Estimulación periférica del nervio trigémino mediante frotis nasofaríngeo como posible desencadenante de migraña / Peripheral stimulation of the trigeminal nerve by nasopharyngeal swabbing as a possible trigger of migraine attacks

Introducción: La implicación del sistema nervioso central y periférico en la generación de la migraña no se conoce bien. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar si estímulos periféricos sobre el nervio trigémino, como el frotis nasofaríngeo, podrían desencadenar ataques de migraña.Sujetos y métodos: Se envió una encuesta a 658 médicos, enfermeras y estudiantes de medicina, preguntando por la presencia de cefalea sugestiva de migraña tras la realización de un frotis para la determinación del SARS-CoV-2, su historia previa de migraña, y sobre características demográficas y relacionadas con la cefalea. Los que tenían resultado positivo o que asociaban sintomatología de COVID fueron excluidos.Resultados: Se reclutó a 377 personas y se incluyó a 309. Cuarenta y siete (15,2%) refirieron cefalea sugestiva de migraña tras la realización del frotis, de las cuales 42 (89,4%) tenían historia previa de migraña. El riesgo de desarrollarla fue mayor en el subgrupo de pacientes con cefalea sugestiva de migraña previa –razón de probabilidad: 22,6 (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 8,597-59,397); p < 0,001–. No hubo diferencias entre las características principales de los ataques sugestivos de migraña previos y los desencadenados tras la prueba, excepto un porcentaje menor de aura asociada tras el frotis (42,8% frente a 26,1%; p = 0,016). Los individuos con ataques sugestivos de migraña previos con frecuencia superior a dos episodios mensuales presentaron mayor riesgo de desarrollar una cefalea sugestiva de migraña tras el test –razón de probabilidad = 2,353 (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 1,077-5,145); p = 0,03–.Conclusiones: El frotis nasofaríngeo podría desencadenar ataques de migraña, más probablemente en individuos con mayor frecuencia de migrañas previas. Esto confirmaría que estímulos periféricos sobre el nervio trigémino pueden desencadenar ataques de migraña en individuos con migraña, de acuerdo con su grado de sensibilización trigeminovascular.(AU)

Introduction: The role of the central and peripheral nervous system in the generation of migraine is not well understood. Our aim was to determine whether peripheral trigeminal nerve stimuli, such as nasopharyngeal swabs, could trigger migraine attacks.Subjets and methods: survey was sent to 658 doctors, nurses and medical students, asking about the presence of headache suggestive of migraine after carrying out a SARS-CoV-2 swab test, their previous history of migraine, and demographic and headache-related characteristics. Those who tested positive or had associated clinical signs and symptoms of COVID were excluded.Results: total of 377 people were recruited, 309 of whom were included in the sample. Forty-seven (15.2%) reported headache suggestive of migraine after the swab test and 42 (89.4%) of them had a previous history of migraine. The risk of developing migraine was higher in the subgroup of patients with a history of headache suggestive of migraine – odds ratio: 22.6 (95% confidence interval: 8.597-59.397); p < 0.001. No differences were found between the main characteristics of attacks suggestive of migraine before and after the swab test, except for a lower percentage of associated aura afterwards (42.8% vs. 26.1%; p = 0.016). Individuals with previous attacks suggestive of migraine with a frequency of more than two episodes per month had a higher risk of developing a headache suggestive of migraine after the test – odds ratio = 2.353 (95% confidence interval: 1.077-5.145); p = 0.03.Conclusions: Nasopharyngeal swabbing may trigger migraine attacks, with a greater likelihood in individuals with a higher frequency of previous migraines. This would confirm the idea that peripheral stimuli on the trigeminal nerve can trigger migraine attacks in individuals with migraine, according to their degree of trigeminovascular sensitisation.(AU)

[Peripheral stimulation of the trigeminal nerve by nasopharyngeal swabbing as a possible trigger of migraine attacks]. / Estimulación periférica del nervio trigémino mediante frotis nasofaríngeo como posible desencadenante de migraña.

