Creatinine as a Urinary Marker of the Purine Derivatives Excretion in Urine Spot Samples of Lambs Fed Peach Palm Meal.

The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of purine derivatives to creatinine (PDC index), and daily creatinine excretion (DCE) as a marker to estimate purine derivatives (PD) excretion from urinary spot samples collected at different time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h after morning feeding) compared to 24-h total urine collection. The measured parameters were voluntary intake, urinary volume, CC, DCE, the concentration of plasma creatinine, and PD and purine derivatives' excretion (PDE). Five lambs were allocated to metabolic cages and distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Urine collection was taken daily on days 16 to 19 of each experimental period. The inclusion of peach palm meal linearly reduced the intake of dry matter (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.005), crude protein (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010), metabolizable energy (MJ kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010) and CC (p < 0.0001). It also quadratically affected the urinary volume (p = 0.008) and DCE (p = 0.004). There was a linear decrease for PDC index (p = 0.032) and PDE (p < 0.0001) measured in the 24-h total urine with peach palm meal levels. The different times of spot urine sampling did not affect (p > 0.05) the PDC index and PDE. Peach palm meal decreases the CC thereby compromising the use of a mean value of DCE as a PDE marker in spot urine samples. There is greater accuracy when using different values of DCE obtained for each diet as markers for the PDE in spot urine samples. Unconventional foodstuffs of low palatability affecting the voluntary intake of feed change the renal function.

Metabolizable Protein: 1. Predicting Equations to Estimate Microbial Crude Protein Synthesis in Small Ruminants.

Microbial crude protein (MCP) produced in rumen could be estimated by a variety of protocols of experimental sampling and analysis. However, a model to estimate this value is necessary when protein requirements are calculated for small ruminants. This model could be useful to calculate rumen degradable protein (RDP) requirements from metabolizable protein (MP). Then, our objective was to investigate if there is a difference in MCP efficiency between sheep and goats, and to fit equations to predict ruminal MCP production from dietary energy intake. The database consisted of 19 studies with goats (n = 176) and sheep (n = 316), and the variables MCP synthesis (g/day), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and organic matter (OM) intakes (g/day), and OM digestibility (g/kg DM) were registered for both species. The database was used for two different purposes, where 70% of the values were sorted to fit equations, and 30% for validation. A meta-analytical procedure was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS, specie was considered as the fixed dummy effect, and the intercept and slope nested in the study were considered random effects. No effect of specie was observed for the estimation of MCP from TDN, digestible Organic Matter (dOM), or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes (P > 0.05), considering an equation with or without an intercept. Therefore, single models including both species at the same fitting were validated. The following equations MCP (g/day) = 12.7311 + 59.2956 × TDN intake (AIC = 3,004.6); MCP (g/day) = 15.7764 + 62.2612 × dOM intake (AIC = 2,755.1); and MCP (g/day) = 12.7311 + 15.3000 × ME intake (AIC = 3,007.3) presented lower values for the mean square error of prediction (MSEP) and its decomposition, and similar values for the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and for the residual mean square error (RMSE) when compared with equations fitted without an intercept. The intercept and slope pooled test was significant for equations without an intercept (P < 0.05), indicating that observed and predicted data differed. In contrast, predicted and observed data for complete equations were similar (P > 0.05).

Feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal

The aim in this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing corn (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % on a dry matter basis). Thirty crossbred Boer kids, with 90 days old and initial body weight of 16.7 ± 3.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Diets were daily supplied ad libitum to allow 10-20 % leftovers. Three collections were performed every 28 days. Diets were isoenergetics and isonitrogenous, composed of corn, soybean meal, peach palm meal, mineral supplement and Tifton 85 hay, with roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a linear reduction in the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with a respective decrease of 35.7 % and 58.8 % comparing the diet with 85 % replacement and the control diet. The rumination and chewing times increased in diets with peach palm meal. The feeding and rumination rates decreased with reducing intakes of DM and NDF. The peach palm meal affects the feeding behavior and decreases the feed intake in response to palatability, fat and fiber composition, and it is recommended until 10 % replacing corn.(AU)

Feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal

The aim in this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing corn (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % on a dry matter basis). Thirty crossbred Boer kids, with 90 days old and initial body weight of 16.7 ± 3.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Diets were daily supplied ad libitum to allow 10-20 % leftovers. Three collections were performed every 28 days. Diets were isoenergetics and isonitrogenous, composed of corn, soybean meal, peach palm meal, mineral supplement and Tifton 85 hay, with roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a linear reduction in the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with a respective decrease of 35.7 % and 58.8 % comparing the diet with 85 % replacement and the control diet. The rumination and chewing times increased in diets with peach palm meal. The feeding and rumination rates decreased with reducing intakes of DM and NDF. The peach palm meal affects the feeding behavior and decreases the feed intake in response to palatability, fat and fiber composition, and it is recommended until 10 % replacing corn.

