Identifying keystone connectivity spots under climate change: Implications to conservation and management of riparian systems.

Climate change has intensified the effects of habitat fragmentation in many ecosystems, particularly exacerbated in riparian habitats. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify keystone connectivity spots to ensure long-term conservation and sustainable management of riparian systems as they play a crucial role for landscape connectivity. This paper aims to identify critical areas for connectivity under two contrasting climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 models) for the years 2030, 2050 and 2100 and to group these critical areas by similar connectivity in keystone spots for sustainable management. A set of analyses comprising climate analysis, drainage network analysis, configuration of potential riparian habitats, riparian habitat connectivity, data clustering, and statistical analysis within a Spanish river basin (NW Spain) were applied. The node and link connectivity would be reduced under the two climate change scenarios (≈2.5 % and 4.4 % reduction, respectively), intensifying riparian habitat fragmentation. Furthermore, 51 different clusters (critical areas) were obtained and classified in five classes (keystone spots) with similar connectivity across the different scenarios of climate change. Each keystone spot obtained by hierarchical classification was associated with one or more climate scenarios. One of these keystone spots was especially susceptible to the worst climate change scenario. Key riparian connectivity spots will be crucial for the management and restoration of highly threatened riparian systems and to ensure long-term biodiversity conservation.

Let Us Give Voice to Local Farmers: Preferences for Farm-Based Strategies to Enhance Human-Elephant Coexistence in Africa.

Local communities surrounding wildlife corridors and natural reserves often face challenges related to human-wildlife coexistence. To mitigate the challenges and ensure the long-term conservation of wildlife, it is important to engage local communities in the design of conservation strategies. By conducting 480 face-to-face interviews in 30 villages along and adjacent to the Selous-Niassa Wildlife Corridor (Tanzania), we quantified farmers' preferences for farm-based measures to mitigate African elephant damage using choice experiments. Results show that farmers considered no action the least preferred option, revealing that they are open to trying different measures. The most preferred management strategy matched with the preferences of wildlife rangers in the area, suggesting low concern about the potential conflicts between stakeholders. However, a latent class model suggests that there are significant differences among responses triggered by farmers' previous experience with elephants, the intensity of the elephant damage, and the socioeconomic situation of the farmer. Results show a marked spatial distribution among respondents, highlighting the benefits of zone management as conflicts were found to be highly context dependent. Understanding the human dimension of conservation is essential for the successful planification and implementation of conservation strategies. Therefore, the development and broad utilization of methodologies to gather specific context information should be encouraged.

Early life investment in antlers and body growth reflects adult performance in roe deer population under supplementary feeding conditions.

Recent research has challenged the idea that cervid antlers are such costly traits, supporting the assertion early-life antler investment is an honest signal of adult phenotypic quality. However, inferences were made based on antler measurements while growing (velvet) and thus, studies on fully-formed clean antlers are needed to avoid possible bias caused by the inter-individual variation in antler growth phenology. We studied a semi-captive population of European roe deer inhabiting a sub-Mediterranean area (Valsemana research station) and living under optimal conditions (ad libitum food supply and veterinary care). Based on repeated measurements taken from 146 individuals, we assessed whether allocation to secondary sexual traits during early life affected body mass or antler development during adulthood. Furthermore, we evaluated which body measurements better predicted future male quality. Additionally, using 488 individuals, we described age-class-specific variation in male body measurements and assessed the decline in antler size between adult and senescent stages (i.e. magnitude of senescence). Results agree with the assertion that there is no negative effect of a high investment in antler during early life on adult antler size or body mass, but we suggest the use of clean antlers as a more robust and reliable measure. The variables that better predicted body mass during adulthood were yearling body mass and body size at 6 months. Antler score between 10 and 18 months resulted in the best indicator of adult antler size. Finally, we support the idea that the magnitude of senescence in antler size is smaller in environments with higher resource availability during winter.

Impact of successive spring frosts on leaf phenology and radial growth in three deciduous tree species with contrasting climate requirements in central Spain.

Rear-edge tree populations forming the equatorward limit of distribution of temperate species are assumed to be more adapted to climate variability than central (core) populations. However, climate is expected to become more variable and the frequency of climate extremes is forecasted to increase. Climatic extreme events such as heat waves, dry spells and spring frosts could become more frequent, and negatively impact and jeopardize rear-edge stands. To evaluate these ideas, we analyzed the growth response of trees to successive spring frosts in a mixed forest, where two temperate deciduous species, Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech) and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (sessile oak), both at their southernmost edge, coexist with the Mediterranean Quercus pyrenaica Willd. (Pyrenean oak). Growth reductions in spring-frost years ranked across species as F. sylvatica > Q. petraea > Q. pyrenaica. Leaf flushing occurred earlier in F. sylvatica and later in Q. pyrenaica, suggesting that leaf phenology was a strong determinant of spring frost damage and stem growth reduction. The frost impact depended on prior climate conditions, since warmer days prior to frost occurrence predisposed to frost damage. Autumn Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data showed delayed leaf senescence in spring-frost years and subsequent years as compared with pre-frost years. In the studied forest, the negative impact of spring frosts on Q. petraea and especially on F. sylvatica growth, was considerably higher than the impacts due to drought. The succession of four spring frosts in the last two decades determined a trend of decreasing resistance of radial growth to frosts in F. sylvatica. The increased frequency of spring frosts might prevent the expansion and persistence of F. sylvatica in this rear-edge Mediterranean population.

