Effect of Advanced Glycation End Products on Human Thyroglobulin's Antigenicity as Identified by the Use of Sera from Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed on proteins after exposure to high concentrations of glucose and modify protein's immunogenicity. Herein, we investigated whether the modification of thyroglobulin (Tg) by AGEs influences its antigenicity and immunogenicity. Human Tg was incubated in vitro with increasing concentrations of D-glucose-6-phosphate in order to produce Tgs with different AGE content (AGE-Tg). Native Tg and AGE-Tgs were used in ELISA to assess the serum antibody reactivity of two patient groups, pregnant women with gestational diabetes (GDM), and patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). We produced in vitro AGE-Tg with low and high AGE content, 13 and 49 AGE units/mg Tg, respectively. All HT patients' sera presented the same antibody reactivity profile against native Tg and AGE-Tgs, indicating that the modification of Tg by AGEs did not alter its antigenicity. Similarly, the GDM patients' sera did not discriminate among the two forms of Tg, native or artificially glycated, suggesting that the modification of Tg by AGEs might not alter its immunogenicity. The modification of Tg by AGEs has no obvious effect on neither its antigenicity nor, most likely, its immunogenicity. It seems that other Tg modifications might account for the production of aTgAbs in patients with GDM.

Are we satisfied with the follow-up of hypertensive and chronic kidney disease patients in outpatient clinics?

Hypertension and chronic kidney disease constitute major health problems as they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Large-scale clinical trials, have emphasized the need of a strict blood pressure and early recognition of kidney disease to reduce the complications. However, the rate of hypertension control seems to be low, the prevalence of hypertension and chronic kidney disease steadily increases, indicating a gap in the management of those patients. This is due either to a poor organization of the health care system or a defective patient-physician communication. This review will try to identify possible errors in the management of hypertensive and renal failure patients in outpatient clinics and to propose ways to improve prevention and control of hypertension and chronic kidney diseases in our population.

Adrenal incidentalomas and cardiometabolic morbidity: an emerging association with serious clinical implications.

Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) represent adrenal masses that are incidentally discovered whilst investigating symptoms and signs unrelated to adrenal pathology. The onset and natural course of AIs are unknown, and the possible underlying cardiometabolic abnormalities have not been examined in depth. A growing body of clinical and experimental evidence supports the notion that both functioning and, paradoxically, nonfunctioning AIs are associated with a partially expressed or even full-blown metabolic syndrome (MS) phenotype, through yet unclear mechanisms. Subtle, subclinical or even profound adrenal hormone excess and an increased proinflammatory state might explain to some extent the development of MS disturbances. The emerging association between AIs and MS appears to be important in determining the optimal clinical management of these patients and raises speculation about the exact mechanisms of this interesting cause-effect relationship.

Maternal expressed emotion and metabolic control of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study of children and adolescents with diabetes were to: (1) examine whether maternal expressed emotion (EE), in the form of critical comments (CC), hostility and emotional overinvolvement (EOI), is related to metabolic control; (2) determine if CC and EOI are separately related to poor metabolic control, and (3) ascertain whether high EE is related to psychopathology in these children. METHODS: The Present Episode version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (Kiddie-SADS-P/K-SADS-P) interview was administered to 55 children and adolescents with diabetes and the parental EE instrument, the 5-min speech sample, to 55 mothers. The same instruments were utilized with the 54 controls and their mothers. Glycosylated hemoglobin A1 values were used as a measure of metabolic control. RESULTS: More than half of the children with diabetes (58.2%) had mild to moderate symptoms of anxiety or depression as compared to 9.3% of the controls. High EE was exhibited by 70.9% of the index group mothers in contrast to only 29.6% of the control group mothers. High maternal EE was not related to the psychopathology of children with diabetes. High maternal EE and in particular its EOI component and excessive detail (a subcategory of EOI) were related to poor metabolic control of the index children. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal EE is related to metabolic control in childhood diabetes; maternal EOI in particular is related to poor metabolic control. Mental health professionals should work with mothers of children with diabetes in an effort to modify such attitudes and emotions.