INTRODUCTION: The role of the central and peripheral nervous system in the generation of migraine is not well understood. Our aim was to determine whether peripheral trigeminal nerve stimuli, such as nasopharyngeal swabs, could trigger migraine attacks. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A survey was sent to 658 doctors, nurses and medical students, asking about the presence of headache suggestive of migraine after carrying out a SARS-CoV-2 swab test, their previous history of migraine, and demographic and headache-related characteristics. Those who tested positive or had associated clinical signs and symptoms of COVID were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 377 people were recruited, 309 of whom were included in the sample. Forty-seven (15.2%) reported headache suggestive of migraine after the swab test and 42 (89.4%) of them had a previous history of migraine. The risk of developing migraine was higher in the subgroup of patients with a history of headache suggestive of migraine - odds ratio: 22.6 (95% confidence interval: 8.597-59.397); p < 0.001. No differences were found between the main characteristics of attacks suggestive of migraine before and after the swab test, except for a lower percentage of associated aura afterwards (42.8% vs. 26.1%; p = 0.016). Individuals with previous attacks suggestive of migraine with a frequency of more than two episodes per month had a higher risk of developing a headache suggestive of migraine after the test - odds ratio = 2.353 (95% confidence interval: 1.077-5.145); p = 0.03. CONCLUSIONS: Nasopharyngeal swabbing may trigger migraine attacks, with a greater likelihood in individuals with a higher frequency of previous migraines. This would confirm the idea that peripheral stimuli on the trigeminal nerve can trigger migraine attacks in individuals with migraine, according to their degree of trigeminovascular sensitisation.

TITLE: Estimulación periférica del nervio trigémino mediante frotis nasofaríngeo como posible desencadenante de migraña.Introducción. La implicación del sistema nervioso central y periférico en la generación de la migraña no se conoce bien. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar si estímulos periféricos sobre el nervio trigémino, como el frotis nasofaríngeo, podrían desencadenar ataques de migraña. Sujetos y métodos. Se envió una encuesta a 658 médicos, enfermeras y estudiantes de medicina, preguntando por la presencia de cefalea sugestiva de migraña tras la realización de un frotis para la determinación del SARS-CoV-2, su historia previa de migraña, y sobre características demográficas y relacionadas con la cefalea. Los que tenían resultado positivo o que asociaban sintomatología de COVID fueron excluidos. Resultados. Se reclutó a 377 personas y se incluyó a 309. Cuarenta y siete (15,2%) refirieron cefalea sugestiva de migraña tras la realización del frotis, de las cuales 42 (89,4%) tenían historia previa de migraña. El riesgo de desarrollarla fue mayor en el subgrupo de pacientes con cefalea sugestiva de migraña previa ­razón de probabilidad: 22,6 (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 8,597-59,397); p < 0,001­. No hubo diferencias entre las características principales de los ataques sugestivos de migraña previos y los desencadenados tras la prueba, excepto un porcentaje menor de aura asociada tras el frotis (42,8% frente a 26,1%; p = 0,016). Los individuos con ataques sugestivos de migraña previos con frecuencia superior a dos episodios mensuales presentaron mayor riesgo de desarrollar una cefalea sugestiva de migraña tras el test ­razón de probabilidad = 2,353 (intervalo de confianza al 95%: 1,077-5,145); p = 0,03­. Conclusiones. El frotis nasofaríngeo podría desencadenar ataques de migraña, más probablemente en individuos con mayor frecuencia de migrañas previas. Esto confirmaría que estímulos periféricos sobre el nervio trigémino pueden desencadenar ataques de migraña en individuos con migraña, de acuerdo con su grado de sensibilización trigeminovascular.

Headache as main reason for consultation to a hospital Emergency Department in Spain: a prospective study. / La cefalea como motivo principal de consulta a un servicio de urgencia hospitalaria en España: un estudio prospectivo.

INTRODUCTION: Headache is common in the general population and a frequent reason for medical consultation. OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of patients attending the Emergency Department (ED) for headache. METHODS: A descriptive study with prospective collection of 100 consecutive patients over 15 years old who attended our ED due to headache as the main complaint. RESULTS: Headache accounted for 1,4% of ED visits. The most common age range is between 31 and 45 years and the majority of the patients are females (61%). We diagnosed 67 primary and 33 secondary headaches. The most frequent diagnosis was migraine, with 36% of cases. One out of 3 patients had a history of headache and 4 out of 5 consulted by their own decision. Only a small percentage of patients were admitted as inpatients (12%), and 3 out of 5 were referred to Primary Care. Complementary tests were performed on 84% of the patients. One CT scan was performed for every 3 patients. A total of 80% patients was correctly diagnosed by the ED physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Headache is a frequent complaint in the ED, where primary headaches are the most common with migraine being the most frequent reason for consultation. In our setting, there is a good screening and diagnosis of headaches, as well as an adequate use of the available resources in the ED for their diagnosis and management.