Remote mapping of foodscapes using sUAS and a low cost BG-NIR sensor.

The assessment of landscape condition for large herbivores, also known as foodscapes, is fast gaining interest in conservation and landscape management programs worldwide. Although traditional approaches are now being replaced by satellite imagery, several technical issues still need to be addressed before full standardization of remote sensing methods for these purposes. We present a low-cost method, based on the use of a modified blue/green/near-infrared (BG-NIR) camera housed on a small-Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS), to create foodscapes for a generalist Mediterranean ungulate: the Iberian Ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in Northeast Spain. Faecal cuticle micro-histological analyses were used to assess the dietary preferences of ibexes and then individuals of the most common plant species (n = 19) were georeferenced to use as test samples. Because of the seasonal pattern in vegetation activity, based on the NDVI (Smooth term Month = 21.5, p-value < .01, R2 = 43%, from a GAM), images were recorded in winter and spring to represent contrasting vegetation phenology using two flight heights above ground level (30 and 60 m). Additionally, the range of image pixel sizes was 3.5-30 cm with the smallest pixel size representing the highest resolution. Boosted Trees were used to classify plant taxa based on spectral reflectance and create a foodscape of the study area. The number of target species, the sampling season, the height of flight and the image resolution were analysed to determine the accuracy of mapping the foodscape. The highest classification error (70.66%) was present when classifying all plant species using a 30 cm pixel size from acquisitions at 30 m height. The lowest error (18.7%), however, was present when predicting plants preferred by ibexes, at 3.5 cm pixel size acquired at 60 m height. This methodology can help to successfully monitor food availability and seasonality and to identify individual species.

Challenges on the conservation of traditional orchards: Tree damage as an indicator of sustainable grazing.

Traditional orchard meadows are among the most valuable cultural and agricultural systems for nature conservation in Europe. They comprise scattered fruit trees over a highly diverse herbaceous layer and provide a wide range of ecosystem services. However, they are strongly endangered due to farmland intensification and abandonment. Livestock grazing is known to promote grassland diversity but it may also cause tree damage through debarking. In this study, we evaluated the effect of different grazers (cattle, horse and sheep) on fruit trees in 42 traditional orchards of the Rhenish uplands (Germany). Overall, we found that 70% of the study trees showed debarking damage, although most of them (40%) were slightly damaged (1-10% of the trunk debarked). Most debarked trees showed accumulated damage over time, and only 8% of the study trees were damaged during the last year. The probability of strong debarking (>50% of the trunk damaged) was higher in orchards grazed by cattle and horses than on those grazed by sheep (5.3 and 3.7-fold difference, respectively). Importantly, unsustainable levels of cumulative debarking caused a decay of crown development, which may strongly affect fruit production. Additionally, lower tree densities favored higher levels of debarking intensity but did not affect the probability of occurrence. Individual tree-protection was an effective practice in decreasing trunk debarking (95% reduction in tree damage occurrence). The impact of grazing animals on trees might represent a useful indicator to assess the sustainability of each grazing system and should be taken into account in future agriculture and conservation policies.

Unprecedented herbivory threatens rear-edge populations of Betula in southwestern Eurasia.

Mediterranean rear-edge populations of Betula, located at the southwestern Eurasian margin of the distribution range, represent unique reservoirs of genetic diversity. However, increasing densities of wild ungulates, enhanced dryness, and wildfires threaten their future persistence. A historical perspective on the past responses of these relict populations to changing herbivory, fire occurrence and climatic conditions may contribute to assessing their future responses under comparable scenarios. We have reconstructed vegetation and disturbance (grazing, fire) history in the Cabañeros National Park (central-southern Spain) using the paleoecological records of two small mires. We particularly focused on the historical range of variation in disturbance regimes, and the dynamics of rear-edge Betula populations and herbivore densities. Changes in water availability, probably related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, and land-use history have played a crucial role in vegetation shifts. Our data suggest that heathlands (mainly Erica arborea and E. scoparia) and Quercus woodlands dominated during dry phases while Sphagnum bogs and Betula stands expanded during wet periods. Betula populations survived past moderately dry periods but were unable to cope with enhanced land use, particularly increasing livestock raising since ~1,100-900 cal. yr BP (850-1,050 CE), and eventually underwent local extinction. High herbivore densities not only contributed to the Betula demise but also caused the retreat of Sphagnum bogs. Ungulate densities further rose at ~200-100 cal. yr BP (1750-1850 CE) associated with the historically documented intensification of land use around the Ecclesiastical Confiscation. However, herbivory reached truly unprecedented values only during the last decades, following rural depopulation and subsequent promotion of big game hunting. For the first time in temperate and Mediterranean Europe, we have used the abundances of fossil dung fungal spores to assess quantitatively that current high herbivore densities exceed the historical range of variation. In contrast, present fire activity lies within the range of variation of the last millennia, with fires (mainly human-set) mostly occurring during dry periods. Our paleodata highlight the need of controlling the densities of wild ungulates to preserve ecosystem composition and functioning. We also urge to restore Betula populations in suitable habitats where they mostly disappeared because of excessive human activities.