Effects of alkaloid extracts of mesquite pod on the products of in vitro rumen fermentation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of alkaloid extracts of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. pods obtained by two extraction methods as compared with sodium monensin on the gas production kinetic, mitigation of methane, and rumen fermentation products using wheat bran or Tifton 85 hay as substrates, by the semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique. A completely randomized design was adopted, and two natural additives were tested made from mesquite pod (alkaloid extract I and alkaloid extract II) at three levels (3.9, 7.9, and 12 µg), sodium monensin 5 µM (positive control), and no inclusion of additives (negative control). The volume of gases produced by the degradation of the fibrous fraction of wheat bran was influenced by the concentration of the extract I added to the medium, and the amounts of 7.9 and 12 µg were equal to monensin at the lowest value. The degradation rate of the fibrous carbohydrates with additive extract I at 12 µg was lower in relation to monensin. When Tifton 85 hay was utilized, alkaloid extract I provided a shorter colonization time as compared with monensin at the added amounts of 7.9 and 12 µg and higher production of gases from the fibrous fraction but without interfering with the total volume of gases produced during 96 h of fermentation of carbohydrates. In the periods of 12 and 24 h of incubation, utilizing alkaloid extract I, the mean values of methane production with wheat bran and Tifton 85 hay were lower than monensin (p < 0.05) when the respective amounts of 7.9 and 12 µg were added. Alkaloid extract I has similar potential to sodium in reducing production of total gases, methane, and the acetate/propionate ratio.

Nitrogen metabolism in lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nitrogen metabolism of lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal substituting maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % DM). Thirty Santa Inês uncastrated lambs with an average initial body weight of 21.6 ± 0.87 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and six replicates. The nitrogen (N) intake (g/day, %BW) and the fecal N decreased linearly as the peach palm meal was added to the concentrate. The urinary N, however, responded quadratically, with maxima at the level of 29.97 and 40.44 % of substitution of maize for peach palm meal when expressed in g/day and %BW, respectively. The substitution of maize for peach palm meal reduced the retention of nitrogen and the microbial protein synthesis in the lambs.

Feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% DM). Thirty Santa Inês sheep with an average initial body weight of 21.6 ± 0.87 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and six replicates. Feeding time in min kg1 DM and min kg1 NDFap increased by 34 min and 99.6 min, respectively, with each level of substitution of maize for the peach palm meal. Rumination and chewing times, in min kg1 DM and min kg1 NDF, also increased in response to the substitution of maize for peach palm meal. When expressed in min day1, rumination and chewing activities decreased by 12.4 and 14.6 min, respectively, as the amount of peach palm meal in the concentrate was increased. The time spent idle increased linearly (P 0.05), by 14.6 min day1, with the replacement levels, compared with the control diet. Peach palm meal in the composition of sheep diets reduces the intakes of dry matter and fiber and decreases the feed and rumination efficiencies. Replacing maize by peach palm meal increases the feeding time and rumination and chewing activities of feedlot lambs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de matéria seca, de fibra e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha em substituição ao milho (0, 10, 40, 60 e 85% da MS do concentrado). Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros, da raça Santa Inês, machos, não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 21,6 ± 0,87 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco dietas e seis repetições. Os tempos de alimentação em min kg-1 de matéria seca (MS) e min kg-1 de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína (FDNcp) apresentaram, respectivamente, incrementos de 34 minutos e 99,6 minutos para cada nível de substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha. Assim como os tempos de ruminação e mastigação, em min kg-1 de MS e min kg-1 de FDNcp aumentaram em função dos níveis de substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha. O tempo gasto com a atividade de ócio apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P 0,05) em função dos níveis de substituição, com aumento de 14,6 min dia-1 no dispêndio desta atividade, a cada nível de substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha. A farinha de pupunha quando utilizada na composição de dietas para ovinos, reduz o consumo de matéria seca e fibra, além diminuir a eficiência de alimentação e ruminação. A substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha promove aumento no tempo de alimentação, rumina...(AU)

Feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal / Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% DM). Thirty Santa Inês sheep with an average initial body weight of 21.6 ± 0.87 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and six replicates. Feeding time in min kg1 DM and min kg1 NDFap increased by 34 min and 99.6 min, respectively, with each level of substitution of maize for the peach palm meal. Rumination and chewing times, in min kg1 DM and min kg1 NDF, also increased in response to the substitution of maize for peach palm meal. When expressed in min day1, rumination and chewing activities decreased by 12.4 and 14.6 min, respectively, as the amount of peach palm meal in the concentrate was increased. The time spent idle increased linearly (P 0.05), by 14.6 min day1, with the replacement levels, compared with the control diet. Peach palm meal in the composition of sheep diets reduces the intakes of dry matter and fiber and decreases the feed and rumination efficiencies. Replacing maize by peach palm meal increases the feeding time and rumination and chewing activities of feedlot lambs.

