliary disease development.Endoscopic sphincterotomy is considered to be the treatment of the first choice, with surgery (diverticulectomy and/or biliodigestive anastomosis) reserved for cases where the minimally invasive approach fails. KEY WORDS: juxtapapillary duodenal diverticulum obstructive jaundice acute pancreatitis endoscopic papilosphincterotomy biliodigestive anastomosis.

Quality of life after bowel resection for Crohn´s disease - first results.

INTRODUCTION: Crohn´s disease (CD) highly affects a patient´s quality of life. The aim of the study was to find out the impact of surgery on the quality of life (QoL) in CD patients and factors affecting their postoperative QoL. METHODS: 90 patients with CD who underwent surgery (bowel resection) filled out an EORTC QLQ-CR29 questionnaire preoperatively and again after the surgical procedure. RESULTS: 77% of the patients experienced a positive change (p<0.001), 22% negative and 11% no change. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, we proved that surgical treatment improves the overall QoL in patients with CD. To determine factors which affect postoperative QoL, more patients need to be enrolled in future studies.Key words: Crohn´s disease - quality of life - surgery - bowel resection - Czech cohort.

Castlemans disease - surgical treatment, case reports.

The authors describe their experience with surgical treatment of benign rare lymph proliferation - Castlemans disease (CD). It occurs in unicentric and multicentric forms. The very low incidence of the disease makes it very difficult to design larger prospective studies. Cases of two leading localizations of the unicentric form of CD - intrathoracic and retroperitoneal with special emphasis on the preoperative diagnosis and imaging options are described. This article underlines the curative potential of surgical treatment where a complete resection of the affected lymph node leads to eradication in almost 100% of the cases. The discussion is focused on the forms of CD - different localization, clinical symptoms and course of disease. It discusses the differential diagnosis, particularly difficult in the multicentric form, emphasizing the need to exclude malignant lymphoma. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is presented, mentioning its association with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection and HHV-8 (Human herpers virus 8) infection and the importance of overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. The importance of surgical therapy for the unicentric form of CD is highlighted as compared to the multicentric form, where the surgeon´s task involves taking a biopsy - required for an accurate diagnosis.Key words: Castlemans disease - lymphoproliferation - lymphadenopathy - surgical treatment.

[Standardization of pancreatic cancer specimen pathological examination]. / Standardizace patologického vysetrení resekátu pankreatu.

INTRODUCTION: The frequency of R1 resections for pancreatic cancer in studies where a non-standardized protocol of pathological evaluation of the specimen is used varies from 17 to 30%. The aim of our study is to apply the standardized (so-called Leeds) protocol of resected pancreatic specimen pathological examination, and to evaluate the frequency of R1 resections for pancreatic cancer using this new protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-one patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer were included in the study. This group was divided into two subgroups: patients examined by the Leeds protocol (n=20) and those examined by a non-standardized pathological protocol (n=71). The R1 resection rate was evaluated separately in each group. The positivity rate of every individual resection margin was specified in the Leeds protocol group. The correlation of R1 resection rate and "tumour - resection margin distance" parameter was evaluated. The tumour infiltration of peripancreatic adipose tissue was assessed in the non-standardized group. RESULTS: In the Leeds protocol subgroup, R1 and R0 resection rate was 60% (12/20) and 40% (8/20), respectively. Resection line positivity rates were as follows: dorsal 45% (9/20), ventral 35% (7/20), VMS 20% (4/20), cervical 20% (4/20), AMS 15% (3/20). The correlation between the tumour - resection line distance and R1 resection frequency was the following: direct infiltration 30% R1, tumour-resection margin border 0.5 mm 50% R1, 1mm 60%, 1.5 mm 75% R1, 2 mm 80% R1, >2 mm 80% R1. If the criterion of resection line positivity ( 1mm) was set, the R1 resection rate difference between the two groups was of statistical significance. In the subgroup where the non-standardized protocol was used (n=71), R1 resection was recorded in 25 (35.2%) patients. The main cancer-positive areas were peripancreatic adipose tissue in 26.8% (19/71) of cases, and VMS, AMS or retroperitoneal line in 8.5% (6/71), respectively. R0 resection was achieved in 46 (64.8%) patients. The statistically significant (p=0.046) difference in R0 and R1 resection rates was detected (Leeds protocol and non-standardized one: R0 40.0% vs. 64.8% and R1 60.0% vs. 35.2%, respectively) in the studied groups. CONCLUSION: The rate of R1 resections for pancreatic cancer increased in all studies, including ours, where the standardized (Leeds) protocol of pancreatic specimen pathological examination was used. The higher R1 resection rate when using the Leeds protocol is approaching to the local recurrence rate of pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the Leeds protocol can provide more realistic evaluation of local radicality of pancreatoduodenectomy and can also offer more accurate evaluation of the surgical and adjuvant therapy of pancreatic cancer.

Slow magnetic relaxation in lanthanide ladder type coordination polymers.

