Self- vs. External-Regulation Behavior ScaleTM in different psychological contexts: A validation study.

The self- vs. external-regulation behavior theory, SR-ER Theory (2021) model has postulated the Self-Regulation /Non or De-Regulation/Dys-regulation (SR-NR-DR) continuum in the person and in their context. The model also generates a behavioral heuristic that allows us to predict and explain the variability of other dependent behavioral variables in a range of scenarios (clinical, educational, health and technology contexts). Consequently, the objective of this study was to validate the different scales prepared on the basis of the theory presented. A total of 469 students voluntarily completed at different times the five questionnaires presented, to give a total of 1,385 completed questionnaires. Using an ex post facto design, descriptive, correlational, confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA), reliability, and concurrent validity analyses were carried out. The scales were analyzed individually and as a whole. The results showed the acceptable structure of scale and consistent levels of reliability. The five levels generated by the SR-NR-DR (personal and contextual) combinatory heuristic that arises from the theoretical model determined significant differences in the levels of the variables analyzed for each psychological context. We discuss the theoretical implications and the implications for the assessment and improvement of the behaviors analyzed in function of the personal and contextual regulation levels evaluated.

A proposed protocol for the registration of evidence-based Educational Psychology programs.

The turn to evidence-based interventions is significant for Psychology in general and for Educational Psychology in particular. Although there is a great deal of published evidence for program validation, there is currently no protocol for the evaluation of educational psychology evidence-based intervention programs and there is no General Register of such programs to act as a central information depository. This article has four objectives: (1) To assess the significance of the turn to Evidence-Based Programs in the context of today's Knowledge Society and Research and Development, Transfer and Innovation (R&Di) activities; (2) To provide a Classification of Programs based on the degree of specialization required for appropriate professional use in line with the requirements of the Code of Ethics in Psychology; (3) To tentatively propose a Protocol for the Registration of Evidence-Based Educational Psychology Programs; and (4) Finally, to identify some implications of the protocol. We conclude that there is a need for a General Register of validated programs.

Differential Predictive Effect of Self-Regulation Behavior and the Combination of Self- vs. External Regulation Behavior on Executive Dysfunctions and Emotion Regulation Difficulties, in University Students.

The aim of this research was to establish linear relations (association and prediction) and inferential relations between three constructs at different levels of psychological research - executive dysfunction (microanalysis), self-regulation (molecular level), and self- vs. external regulation (molar level), in the prediction of emotion regulation difficulties. We hypothesized that personal and contextual regulatory factors would be negatively related to levels of executive dysfunction and emotion regulation difficulties; by way of complement, non-regulatory and dysregulatory personal, and contextual factors would be positively related to these same difficulties. To establish relationships, we used a retrospective, ex post facto design, where 298 university students voluntarily participated by completing standardized self-reports. Linear and structural correlational, predictive analyses were performed, as well as inferential analyses. Results were consistent and validated the proposed hypotheses, for both association and prediction. The most important result refers to the discriminant value of the five-level combination heuristic for predicting Executive Function and External (contextual) Dys-Regulation. In conclusion: (1) both personal and contextual regulation factors must be analyzed in order to better understand the variation in executive functions and emotion regulation difficulties; (2) it is important to continue connecting the different levels of the constructs referring to self-regulation, given their complementary role in the behavioral analysis of regulation difficulties.

Validation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-28 (CYRM-28) among Spanish youth.

Objectives: This article presents a validation study of the 28-item Child and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM-28). The sample contained 365 Spanish youth ages between 15 to 21, from Navarre (Spain), all of them enrolled in Initial Vocational Qualification Programs. Method: The CYRM-28 was administered to students from 27 secondary schools in the province of Navarre. Confirmatory analyses were conducted. Results: The structure of the original scale was confirmed, as well as acceptable psychometric properties. Discussion: Findings add support to the CYRM-28 as a reliable and valid self-report instrument that measures three components of resilience processes in the lives of youth with complex needs. The CYRM-28 shows adequate psychometric properties, the CFA presents indices of goodness and fit (Chi-squared = 60,170, df = 17, p < .001; CFI = .960, TLI = .934, IFI = .961, RFI = .911 and NFI = .946; RMSEA = .084). Conclusion: Advanced statistical modeling yielded evidence that the scale, originally developed for use in several countries, can be used to assess resilience in Spanish youth.