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de matéria seca, de fibra e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha em substituição ao milho (0, 10, 40, 60 e 85% da MS do concentrado). Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros, da raça Santa Inês, machos, não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 21,6 ± 0,87 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco dietas e seis repetições. Os tempos de alimentação em min kg-1 de matéria seca (MS) e min kg-1 de fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinza e proteína (FDNcp) apresentaram, respectivamente, incrementos de 34 minutos e 99,6 minutos para cada nível de substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha. Assim como os tempos de ruminação e mastigação, em min kg-1 de MS e min kg-1 de FDNcp aumentaram em função dos níveis de substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha. O tempo gasto com a atividade de ócio apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P 0,05) em função dos níveis de substituição, com aumento de 14,6 min dia-1 no dispêndio desta atividade, a cada nível de substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha. A farinha de pupunha quando utilizada na composição de dietas para ovinos, reduz o consumo de matéria seca e fibra, além diminuir a eficiência de alimentação e ruminação. A substituição do milho pela farinha de pupunha promove aumento no tempo de alimentação, rumina...

Intake, digestibility and performance of lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, performance, and plasma glucose concentration of ram lambs fed diets containing peach palm meal substituting maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % dry matter (DM)). Thirty Santa Inês rams with an average initial body weight of 21.6 ± 0.87 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and six replicates. The substitution of the maize for the peach palm meal affected (P < 0.05) the intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates (TC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and metabolizable energy (ME), which decreased linearly (P < 0.05); the intake of ether extract (EE), however, fit an increasing linear equation (P < 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, NDFap, and TC decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the level of peach palm meal in the concentrate was increased. The total weight gain and the average daily gain decreased by 0.09 and 0.001 kg with each level of substitution of the maize for peach palm meal, respectively. It is recommended to substitute 40 % of the maize for peach palm meal.

Crude protein levels in diets containing pelleted concentrate for lactating goats: intake, digestibility, milk production and composition / Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas contendo concentrados peletizados para cabras lactantes: consumo, digestibilidade, produção e composição do leite

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of crude protein (100, 130, 160 and 190 g kg-1 of dry matter) of diets composed of 200 g kg-1 of Tifton 85 grass hay and 800 g kg-1 of pelleted concentrate on intake, nutrient digestibility, production and composition of milk in lactating goats. Eight female Saanen goats with 42.7 ± 1.43 kg and 57.7 ± 7.37 days of lactation and milk production of 2 ± 0.22 kg at the beginning of the experiment were housed in individual 1.32 × 3.10 m stalls and distributed into two 4 × 4-balanced Latin squares. Intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, ether extract and total digestible nutrients showed a quadratic effect, with maximum intake of 2.030; 2.000; 305; 769; 55 and 1.574 g day-1 at the levels of 140.7; 140.8; 189.2; 140.9; 144.9 e 142.7 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, ether extract and total digestible nutrient level varied linearly, with increases estimated at 0.54; 0.50, 2.02, 0.49, 0.80 and 0.63 g/100g for each percentage unit of protein added to the diet, respectively. Milk production was affected, with increase of 0.54 g for each 1% crude protein added to the diet. Milk lactose level decreased linearly, unlike the fat level, which increased linearly. Protein level showed a quadratic behavior, with...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de proteína bruta (100; 130; 160 e 190 g kg-1 de matéria seca) de dietas compostas por 200 g kg-1 de feno de capim Tifton 85 e 800 g kg-1 de concentrado peletizado sobre o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite em cabras lactantes. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas caprinas, da raça Saanen, com peso de 42,7 ± 1,43 kg e com 57,7 ± 7,37 dias de lactação e produção de leite de 2 ± 0,22 kg ao início do experimento. Os animais foram confinados em baias individuais com dimensões de 1,32 x 3,10 e distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 20 dias, sendo 15 dias de adaptação a dieta e 5 dias de coleta de dados. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinza e proteína, extrato etéreo e, nutrientes digestíveis totais, apresentaram respostas quadráticas, com consumos máximos de 2.030; 2.000; 305; 769; 55 e 1.574 g dia-1, nos níveis de 140,7; 140,8; 189.2; 140,9; 144,9 e 142.7 g kg-1 de matéria seca, respectivamente. As digestibilidades da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos não fibrosos corrigidos para cinza e proteína, extrato etéreo e os teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais variaram linearmente estimando-se aumento de 0,54; 0,50; 2,02; 0,49; 0,80 e 0,63 g/100g, para cada unidade...(AU)

Utilização da raiz de mandioca desidratada, em substituição ao milho, na suplementação de vacas Holandesas em pastejo sobre o consumo voluntário, digestibilidade aparente e metabolismo energético / Use of dried cassava root to replace corn in supplementation of Holstein cows grazing and consuming spontaneously, apparent digestibility and energy metabolism

