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1.
J Antimicrob Chemother ; 67(12): 2809-13, 2012 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22941897

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: A previously unidentified mecA homologue, mecA(LGA251), has recently been described in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from humans and dairy cattle. The origin and epidemiology of this novel homologue are unclear. The objective of this study was to provide basic descriptive information of MRSA isolates harbouring mecA(LGA251) from a range of host animal species. METHODS: A number of S. aureus isolates from historical animal isolate collections were chosen for investigation based on their similarity to known mecA(LGA251) MRSA isolates. The presence of mecA(LGA251) was determined using a multiplex PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed by disc diffusion. RESULTS: MRSA harbouring mecA(LGA251) were found in isolates from a domestic dog, brown rats, a rabbit, a common seal, sheep and a chaffinch. All of the isolates were phenotypically MRSA, although this depended on which test was used; some isolates would be considered susceptible with certain assays. All isolates were susceptible to linezolid, rifampicin, kanamycin, norfloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, fusidic acid, tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and mupirocin. Five multilocus sequence types were represented (2273, 130, 425, 1764 and 1245) and six spa types (t208, t6293, t742, t6594, t7914 and t843). CONCLUSIONS: The discovery of MRSA isolates possessing mecA(LGA251) from a diverse range of host species, including different taxonomic classes, has important implications for the diagnosis of MRSA in these species and our understanding of the epidemiology of this novel mecA homologue.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction , Penicillin-Binding Proteins
2.
Vet Rec ; 166(14): 419-21, 2010 Apr 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20364008

ABSTRACT

Salmonellosis was diagnosed in garden birds from 198 incidents in Scotland between September 1995 and August 2008. Salmonellosis was essentially a disease of finches in the north of Scotland, but in the south of Scotland it was also a problem in house sparrows. Almost all of the incidents were caused by Salmonella Typhimurium phage types 40 or 56/variant, but regional variation in phage types was observed. In the north of Scotland, one phage type (DT 40) predominated, but in the south of Scotland two phage types were commonly isolated (DTs 40 and 56/variant, with the latter the more common of the two phage types). This regional difference was statistically significant for salmonellosis in greenfinches, chaffinches and 'other garden birds', but not for house sparrows. Different temporal patterns for different species of bird and different phage types were also observed within regions. These findings suggest that the epidemiology of salmonellosis in garden birds varies depending on the phage type of Salmonella and the species of garden bird, with additional regional differences depending on the wild bird populations and the phage types of Salmonella in circulation. An awareness of these differences will help when formulating guidelines aimed at reducing the impact of salmonellosis in garden birds.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Salmonella enterica/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purification , Animals , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Bacteriophage Typing/veterinary , Bird Diseases/microbiology , Birds , Demography , Female , Male , Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology , Salmonella enterica/classification , Salmonella enterica/pathogenicity , Salmonella typhimurium/classification , Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity , Scotland/epidemiology , Seasons , Species Specificity
4.
Vet Rec ; 158(24): 817-20, 2006 Jun 17.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16782854

ABSTRACT

Postmortem examinations were carried out on the carcases of 779 wild birds. Salmonellosis was a common cause of death in greenfinches (Carduelis chloris), house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs), and was also responsible for the deaths of other birds such as goldfinches (Carduelis carduelis), feral pigeons and different species of gulls. Most cases of salmonellosis in finches occurred between January and March, whereas salmonellosis in house sparrows tended to occur between October and March. Salmonella Typhimurium DT40 and DT56 (variant) predominated in finches and sparrows, DT41 and DT195 were the most common strains isolated from gulls, and DT2 and DT99 were recovered from feral pigeons. These "wild bird" strains of Salmonella made up less than 0.5 per cent of the isolates of Salmonella recovered from cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens or turkeys in Great Britain over the same period, but they made up nearly 3 per cent of the isolates from more extensively reared avian livestock such as gamebirds, ducks and geese.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology , Salmonella enterica/isolation & purification , Animals , Animals, Domestic/microbiology , Animals, Wild/microbiology , Bird Diseases/mortality , Birds , Salmonella Infections, Animal/mortality , Salmonella enterica/pathogenicity , United Kingdom/epidemiology
5.
Vet Rec ; 157(16): 477-80, 2005 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16227383