A series of four isostructural lanthanide-containing one dimensional coordination polymers with picolinic (pic) and glutaric (glu) acids, Ln(glu)(pic)(H2O)2, where Ln = Gd(III) (1), Tb(III) (2), Dy(III) (3) and Er(III) (4) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric measurements. These compounds are isostructural to the previously reported Sm(glu)(pic)(H2O)2 and the structure consists in pairs of lanthanide ions double bridged by carboxylic groups which are connected along c by the glutaric acid ligands as a ladder type 1D coordination polymer. The magnetic properties of these compounds were studied by static magnetization and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range 1.7-300 K. Weak dominant ferromagnetic interactions between lanthanide cations were found in the compounds, except in compound 3. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 reveal frequency dependent AC susceptibility and slow relaxation of the magnetization under applied external static field. These data classify the Gd(III), Dy(III) and Er(III) compounds as molecular magnets. In spite of the ladder chain structure of the compounds this magnetic behaviour is not due to a single chain but instead it is ascribed to single ion anisotropic effects in the case of 3 and 4 and possibly to a phonon-bottleneck effect of the spin-lattice relaxation in 1.

[PET-CT documented fast onset of treatment response to cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with multicentric Castlemans disease. Case description and treatment information overview]. / PET-CT dokumentovaný rychlý nástup lécebné odpovedi cyklofosfamidu, thalidomidu a dexametazonu u multicentrické formy Castlemanovy nemoci. Popis prípadu a prehled informací o lécbe

Castlemans disease (also called angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) can take two forms with different prognosis: the localized form can usually be treated by a surgical intervention and has therefore a favourable prognosis. On the other hand, the multicentric form has an unfavourable prognosis and requires systemic treatment. Classic manifestations of multicentric Castlemans disease are multiple sites of lymphadenopathy, sometimes hepatomegaly and also splenomegaly or serous cavity effusions. Typical pathological laboratory levels measured in patients with this disease include an increased CRP level, anaemia of chronic diseases, and many patients have an increased total protein concentration, in some cases exceeding even 100g/ l. It is caused by a high concentration of polyclonal immunoglobulins. Typical clinical symptoms include fluctuating subfebrile or febrile temperatures, increased night sweats and fatigue usually related to anaemia. In some patients, the disease is manifested as vasculitis, frequently also affecting cerebral arteries, i.e. leading to cerebrovascular accidents. The aetiology of this disease is unclear; it is a polyclonal lymphocyte proliferation, often with differentiation into plasma cells. It is not a clonal malign disease; however, it can transform into a clonal lymphoproliferative disease. Even though it is not a malign disease in the histomorphological sense, the disease symptoms are so acute that systemic treatment is required. In the past, the treatment method of this disease used to be based on corticoids and cytostatics; however, such treatment was not always successful in achieving its objective, i.e. complete remission. In the past few years, an improvement of treatment results was accomplished by adding a new drug to the basic medication, i.e. to cytostatics and dexamethasone. Many publications describe the benefi t of adding a third drug from the IMiDs group (immunomodulatory drugs), such as thalidomide or lenalidomide. These drugs affect the formation of cytokines and block the angiogenesis, which in turn positively influences the speed of the treatment response. The second new drug that has helped in combination with classical treatment is the anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab. The third new drug to add this list is the monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor, tocilizumab. This paper describes a rapid treatment response after combined treatment with cyclophosphamide 500mg/ m2 i.v. infusion 1st and 15th day in a 28- day cycle, dexamethasone 20mg p.o. cycle day 1- 4 and cycle day 15- 18, and thalidomide 100mg daily. In the course of the two-month treatment, the accumulation of fl uorodeoxyglucose during the PET-CT imaging has normalized; the originally pathologically enlarged nodes have become smaller, the originally elevated CRP level has normalized and the originally signifi cantly lower haemoglobin level has risen. This is the second patient with multicentric Castlemans disease in the last three years who showed a rapid response to treatment with thalidomide combined with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. Therefore, we consider such treatment suitable for newly diagnosed patients with multicentric Castlemans disease.

[Laparoscopic adrenalectomy--indications and selection criteria]. / Laparoskopická adrenalektomie--indikace a selekcní kritéria.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become a standard surgical procedure for the most of adrenal gland disorders. Hormonal active adenomas, feochromocytomas even some malignant tumors are the most frequent indications. The number of operations for accidentally diagnosed foci has grown rapidly. It has been suggested to revise recommendations specifying criteria, based on which incidentaloma is indicated for adrenalectomy. The aim of this work is to compare the results of adrenalectomies for hormonal active lesions and incidentalomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis of 65 patients who underwent adrenalectomy in the Department of Surgery University Hospital Brno Bohunice from 2005 to 2010. Correlation between preoperative examination outcomes and postoperative histology findings was performed. Furthermore, findings in patients indicated for surgery for hormonally active versus for hormonally inactive suprarenal tumors were compared. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients underwent laparoscopic surgery for hormonally active adrenal tumors, one for bilateral metastasses of bronchogenic carcinoma. In 26 cases adrenalectomy was indicated for incidentaloma. Adrenal hyperplasia was the commonest histological finding in the group with hormonally inactive tumors. No carcinoma was detected in this group. In 5 of 19 patients operated for suspective feochromocytoma, the procedure did not result in blood pressure adjustment and feochromocytoma was histologically confirmed in 11 out of the 19 subjects. The size of the tumors was significantly higher in incidentalomas, compared to hormonally active pathologies. No incidentaloma and hypertension subjects experienced alteration in their clinical condition after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a standard procedure in the majority of hormonally active focal suprarenal conditions. Patients with accidentally detected suprarenal tumors should be carefully indicated, taking into consideration internal comorbidities and any surgical procedures in a patient's history. The benefit of adrenalectomy for the clinical condition alteration is arguable in incidentalomas. The National Institutes of Health U.S.A. (NIH) consensus guidlines should be strictly followed during the decision making proces. Indication for adrenalectomy in tumors of less than 6 cm and with benign appearance on CT or MRI is not considered rational.