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho moído por raiz integral de mandioca moída e desidratada nos níveis 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% nos suplementos experimentais para vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens tropicais irrigadas e adubadas. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas da raça Holandesa, divididas em dois quadrados latinos 5x5, com média inicial de 150 dias de lactação, produção leiteira inicial de lactação de 22 kg/dia e peso corporal inicial médio de 603 kg, mantidos em pastagem formada por capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, SCHUM) cultivar pioneiro, consorciado com capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis), irrigadas e adubadas com 600 kg de nitrogênio por hectare/ano. Não foram encontrados efeitos significativos de substituição do milho moído por raiz integral de mandioca moída e seca no concentrado (P>0,05), sobre o consumo voluntário da dieta total, com média estimada de 20,61 kg/MS/animal/dia, digestibilidade aparente da MS com média estimada de 59,60% e balanço de energia, com média estimada de +6,36 Mcal dia-1. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a raiz de mandioca pode ser utilizada como fonte energética de alto valor nutricional, semelhante ao do milho, na suplementação de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens tropicais.(AU)

The development of this experiment intended to evaluate the effect of replacing ground corn for dried and ground cassava roots with the levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in the experimental supplements for lactating cows kept on tropical irrigated and fertilized pastures. Ten Holstein cows were divided into two 5x5 Latin squares, with an initial lactation average of 150 days, 22 kg/day of average milk production of lactation and approximate initial average body eight of 603 kg. The animals were kept in pasture constituted by elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, SCHUM) cv Pioneer, associated with Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis), irrigated and fertilized with 600 kg of nitrogen per hectare/year. No significant effects on the substitution of ground corn for dried and ground cassava roots in the concentrate (P>0.05) over the spontaneous consumption of the total diet, with estimated average of 20.61 kg/DM/animal/day, apparent digestibility of DM with estimated average of 59.60% and energy balance with estimated average of +6.36 Mcal day-1. The results of this study demonstrate that the cassava root can be used as an energy source of high nutritional value for supplementation of lactating cows grazing on tropical pastures, similar to corn results.(AU)

Utilização da raiz de mandioca desidratada, em substituição ao milho, na suplementação de vacas Holandesas em pastejo sobre o consumo voluntário, digestibilidade aparente e metabolismo energético / Use of dried cassava root to replace corn in supplementation of Holstein cows grazing and consuming spontaneously, apparent digestibility and energy metabolism

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho moído por raiz integral de mandioca moída e desidratada nos níveis 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% nos suplementos experimentais para vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens tropicais irrigadas e adubadas. Foram utilizadas 10 vacas da raça Holandesa, divididas em dois quadrados latinos 5x5, com média inicial de 150 dias de lactação, produção leiteira inicial de lactação de 22 kg/dia e peso corporal inicial médio de 603 kg, mantidos em pastagem formada por capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, SCHUM) cultivar pioneiro, consorciado com capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis), irrigadas e adubadas com 600 kg de nitrogênio por hectare/ano. Não foram encontrados efeitos significativos de substituição do milho moído por raiz integral de mandioca moída e seca no concentrado (P>0,05), sobre o consumo voluntário da dieta total, com média estimada de 20,61 kg/MS/animal/dia, digestibilidade aparente da MS com média estimada de 59,60% e balanço de energia, com média estimada de +6,36 Mcal dia-1. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que a raiz de mandioca pode ser utilizada como fonte energética de alto valor nutricional, semelhante ao do milho, na suplementação de vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens tropicais.

The development of this experiment intended to evaluate the effect of replacing ground corn for dried and ground cassava roots with the levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in the experimental supplements for lactating cows kept on tropical irrigated and fertilized pastures. Ten Holstein cows were divided into two 5x5 Latin squares, with an initial lactation average of 150 days, 22 kg/day of average milk production of lactation and approximate initial average body eight of 603 kg. The animals were kept in pasture constituted by elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, SCHUM) cv Pioneer, associated with Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis), irrigated and fertilized with 600 kg of nitrogen per hectare/year. No significant effects on the substitution of ground corn for dried and ground cassava roots in the concentrate (P>0.05) over the spontaneous consumption of the total diet, with estimated average of 20.61 kg/DM/animal/day, apparent digestibility of DM with estimated average of 59.60% and energy balance with estimated average of +6.36 Mcal day-1. The results of this study demonstrate that the cassava root can be used as an energy source of high nutritional value for supplementation of lactating cows grazing on tropical pastures, similar to corn results.

Crude protein levels in diets containing pelleted concentrate for lactating goats: intake, digestibility, milk production and composition / Níveis de proteína bruta em dietas contendo concentrados peletizados para cabras lactantes: consumo, digestibilidade, produção e composição do leite

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of crude protein (100, 130, 160 and 190 g kg-1 of dry matter) of diets composed of 200 g kg-1 of Tifton 85 grass hay and 800 g kg-1 of pelleted concentrate on intake, nutrient digestibility, production and composition of milk in lactating goats. Eight female Saanen goats with 42.7 ± 1.43 kg and 57.7 ± 7.37 days of lactation and milk production of 2 ± 0.22 kg at the beginning of the experiment were housed in individual 1.32 × 3.10 m stalls and distributed into two 4 × 4-balanced Latin squares. Intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, ether extract and total digestible nutrients showed a quadratic effect, with maximum intake of 2.030; 2.000; 305; 769; 55 and 1.574 g day-1 at the levels of 140.7; 140.8; 189.2; 140.9; 144.9 e 142.7 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, ether extract and total digestible nutrient level varied linearly, with increases estimated at 0.54; 0.50, 2.02, 0.49, 0.80 and 0.63 g/100g for each percentage unit of protein added to the diet, respectively. Milk production was affected, with increase of 0.54 g for each 1% crude protein added to the diet. Milk lactose level decreased linearly, unlike the fat level, which increased linearly. Protein level showed a quadratic behavior, with...