The Role of Gender and Age in the Emotional Well-Being Outcomes of Young Adults.

Young adults face different stressors in their transition to college. Negative emotions such as stress can emerge from the demands they face. This study aimed at gaining an improved understanding of the role that gender and age play in the well-being of young adults. Coping strategies, resilience, self-regulation, and positivity were selected as indicators of well-being. Descriptive and inferential analysis have been conducted. Results show that well-being varies significantly with age and gender. Gender was predominantly involved in the acquisition of the well-being outcomes, highly predicting problem-focused coping strategies. No interaction effects were found between gender and age. An improved understanding of the developmental factors involved in well-being outcomes will enlighten future interventions aimed at improving young people's resources to face adversity.

Effects of Self-Regulation vs. External Regulation on the Factors and Symptoms of Academic Stress in Undergraduate Students.

The SRL vs. ERL theory has shown that the combination of levels of student self-regulation and regulation from the teaching context produces linear effects on achievement emotions and coping strategies. However, a similar effect on stress factors and symptoms of university students has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to test this prediction. It was hypothesized that the level of student self-regulation (low/medium/high), in interaction with the level of external regulation from teaching (low/medium/high), would also produce a linear effect on stress factors and symptoms of university students. A total of 527 undergraduate students completed validated questionnaires about self-regulation, regulatory teaching, stress factors, and symptoms. Using an ex post facto design by selection, ANOVAs and MANOVAs (3 × 3; 5 × 1; 5 × 2) were carried out. The results confirmed that the level of self-regulation and the level of regulatory teaching jointly determined the level of stress factors and symptoms of university students. Once again, a five-level heuristic of possible combinations was configured to jointly determine university students' level of academic stress. We concluded that the combination of different levels of student regulation and regulation from the teaching process jointly determines university students' level of academic stress. The implications for university students' emotional health, stress prevention, and well-being are established.

Applying the SRL vs. ERL Theory to the Knowledge of Achievement Emotions in Undergraduate University Students.

The SRL vs.ERL Theory predicts that a student's own self-regulation and the regulatory nature of the context are factors that jointly determine the student's level of motivational-affective variables. However, this principle has not yet been verified in the case of achievement emotions. The aim of this research was to test this prediction, with the hypothesis that students' level of self-regulation (low-medium-high), in interaction with the regulatory nature of the teaching (low-medium-high), would determine positive or negative emotions as well as the degree of burnout/engagement. A total of 440 university students completed validated questionnaires on self-regulation; regulatory teaching; achievement emotions in class, in study and in testing situations; and on burnout/engagement. Using a quasi-experimental design by selection, ANOVAs and MANOVAs (3 × 3; 5 × 1) were carried out. The results confirmed that the level of self-regulation and the level of external regulation jointly determined university students' level of achievement emotions, as well as their level of burnout/engagement. Based on these results, a five-level progressive scale was configured. We conclude that this scale may be useful and adequate as a heuristic technique or model for understanding and analyzing the type of student-teacher interaction that is taking place in the university classroom, and thereby learn the probability of stressful effects and the students' level of emotional health.

Implications of Unconnected Micro, Molecular, and Molar Level Research in Psychology: The Case of Executive Functions, Self-Regulation, and External Regulation.

The proliferation of research production in Psychology as a science has been increasing exponentially. This situation leads to the necessity of organizing the research production into different levels of analysis that make it possible to delimit each research domain. The objective of this analysis is to clearly distinguish the different levels of research: micro-analysis, molecular, and molar. Each level is presented, along with an analysis of its benefits and limitations. Next, this analysis is applied to the topics of Executive Functions, Self-Regulation, and External Regulation. Conclusions, limitations, and implications for future research are offered, with a view toward a better connection of research production across the different levels, and an allusion to ethical considerations.

Satisfaction With the Self-Assessment of University Students Through e-Coping With Academic Stress Utility TM.