Formación del capital humano para la salud en Cuba

[RESUMEN]. Se caracterizan los rasgos distintivos del sistema de formación de los profesionales y los técnicos de la salud en Cuba, y se describen las adecuaciones de los modelos educativos para satisfacer las necesidades de los servicios de salud y su adaptación al entorno socioeconómico y científico-técnico. La educación para la salud es universal, gratuita y está vinculada estrechamente al Sistema Nacional de Salud. Los currículos se enfocan en la interrelación entre la formación académica con la clínica y la actividad comunitaria, cuya forma fundamental de enseñanza-aprendizaje es la educación en el trabajo. El principio fundamental de la educación médica es la integración docente, asistencial e investigativa en el sistema de salud, lo que garantiza que los estudiantes se incorporen a los escenarios docente-asistenciales mediante la interacción de la universidad con la sociedad. Los diseños curriculares están basados en los principales problemas de salud de la población y el medioambiente, con hincapié en la atención primaria de salud. Desde 1959 se han graduado cerca de 350 000 profesionales; de ellos, 41 000 extranjeros. Además, en 12 países se forman más de 30 000 estudiantes con las brigadas médicas internacionalistas cubanas. En la actualidad, existen elevadas matrículas que incrementan la carga docente-asistencial de los profesores. Se necesita fomentar el empleo de docentes y tutores jóvenes y la formación de profesores de ciencias básicas.

[ABSTRACT]. The distinctive features of the training system of health professionals and technicians in Cuba are characterized, and the adaptations of the educational models to meet the needs of health services and their adaptation to the socio-economic and scientific-technical environment are described. Education for health is universal, free and is closely linked to the National Health System. The curricula focus on the interrelation between academic training and clinical practice and community activity, whose fundamental form of teaching-learning is based on education at work. The fundamental principle of medical education is the integration of teaching, health care, and research within the health system, which ensures that students are embedded into the teaching-care scenarios through the interaction of the university with society. The curricular plans are based on the main health problems of the population and the environment, with emphasis on primary health care. Since 1959, nearly 350 000 professionals have graduated, including 41 000 foreign students. In addition, more than 30 000 students are trained in 12 countries with the Cuban international medical brigades. Currently, high enrollments increase the teaching-care burden of faculty staff and faculty is subject to frequent changes, representing a challenge to maintaining high-quality training. The scarcity of basic science teachers also affects training. The recruitment of teachers and young tutors needs to be encouraged.

[RESUMO]. As características distintivas do sistema de treinamento de profissionais e técnicos de saúde em Cuba são caracterizadas e as adaptações dos modelos educacionais para atender às necessidades dos serviços de saúde e sua adaptação ao ambiente sócio-econômico e científico-técnico são descritas. A educação para a saúde é universal, gratuita e está intimamente ligada ao Sistema Nacional de Saúde. Os currículos centram-se na inter-relação entre o treinamento acadêmico com a prática clínica e a atividade comunitária, cuja forma fundamental de ensino-aprendizagem é a educação no trabalho. O princípio fundamental da educação médica é a integração do ensino, do cuidado de saúde e da pesquisa no sistema de saúde, o que garante que os alunos sejam incorporados nos cenários de ensino-cuidado através da interação da universidade com a sociedade. Os projetos curriculares são baseados nos principais problemas de saúde da população e do meio ambiente, com ênfase na atenção primária à saúde. Desde 1959, cerca de 350 000 profissionais se formaram, incluindo 41 000 profissionais estrangeiros. Além disso, mais de 30 000 alunos são treinados em 12 países com as brigadas médicas internacionalistas cubanas. Atualmente, há altas matrículas que aumentam a carga de ensino-cuidado dos professores e mudanças freqüentes são feitas na faculdade, o que complicou os desafios para manter um treinamento de alta qualidade. A escassez de professores de ciências básicas também afeta o treinamento. O emprego de professores e jovens tutores deve ser encorajado.