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de proteína bruta (100; 130; 160 e 190 g kg-1 de matéria seca) de dietas compostas por 200 g kg-1 de feno de capim Tifton 85 e 800 g kg-1 de concentrado peletizado sobre o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite em cabras lactantes. Foram utilizadas oito fêmeas caprinas, da raça Saanen, com peso de 42,7 ± 1,43 kg e com 57,7 ± 7,37 dias de lactação e produção de leite de 2 ± 0,22 kg ao início do experimento. Os animais foram confinados em baias individuais com dimensões de 1,32 x 3,10 e distribuídos em um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 20 dias, sendo 15 dias de adaptação a dieta e 5 dias de coleta de dados. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro isenta de cinza e proteína, extrato etéreo e, nutrientes digestíveis totais, apresentaram respostas quadráticas, com consumos máximos de 2.030; 2.000; 305; 769; 55 e 1.574 g dia-1, nos níveis de 140,7; 140,8; 189.2; 140,9; 144,9 e 142.7 g kg-1 de matéria seca, respectivamente. As digestibilidades da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos não fibrosos corrigidos para cinza e proteína, extrato etéreo e os teores de nutrientes digestíveis totais variaram linearmente estimando-se aumento de 0,54; 0,50; 2,02; 0,49; 0,80 e 0,63 g/100g, para cada unidade...

Fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and fractionation of carbohydrates and crude protein of silage of elephant grass wilted or with addition of castor bean meal / Características fermentativas, composição química e fracionamento de carboidratos e proteínas de silagem de capim-elefante emurchecido ou com adição de torta de mamona

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, hydrogen potential, the losses of deriving the fermentative process, nutritional value, the fractioning of carbohydrates and protein the elephant grass silage wilted or not containing castor bean meal. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and with four replications: elephant grass wilted; elephant not wilted; elephant grass more castor bean meal (6%); elephant grass more castor bean meal (12%) and elephant grass more castor bean meal (18%), the coproduct was added with base on natural matter. We adopted a specific mass of 600 kg/m3. The silage containing 18% castor bean meal showed higher (P 0.05) pH (4.8). High level of ammoniacal nitrogen was observed in the silage grass not wilted (12.8% N-total). The castor bean meal was effective in reducing (P 0.05) losses to by effluent and total, providing a higher rate of recovery of dry matter. Also, was efficient in increasing (P 0.05) the levels of DM, ash, crude protein e lignin. Already for organic matter, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, total digestible nutrients, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and total carbohydrate decreased (P 0.05) with increasing doses of the castor bean meal. For the carbohydrate fractioning, there was no difference (P>0.05) among the silages with additives for fractions A+B1, B2 and C. Forthe protein fractioning, the fractions A and C decreased (P<0.05) with increase of the inclusion of castorbean meal, differently, of the fraction B1+B2 which increased. The castor bean stands out as a goodadditive in silage of elephant grass to reduce moisture and improve the fermentation characteristics ofsilages also was effective in increasing the protein value of silages, especially when using the dose 18%.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal, potencial hidrogeniônico, perdas decorrentes do processo fermentativo, composição química, fracionamento de carboidratos e de proteínas de silagens de capim-elefante emurchecido, ou não, contendo torta de mamona. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições: capim-elefante emurchecido; capim-elefante não emurchecido; capim-elefante mais torta de mamona (6%); capim-elefante mais torta de mamona (12%) e capim-elefante mais torta de mamona (18%). o coproduto foi adicionado com base na matéria natural. Adotou-se uma massa específica de 600 kg/m3. A silagem contendo 18% de torta de mamona apresentou maior (P 0,05) valor de Ph (4,8). Teor elevado de nitrogênio amoniacal foi verificado para a silagem de capim não emurchecido (12,8% N-total). A torta de mamona foi eficiente em reduzir (P 0,05) as perdas por efluente e total, proporcionando maior índice de recuperação da matéria seca. Além disso, mostrou-se eficiente em aumentar (P 0,05) os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta e lignina. Já a matéria orgânica, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, nutrientes digestíveis totais, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose e carboidratos totais diminuíram (P 0,05) com a inclusão da torta de mamona. Para o fracionamento de carboidratos, não se verificou diferença (P>0,05) entre assilagens aditivadas para as frações A+B1, B2 e C. Para o fracionamento de proteína, as frações A e Cdiminuíram (P<0,05) com o aumento de inclusão da torta de mamona, diferentemente, da fração B1+B2que se elevou. A torta de mamona destaca-se como um bom aditivo na ensilagem de capim-elefante, porreduzir a umidade e melhorar o perfil fermentativo das silagens, além disso, foi eficiente em incrementaro teor de proteína bruta das silagens, principalmente quando se utiliza a dose de 18%.(AU)

Microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen metabolism in cows bred on tropical pasture and fed on cassava root and corn / Síntese de proteína microbiana e metabolismo de nitrogênio em vacas suplementadas com raiz de mandioca e milho em pastagem tropical

Current experiment evaluated the effect of replacement of full corn meal by dehydrated ground cassava roots at levels 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in experimental supplements for lactating cows grazing on irrigated and fertilized tropical pastures. Ten Holstein cows were divided into two 5 x 5 Latin squares, with average initial 150 days of lactation, milk production 22±3.30 kg day-1 at the beginning of experiment and initial body weight of 603±65 kg. Cows were maintained on pasture consisting of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) cultivar Pioneiro, intercropped with Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis), fertilized with 600 kg nitrogen per hectare year-1. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the substitution levels of corn meal by ground and dehydrated cassava root in the concentrate on the synthesis of microbial protein with an estimated average of 1,288.49 g day-1 and efficiency in the synthesis of microbial protein per kilogram of TDN with estimated average of 91.30 g kg-1 TDN. Nitrogen equilibrium showed an estimated average of 218.79 g day-1 of retained nitrogen. The microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were not affected by treatments.(AU)

Síntese de proteína microbiana e metabolismo de nitrogênio em vacas suplementadas com raiz de mandioca e milho em pastagem tropical. O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho moído por raiz integral de mandioca moída e desidratada nos níveis 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% nos suplementos experimentais, para vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens tropicais irrigadas e adubadas. Foram utilizadas dez vacas da raça Holandesa, divididas em dois quadrados latinos 5 x 5, com média inicial de 150 dias de lactação, produção leiteira inicial de lactação de 22±3,3 kg dia-1 e peso corporal inicial médio de 603±65 kg, mantidos em pastagem formada por capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, SCHUM) cultivar Pioneiro, consorciado com capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis), adubada com 600 kgde nitrogênio por hectare ano-1. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre os níveis de substituição do milho moído por raiz de mandioca moída e desidratada no concentrado, sobre a síntese de proteína microbiana, que apresentou média estimada de 1.288,49 g dia-1 e, eficiência na síntese de proteína microbiana por quilograma de NDT com média estimada de 91,30 g kg-1 NDT, o balanço de nitrogênio apresentou média estimada de 218,79 g dia-1 de nitrogênio retido (p > 0,05). A síntese de proteína microbiana e balanço de compostos nitrogenados não sofreram efeitos dos tratamentos.(AU)

Microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen metabolism in cows bred on tropical pasture and fed on cassava root and corn / Síntese de proteína microbiana e metabolismo de nitrogênio em vacas suplementadas com raiz de mandioca e milho em pastagem tropical

Current experiment evaluated the effect of replacement of full corn meal by dehydrated ground cassava roots at levels 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in experimental supplements for lactating cows grazing on irrigated and fertilized tropical pastures. Ten Holstein cows were divided into two 5 x 5 Latin squares, with average initial 150 days of lactation, milk production 22±3.30 kg day-1 at the beginning of experiment and initial body weight of 603±65 kg. Cows were maintained on pasture consisting of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schum) cultivar Pioneiro, intercropped with Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis), fertilized with 600 kg nitrogen per hectare year-1. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the substitution levels of corn meal by ground and dehydrated cassava root in the concentrate on the synthesis of microbial protein with an estimated average of 1,288.49 g day-1 and efficiency in the synthesis of microbial protein per kilogram of TDN with estimated average of 91.30 g kg-1 TDN. Nitrogen equilibrium showed an estimated average of 218.79 g day-1 of retained nitrogen. The microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance were not affected by treatments.

Síntese de proteína microbiana e metabolismo de nitrogênio em vacas suplementadas com raiz de mandioca e milho em pastagem tropical. O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho moído por raiz integral de mandioca moída e desidratada nos níveis 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% nos suplementos experimentais, para vacas lactantes mantidas em pastagens tropicais irrigadas e adubadas. Foram utilizadas dez vacas da raça Holandesa, divididas em dois quadrados latinos 5 x 5, com média inicial de 150 dias de lactação, produção leiteira inicial de lactação de 22±3,3 kg dia-1 e peso corporal inicial médio de 603±65 kg, mantidos em pastagem formada por capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum, SCHUM) cultivar Pioneiro, consorciado com capim Tifton 85 (Cynodon nlemfuensis), adubada com 600 kgde nitrogênio por hectare ano-1. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) entre os níveis de substituição do milho moído por raiz de mandioca moída e desidratada no concentrado, sobre a síntese de proteína microbiana, que apresentou média estimada de 1.288,49 g dia-1 e, eficiência na síntese de proteína microbiana por quilograma de NDT com média estimada de 91,30 g kg-1 NDT, o balanço de nitrogênio apresentou média estimada de 218,79 g dia-1 de nitrogênio retido (p > 0,05). A síntese de proteína microbiana e balanço de compostos nitrogenados não sofreram efeitos dos tratamentos.

Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea / Metabolismo do nitrogênio e síntese microbiana em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding slow release urea to replace conventional urea in diets for feedlot sheep on nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis. The substitution levels used as treatments were 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%. We used 25 Santa Ines x SRD sheep distributed in the treatments in a completely randomized design. The animals were given 50% Tifton-85 hay and 50%concentrate, comprising diets with approximately 12% crude protein. The ingestion, digestion andexcretion of nitrogen were not affected by the addition of slow release urea to the diet, in which the digested nitrogen accounted for 72.98% of the ingested. The concentration of plasma urea-N showed aquadratic variation, with the maximum at the level of 72.18% substitution. The microbial protein production and conversion efficiency of the protein into total digestible nutrients were not affected by the addition of slow-release urea in the diets. The replacement of conventional urea with slow release urea inthe diet changes the concentrations of urea-N in plasma, however, does not affect the nitrogen balance, normicrobial synthesis and efficiency.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional em dietas para ovinos confinados sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio e síntese microbiana. Os níveis de substituição utilizados como tratamentos foram 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80%. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos Santa Inês x SRD, distribuídos nos tratamentos na forma de delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram alimentados com 50% de feno de capim tifton-85 e 50% de concentrado, compondo dietas de aproximadamente 12% de proteína bruta. A ingestão, excreção e digestão de nitrogênio não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta, em que o nitrogênio digerido representou 72,98% do ingerido. A concentração de N-ureico no plasma variou de forma quadrática, com ponto máximo no nível de 72,18% de substituição. A produção de proteína microbiana e a eficiência de conversão da proteína em nutrientes digestíveis totais não foi afetada pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta nas dietas. A substituição da ureia convencional pela de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta provoca variação nas concentrações de N-ureico no plasma, entretanto, não afeta o balanço de nitrogênio nem a síntese e a eficiência de síntese microbiana.(AU)

Nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis in sheep fed diets containing slow release urea to replace the conventional urea / Metabolismo do nitrogênio e síntese microbiana em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding slow release urea to replace conventional urea in diets for feedlot sheep on nitrogen metabolism and microbial protein synthesis. The substitution levels used as treatments were 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%. We used 25 Santa Ines x SRD sheep distributed in the treatments in a completely randomized design. The animals were given 50% Tifton-85 hay and 50%concentrate, comprising diets with approximately 12% crude protein. The ingestion, digestion andexcretion of nitrogen were not affected by the addition of slow release urea to the diet, in which the digested nitrogen accounted for 72.98% of the ingested. The concentration of plasma urea-N showed aquadratic variation, with the maximum at the level of 72.18% substitution. The microbial protein production and conversion efficiency of the protein into total digestible nutrients were not affected by the addition of slow-release urea in the diets. The replacement of conventional urea with slow release urea inthe diet changes the concentrations of urea-N in plasma, however, does not affect the nitrogen balance, normicrobial synthesis and efficiency.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta em substituição à ureia convencional em dietas para ovinos confinados sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio e síntese microbiana. Os níveis de substituição utilizados como tratamentos foram 0; 20; 40; 60 e 80%. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos Santa Inês x SRD, distribuídos nos tratamentos na forma de delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram alimentados com 50% de feno de capim tifton-85 e 50% de concentrado, compondo dietas de aproximadamente 12% de proteína bruta. A ingestão, excreção e digestão de nitrogênio não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta, em que o nitrogênio digerido representou 72,98% do ingerido. A concentração de N-ureico no plasma variou de forma quadrática, com ponto máximo no nível de 72,18% de substituição. A produção de proteína microbiana e a eficiência de conversão da proteína em nutrientes digestíveis totais não foi afetada pela inclusão de ureia de liberação lenta nas dietas. A substituição da ureia convencional pela de ureia de liberação lenta na dieta provoca variação nas concentrações de N-ureico no plasma, entretanto, não afeta o balanço de nitrogênio nem a síntese e a eficiência de síntese microbiana.