ABSTRACT

Pooled faeces collected from a garden bird table were screened for Salmonella species and Escherichia coli O86, two recognised causes of garden bird mortality. Dead birds found at the site were also screened for these organisms, and bird numbers and meteorological data were recorded. In the first year of the study, 48.5 per cent of the samples were positive for Salmonella Typhimurium DT56 (variant), decreasing to 38.9 per cent in the second year and 12.8 per cent in the third year. E. coli O86 was not recovered from any of the 288 samples of pooled faeces tested. S. Typhimurium DT56 (variant) was recovered from the carcases of eight birds found dead at the site, and E. coli O86 was isolated from three carcases. The degree of contamination of the bird table with S. Typhimurium DT56 (variant) was positively correlated with the number of house sparrows observed in the garden, but not with the number of blackbirds, chaffinches or greenfinches.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Bird Diseases/microbiology , Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Salmonella typhimurium/isolation & purification , Animals , Bird Diseases/mortality , Birds , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Escherichia coli Infections/mortality , Feces/microbiology , Salmonella Infections, Animal/mortality , Scotland/epidemiology , Seasons
7.
Vet Rec ; 153(10): 293-7, 2003 Sep 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14509575

ABSTRACT

An outbreak of mortality in chickens and Japanese quail sharing the same airspace was investigated. Marek's disease was diagnosed in five of 11 chickens examined, and in 20 of 24 quail; crop candidiasis was found in four of the chickens and in five of the quail, and moderate to large numbers of organisms referred to as megabacteria were observed in eight of the chickens and 16 of the quail. The disease was so severe that almost all of the quail in the flock died or were culled during the following six months. In contrast, only approximately 5 per cent of the chickens died from Marek's disease.


Subject(s)
Candidiasis/veterinary , Chickens , Coturnix , Marek Disease/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Animal Feed/microbiology , Animals , Candidiasis/complications , Candidiasis/epidemiology , Candidiasis/microbiology , Marek Disease/complications , Marek Disease/microbiology , Poultry Diseases/microbiology , Scotland/epidemiology
9.
Vet Rec ; 151(19): 563-7, 2002 Nov 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12452355

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhimurium and Escherchia coli O86:K61:NM are two bacteria that can cause outbreaks of mortality in garden birds visiting bird tables and other feeding stations. Two sites in south-west Scotland were monitored for the two organisms for 12 months. At site A, large numbers of birds fed throughout the year, and at site B smaller numbers of birds fed only in the winter months. Samples of composite faeces were collected from the feeding stations and screened for the organisms, and any dead birds were also screened. S Typhimurium definitive type (DT) 56 (variant) was found to be endemic at site A, and was recovered from 48 per cent of samples of composite faeces collected from the bird table, from 42 per cent of composite faeces from underneath a hanging feeder, and from 33 per cent of composite faeces from below a roost used by house sparrows; the organism was also isolated from the carcases of six wild birds found dead at the site. In contrast, S Typhimurium (DT41) was recovered only once at site B, from 2 per cent of the composite faeces from below a hanging feeder, and no dead birds were recovered from the site. E coli O86 was not recovered from the faeces collected from either site, but was isolated from a bird that died from trauma at site A.


Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Escherichia/isolation & purification , Salmonella Infections, Animal/mortality , Salmonella enterica/isolation & purification , Animals , Birds , Escherichia/classification , Escherichia/pathogenicity , Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology , Salmonella enterica/classification , Salmonella enterica/pathogenicity , Scotland/epidemiology , Seasons , Serotyping
13.
Vet Rec ; 147(4): 93-7, 2000 Jul 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10955880

ABSTRACT

Between 1995 and 1997 a neurological condition in pheasant poults from 24 sites in England and Scotland was investigated. Affected birds showed varying degrees of ataxia and incoordinated movements and, in severe cases, recumbency, but generally remained alert with their heads held upright. The condition characteristically affected poults from seven weeks of age and the incidence on any one site was low. No significant bacteria were isolated consistently from brain tissue. The condition was characterised histologically by a non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, in which lesions were found predominantly in the cerebellum in 61 of 81 samples examined (75.3 per cent). A non-suppurative myelitis was recorded in 16 of 20 spinal cords examined. No lesions were recorded in peripheral neural tissue and lesions were rare in other tissues. The condition appeared not to have been recorded previously in pheasants. A viral aetiology was suspected but Newcastle disease virus was not involved.