The general purpose of this report is: (1) research was to check whether the degree of satisfaction with the self-assessment activity of university students was related to the scores obtained and the degree of different variables, associated with level of Self-Regulation; (2) to present the online utility, e-Coping with Academic Stress TM, as a technological development in Educational Psychology; (3) analyze the possibilities of transfer of this technological innovation. A total of 929 university students, coming from a public university, participated in the use of this online utility. University students can use the tool's online inventories to make self-assessments in the different variables of Studying, Learning and Performing under Stress (SLPS Competency Model). Descriptives, correlational and inferential analyzes (ANOVAs and MANOVAs) were carried out. The results allowed to know the profile of competences of the analyzed university students, in addition to the degree of satisfaction with the self-evaluation. Finally, we communicate possible actions and options available for transfer of this resulting technology, through RD transfer contracts arranged directly or with other universities.

Validation Study of the Questionnaire on School Maladjustmet Problems (QSMP) / Estudio de validación del Cuestionario de Problemas de Convivencia Escolar (CPCE)

The aim of this study was to analyze the exploratory and confirmatory structure, as well as other psychometric properties, of the Cuestionario de Problemas de Convivencia Escolar (CPCE; in Spanish, the Questionnaire on School Maladjustment Problems [QSMP]), using a sample of Spanish adolescents. The instrument was administered to 60 secondary education teachers (53.4% females and 46.6% males) between the ages of 28 and 54 years (M= 41.2, SD= 11.5), who evaluated a total of 857 adolescent students. The first-order exploratory factor analysis identified 7 factors, explaining a total variance of 62%. A second-order factor analysis yielded three dimensions that explain 84% of the variance. A confirmatory factor analysis was subsequently performed in order to reduce the number of factors obtained in the exploratory analysis as well as the number of items. Lastly, we present the results of reliability, internal consistency, and validity indices. These results and their implications for future research and for the practice of educational guidance and intervention are discussed in the conclusions (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la estructura exploratoria y confirmatoria, así como otras propiedades psicométricas, del Cuestionario de Problemas de Convivencia Escolar (CPCE), con alumnos adolescentes españoles. El instrumento fue cumplimentado por 60 profesores de Educación Secundaria (53,4% mujeres y 46,6% hombres) con una edad entre 28 y 54 años (media de 41,2 y desviación típica de 11,5), que evaluaron a 857 estudiantes adolescentes. El análisis factorial exploratorio de primer orden identificó 7 factores, que explican una varianza total del 62%. Un análisis factorial de segundo orden mostró tres dimensiones que explican el 84% de la varianza. Posteriormente, se efectuó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, con el fin de reducir el número de factores obtenidos en el análisis exploratorio, así como el número de elementos. También se presentan los resultados que muestra la fibilidad, consistencia interna y validez de los índices. Al final, se debaten estos resultados, así como sus implicaciones para futuras investigaciones y para la práctica de la orientación educativa e intervención (AU)

Validation study of the Questionnaire on School Maladjustment Problems (QSMP).

The aim of this study was to analyze the exploratory and confirmatory structure, as well as other psychometric properties, of the Cuestionario de Problemas de Convivencia Escolar (CPCE; in Spanish, the Questionnaire on School Maladjustment Problems [QSMP]), using a sample of Spanish adolescents. The instrument was administered to 60 secondary education teachers (53.4% females and 46.6% males) between the ages of 28 and 54 years (M= 41.2, SD= 11.5), who evaluated a total of 857 adolescent students. The first-order exploratory factor analysis identified 7 factors, explaining a total variance of 62%. A second-order factor analysis yielded three dimensions that explain 84% of the variance. A confirmatory factor analysis was subsequently performed in order to reduce the number of factors obtained in the exploratory analysis as well as the number of items. Lastly, we present the results of reliability, internal consistency, and validity indices. These results and their implications for future research and for the practice of educational guidance and intervention are discussed in the conclusions.

[Perception of the teaching-learning process and academic achievement in diverse instructional contexts of Higher Education]. / Percepción del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y rendimiento académico en diferentes contextos instruccionales de la Educación Superior.