Proteína microbiana e parâmetros sanguíneos de caprinos alimentados com torta de licuri / Microbial protein and blood parameters of goats fed with licury cake

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a síntese de proteína microbiana, ureia e glicose sanguíneas, em caprinos Boer alimentados com níveis de torta de licuri nas dietas. Utilizaram-se 20 caprinos machos não castrados ¾ Boer com peso vivo médio 18 kg distribuídos nos quatro tratamentos. Os animais foram mantidos em baias suspensas com um m2 e água a vontade. As dietas foram formuladas conforme o NRC (2007) e os ingredientes utilizados foram: 50% feno de Tifton-85 (Cynodon sp), milho moído, farelo de soja, suplemento vitamínico-mineral e torta de licuri. Os tratamentos foram: 1) 0% de adição (MS%) de torta de licuri na dieta, 2) 15% de adição de torta de licuri, 3) 30% de adição de torta de licuri e 4) 45% de adição de torta de licuri. O experimento teve a duração de 17 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação dos animais as dietas. A inclusão da torta de licuri na dieta de caprinos promoveu redução nos níveis de ureia e glicose nos caprinos. O volume urinário dos caprinos reduziu de forma linear com a inclusão de torta de licuri na dieta. A inclusão de torta de licuri nas dietas de caprinos promoveu redução linear na excreção de alantoína xantina e hipoxantina e derivados de purinas totais (PD) nas amostras das coletas totais de urina em resposta a inclusão da torta de licuri na dieta. Com base na produção de proteína microbiana e os parâmetros sanguíneos dos caprinos alimentados com torta de licuri, pode-se utilizar até 15% de inclusão na dieta.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the ideal level of licury cake in the diet of Boer goats through microbial synthesis estimated based on the presence of purine derivatives in the urine and on blood urea and glucose parameters. Twenty uncastrated one-year-old ¾ Boer goats with an average body weight of 18 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. Each animal was confined to a one m2 suspended stall with access to water ad libitum. The diets were formulated in accordance with the NRC (2007), and the ingredients were: 50% Tifton-85 (Cynodon sp) hay, corn meal, soybean meal, premixed vitamin and mineral supplement, and licury cake. The treatments were: 1) 0% of the goats total diet composed of licury cake (DM basis), 2) 15% of the total diet composed of licury cake, 3) 30% of the diet composed of licury cake, and 4) 45% of the diet composed of licury cake. The experiment lasted for 17 days. The first 10 days were used to adapt the animals to the diets and facilities. The inclusion of the licury cake in the goats diets reduced the levels of blood nitrogen and glucose. Urinary excretion decreased linearly with the inclusion of licury cake in the diet. The inclusion of licury cake in the goats diets also caused a linear reduction in the excretion of allantoin, xanthine and hypoxanthine and total purine derivative (PD) in urine samples. Based on the microbial protein production and blood parameters of goats fed with licury cake, up to 15% of the goat diet may be composed of licury cake.(AU)

Sugar cane fresh or ensiled with or without bacterial additive in diets for dairy cows / Cana-de-açúcar in natura e ensilada com ou sem aditivo bacteriano em dietas para vacas lactantes

This study evaluated the effect of using fresh sugar cane, sugar cane silage with or without Lactobacillus buchneri, and burnt sugar cane silage with or without L. buchneri on ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance and synthesis of microbial nitrogen compounds of dairy cows. Five ¾ Holstein x Gir crossbred cows, assigned to a 5 x 5 Latin square design, were given diets with a 60:40 forage: concentrate ratio on a dry matter basis, to meet an average body weight of 550 kg and production of 15 kg of milk per day. The treatment with fresh sugar cane showed higher values (p 0.05) for dry matter feed efficiency (3,133.3 vs 2,234.47 g DM h-1) and rumination (1,642.3 vs 1,222.93 g DM h-1) compared to the silages. There was a shorter total chewing time (58.7 vs 81.5 min. kg-1 DM) for fresh sugar cane when compared to silages without inoculum. The addition of microbial additive during ensiling of sugar cane did not alter (p > 0.05) the nitrogen intake and balance, but led to a greater (p 0.05) synthesis of microbial nitrogen. Microbial efficiency was not affected (p > 0.05), and showed an average value of 204.32 g microbial crude protein kg-1 total digestible nutrients.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de cana-de-açúcar in natura, silagem de cana sem ou com Lactobacillus buchneri e cana queimada sem ou com L. buchneri sobre o comportamento ingestivo, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos em vacas lactantes. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas mestiças, ¾ Holandês x Gir, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5 e alimentadas com dietas compostas por 60% de volumoso e 40% de concentrado na base da matéria seca, para atender um peso corporal médio de 550 kg e produção média de 15 kg de leite por dia. A cana-de-açúcar in natura proporcionou maiores valores (p 0,05) para eficiência de alimentação da matéria seca (3.133,3 vs 2.234,47 g MS h-1) e de ruminação (1.642,3 vs 1.222,93 g MS h-1) em relação às silagens. Observou-se menor tempo de mastigação total (58,7 vs 81,5 min. kg-1 de MS) para cana-de-açúcar in natura quando comparada às silagens sem inóculo. A utilização do aditivo microbiano na ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar não alterou (p > 0,05) o consumo e o balanço de nitrogênio, porém propiciou maior (p 0,05) síntese de nitrogênio microbiano. Não houve diferença entre as dietas (p > 0,05) para eficiência microbiana, cujo valor médio foi de 204,32 g PB microbiana kg-1 de TDN.(AU)