Subject(s)
Ataxia/veterinary , Bird Diseases/epidemiology , Bird Diseases/etiology , Meningoencephalitis/veterinary , Animals , Ataxia/etiology , Ataxia/pathology , Bird Diseases/pathology , Birds , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , England/epidemiology , Incidence , Meningoencephalitis/complications , Meningoencephalitis/epidemiology , Meningoencephalitis/virology , Scotland/epidemiology
14.
Vet Rec ; 146(10): 273-8, 2000 Mar 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10749040

ABSTRACT

The causes of the deaths or culling of 155 adult pheasants in breeding pens on one site between 1995 and 1997 were investigated. Approximately half the deaths were the result of problems associated with the reproductive tract or trauma, including injuries acquired during fighting or mating. Sinusitis was the commonest infectious cause of mortality or culling, despite medication of the flocks for mycoplasmosis. Marble spleen disease and pheasant coronavirus-associated nephritis, two viral conditions capable of causing high mortality, were diagnosed in a few birds in 1996 and 1997. Histomoniasis (blackhead) contributed to the mortality in 1996. A lymphomatous condition of uncertain aetiology was detected in a small number of birds.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/mortality , Birds/injuries , Breeding , Housing, Animal , Animals , Cause of Death , Female , Male , United Kingdom
15.
Vet Rec ; 144(11): 283-7, 1999 Mar 13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10204223

ABSTRACT

In 1996, pullorum disease due to Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar pullorum (Salmonella pullorum) was diagnosed in pheasants on a gamebird rearing enterprise in south-west Scotland. The gross pathology and bacteriological findings are described, as are the results of screening for S pullorum on the site in 1997. The causal organism was readily isolated from the lung, liver, yolk sac and heart blood on direct culture, but less readily from the digestive tract or by the use of selective media. The bacteria recovered from the pheasants were identified as S pullorum phage type 7, a phage type previously associated with pheasants rather than domestic fowl, and the organisms were most probably introduced to the site by the movement of carrier pheasants.


Subject(s)
Bird Diseases/diagnosis , Salmonella Infections, Animal/diagnosis , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Animals , Bacteriophage Typing/veterinary , Bird Diseases/microbiology , Bird Diseases/pathology , Birds , Female , Male , Salmonella/classification , Salmonella Infections, Animal/pathology , Salmonella Phages , Scotland
16.
Vet Rec ; 143(13): 371-2, 1998 Sep 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9800308
17.
Vet Rec ; 143(6): 155-8, 1998 Aug 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9746945

ABSTRACT

The provision of supplementary food for wild birds in gardens during the winter months is common in the UK, but it is possible that it may precipitate infectious diseases in the birds. This paper describes the results of postmortem examinations of 116 wild finches carried out over a period of four years. The two commonest causes of death in areas where high mortality had been reported were infections with the bacteria Salmonella typhimurium DT40 and Escherichia coli O86. Coccidia of the genera Atoxoplasma or Isospora were found in several of the birds but were considered to be incidental. Megabacteria were also identified in some of the birds, for the first time in flocks of wild birds in the UK, but they were not considered to be significant.


Subject(s)
Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Bird Diseases/mortality , Cause of Death , Songbirds , Animals , Data Collection , Scotland/epidemiology
19.
Lett Appl Microbiol ; 26(6): 395-8, 1998 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9717307

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli was recovered from selected tissues of 43 out of a total of 46 finches found dead in the Scottish Highlands during April-May of 1994 and 1995. The isolates did not ferment sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrose or melibiose; they belonged to serogroup O86:K61, produced cytolethal distending toxin (CLDT) and possessed the eae gene sequence. The consistent recovery of organisms producing CLDT and possessing the eae gene suggests that these organisms may have played a significant role in the finch mortalities.


Subject(s)
Adhesins, Bacterial , Bacterial Toxins/analysis , Birds/microbiology , Carrier Proteins , Escherichia coli Proteins , Escherichia coli/chemistry , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Animals , Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Toxins/genetics , DNA, Bacterial/analysis , Escherichia coli/classification , Female , Male , Scotland , Serotyping
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