No association between migraine frequency, white matter lesions and silent brain infarctions: a study in a series of women with chronic migraine.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It has been suggested that silent infarctions (SIs) and hyperintense white matter lesions (WMLs) are related to migraine frequency. We studied their prevalence and anatomical distribution in patients with chronic migraine (CM). METHODS: A total of 96 women with CM [mean age 43 (range 16-65) years] and 29 women with episodic migraine (EM) [mean age 36 (range 16-58) years] underwent 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging following the CAMERA protocol. The number, size and location of SIs and deep WMLs were recorded and a modified Fazekas scale was applied to assess periventricular WMLs. RESULTS: White matter lesions were found in 59 (61.5%) women with CM and 17 (58.6%) women with EM (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence intervals, 0.48-2.62; P = 0.784). The majority (63% CM and 71% EM) were small deep WMLs. Exclusive periventricular WMLs were exceptional. Of the 739 WMLs seen in patients with CM, 734 (99.3%) were hemispheric and mostly frontal (81%). Posterior fossa WMLs were seen in only five (5.2%) women with CM (always in the pons) and two (6.9%) women with EM. Age >45 years was the only vascular risk factor associated with a higher WML number (median: 0 < 45 years and 3 > 45 years; P = 0.004). We found seven SIs in six women with CM (6.3%). CONCLUSIONS: As compared with the expected prevalence at this age, this study confirms that the prevalence of WMLs, in most cases small, deep and frontal, was increased in CM and EM. However, our results do not support an association of WMLs or SIs with a higher frequency of attacks, but with the presence of vascular risk factors and mainly age >45 years.

[Real need for headache services and their resource consumption: a retrospective observational study on a cohort in Cantabria]. / Necesidad real y consumo de recursos en las unidades de cefalea: estudio observacional retrospectivo sobre una cohorte en Cantabria.

INTRODUCTION: Headache services arise out of a need to improve care for patients with different types of headache; however, some important aspects of clinical management that demonstrate their efficiency remain unknown. AIM: To estimate the need for headache services in our area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in two phases: identification of the first visits due to headache during three consecutive months and collection of care data during one year. The care criteria in headache services considered were: chronic migraine, rare headaches, need for special techniques and headaches with poor therapeutic response. RESULTS: Of the 1,418 first visits, in 298 cases (20.38%) the reason for seeking medical attention was headache. Of these, 82.9% were from primary care. The distribution of the diagnoses was: 54%, migraine; 11%, tension-type headache; and 35%, other headaches. Altogether 108 patients met the criteria for referral to headache services: 63 for chronic migraine; 13 for nerve blocks; 9 for frequent migraine; 8 for trigeminal-autonomic cephalgias; 5 due to a need for botulinum toxin; and 10 for other reasons. The patients attended by headache services went to the emergency department less often than those who visited the general outpatient department, had fewer brain scans and more botulinum toxin was indicated. CONCLUSION: Headache services are justified because they offer better management of patients with the most severe variants of headache. In our country, at least two visits a week are needed to cover an area of 350,000 users of the Spanish National Health System.

TITLE: Necesidad real y consumo de recursos en las unidades de cefalea: estudio observacional retrospectivo sobre una cohorte en Cantabria.Introduccion. Las unidades de cefalea surgen por una necesidad de mejorar la asistencia a los pacientes con cefalea; no obstante, se desconocen aspectos importantes de gestion clinica que demuestren su eficiencia. Objetivo. Estimar la necesidad de unidades de cefalea en nuestro medio. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio retrospectivo realizado en dos fases: identificacion de las primeras consultas por cefalea durante tres meses consecutivos y recogida de datos asistenciales ocurridos durante un año. Criterios de asistencia en unidades de cefalea: migraña cronica, cefaleas raras, necesidad de tecnicas especiales y cefaleas con mala respuesta terapeutica. Resultados. De las 1.418 primeras consultas, en 298 (20,38%) la cefalea fue el motivo asistencial. El 82,9% procedia de atencion primaria. La distribucion de diagnosticos fue: 54% migraña, 11% cefalea tensional y 35% otras cefaleas. Un total de 108 pacientes cumplia los criterios de derivacion a unidades de cefalea: 63 por migraña cronica, 13 por bloqueos nerviosos, 9 por migraña frecuente, 8 por cefaleas trigeminoautonomicas, 5 por necesidad de toxina botulinica y 10 por otros motivos. Los pacientes atendidos por unidades de cefalea acudieron menos veces a urgencias que los de consulta general, se les realizaron menos tomografias cerebrales y se les indico mas toxina botulinica. Conclusion. Las unidades de cefalea estan justificadas por gestionar mejor los pacientes con las variantes mas graves de cefalea. En nuestro medio se justifican al menos dos consultas semanales para atender un area de 350.000 usuarios del Sistema Nacional de Salud.