In Higher Education, performance and Teaching-Learning (T-L) contexts are highly current concerns. Based on the DEDEPRO model, interdependence can be established between instructional contexts and levels of performance as they relate to the T-L process. Partitipants were 2020 pupils from two Spanish universities. Measurements of both variables were used in a quasi-experimental and correlational design. The univariate and causal analyses showed the effect of context on the T-L process and on performance; thus, the interdependent relationships between the latter and perception of the T-L process. Partial interaction effects also appeared, as well as a causal model of academic performance. Results are discussed and implications for the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) are analyzed.

Percepción del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y rendimiento académico en diferentes contextos instruccionales de la Educación Superior / Perception of the teaching-learning process and academic achievement in diverse instructional contexts of Higher Education

En la actual Educación Superior, el rendimiento y los contextos de enseñanza-aprendizaje (E-A) tienen gran actualidad. A partir del modelo DIDEPRO se pretendió establecer la interdependencia entre diferentes contextos instruccionales y el nivel de rendimiento, con respecto a la percepción del proceso de E-A. Participaron 2.020 alumnos de dos universidades españolas. Se utilizaron medidas de ambas variables, utilizando un diseño cuasi-experimental y correlacional. Los análisis univariados y causales mostraron el efecto del contexto en el proceso de E-A y en el rendimiento, así como relaciones de interdependencia entre éste y la percepción del proceso de E-A. También aparecieron efectos de interacción parcial y un modelo causal del rendimiento académico. Se discuten los resultados y analizan las implicaciones para el sistema ECTS (European Credit Transfer System)(AU)

In Higher Education, performance and Teaching-Learning (T-L) contexts are highly current concerns. Based on the DEDEPRO model, interdependence can be established between instructional contexts and levels of performance as they relate to the T-L process. Partitipants were 2020 pupils from two Spanish universities. Measurements of both variables were used in a quasiexperimental and correlational design. The univariate and causal analyses showed the effect of context on the T-L process and on performance; thus, the interdependent relationships between the latter and perception of the T-L process. Partial interaction effects also appeared, as well as a causal model of academic performance. Results are discussed and implications for the ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) are analyzed(AU)

[Personal self-regulation and perceived maladjusted school behaviors]. / Autorregulación personal y percepción de los comportamientos escolares desadaptativos.

The purpose of this study is to confirm the extent to which subjects' ability to self-regulate, during mid-adolescence, influences their perception of maladjustment problems. The sample comprised 888 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age. The study followed an inferential methodology, using two instruments, a Spanish version of the Personal Self-regulation Questionnaire (2003, 2007) and the Cuestionario de Problemas de Desadaptación Escolar [Questionnaire for the Assessment of School Maladjustment Problems] (2007) to measure the variables of interest. Results from the inferential analyses (ANOVAS) suggest that the degree of personal self-regulation is interdependent with respect to perceived maladjustment and relational problems at school. Results and implications for future research are discussed.

Autorregulación personal y percepción de los comportamientos escolares desadaptativos / Personal self-regulation and perceived maladjusted school behaviors

Este estudio tiene como objetivo comprobar en qué grado la capacidad de autorregulación, en la adolescencia media, incide en su percepción de los problemas de desadaptación escolar. La muestra está constituida por 888 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años de edad. El estudio emplea una metodología inferencial, utilizando dos instrumentos, una versión castellana del Cuestionario de Autorregulación Personal (2003, 2007) y el Cuestionario de Problemas de Convivencia Escolar (2007) para medir las variables objeto de estudio. Los resultados de los análisis inferenciales (ANOVAS) sugieren que el grado de autorregulación personal es interdependiente respecto a la percepción de los problemas de desadaptación y convivencia en los centros escolares. Se discuten los resultados e implicaciones para futuras investigaciones (AU)

The purpose of this study is to confirm the extent to which subjects’ ability to self-regulate, during mid-adolescence, influences their perception of maladjustment problems. The sample comprised 888 adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age. The study followed an inferential methodology, using two instruments, a Spanish version of the Personal Self-regulation Questionnaire (2003, 2007) and the Cuestionario de Problemas de Desadaptación Escolar [Questionnaire for the Assessment of School Maladjustment Problems] (2007) to measure the variables of interest. Results from the inferential analyses (ANOVAS) suggest that the degree of personal self-regulation is interdependent with respect to perceived maladjustment and relational problems at school. Results and implications for future research are discussed (AU)