Meningoencefalitis recurrente por alopurinol / Recurrent meningoencephalitis due to allopurinol

No disponible

Comparative analysis of TMV-Cg and TMV-U1 detection methods in infected Arabidopsis thaliana.

The common strain of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-U1), and the crucifer-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-Cg), both members of Tobamovirus genus, infect efficiently the solanaceous plants such as tomato and tobacco. The crucifer-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (TMV-Cg) also infects Arabidopsis thaliana plant, spreading systemically without causing severe symptoms. In contrast, Arabidopsis is a poor host for TMV-U1 infection. Within the past 10 years, Arabidopsis has developed into a powerful model system for studying plant-pathogen interaction. However, a detailed analysis comparing the accuracy of various viral detection methods has not been reported previously. Four detection methods were evaluated in A. thaliana (ecotype Po-1), infected with TMV-U1 or TMV-Cg. Western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ RNA hybridization methods were used to determine viral spread at various days post inoculation (dpi) in inoculated and apical non-inoculated leaves. The detection of viral spread of TMV-U1 and TMV-Cg in Arabidopsis, using these four detection methods, supports previous studies, which demonstrate that the systemic spreads of these two viruses differ in Arabidopsis. Western blotting and ELISA detected TMV-Cg at 5dpi, and TMV-U1 at 12 dpi in systemic tissues. Viral spread was detected earlier when using RNA detection methods. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was very sensitive for detecting TMV-Cg in A. thaliana, but less sensitive for TMV-U1 detection. In situ RNA hybridization showed differential distribution of TMV-Cg and TMV-U1 in the inoculated leaf and systemic tissues.

Blood helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratio in sarcoidosis.

The blood helper/suppressor ratio was measured in 38 patients with biopsy-proved sarcoidosis. There was no relationship between this peripheral helper/suppressor ratio and the activity of the granulomatous process. This test needs further evaluation before its routine use in assessing activity in sarcoidosis.

Efecto antihipertensivo de la prazosina en pacientes con hipertesnión arterial esencial, estudio multicentrico en el Perú / Effect antihypertensive of the prozosina in patients with arterial hypertension essential, multicenter study in Perú

Se estudió la eficacia y tolerancia del clorhidrato de prazosina en 192 pacientes, 90 hombres, 102 mujeres cuyas edades variaron entre 29 y 65 años portadores de HAE en 10 hospitales de Lima metropolitana y 1 de provincias agrupados en 3 categorías según los criterios de la OMS - 1962. Después de 1 semana de placebo se hicieron controles de presión arterial (PA) supina cardíaca (FC) al finalizar la 1ra., 2da., 4ta., 6ta., 8va. semana. La dosis fue de 0.5 mg b.i.d. tomando la primera al acostarse. A juicio del investigador y a partir de la 6ta. semana se añadió un diurético (52 casos la mayoría usó clortalidona, o hidroclorotiazida y sólo 4 casos furosemida. al finalizar la 8va. semana se encontró una respuesta "normalizada" (PAD 90 mmHg) en 100% de los hipertensos leves, 85% de los moderados y 60% de los severos, y una respuesta "satisfactoria" (PAD 100 mmHg) en 98% de los hipertensos moderados y en 90% de severos. Los efectos más frecuentes fueron: cefalea, mares y palpitaciones. No se observó ningún caso de "fenómeno de la primera dosis". De acuerdo al estudio, la prazosina es una droga útil en el tratamiento de la HAE cualquiera sea su severidad, teniendo en cuenta su baja toxicidad, su amplio rango de sodificación y su potenciación combinada con diuréticos. Si a esto le agregamos su carencia de "fenómeno de rebote" y de efectos sobre la líbido, así como su favorable acción sobre las dislipoproteinas al elevar el HDL. Se concluye que la prazosina es una droga con amplias ventajas en el manejo de los hipertensos