Addition of chlorogenic acid and caffeine during the processing of cooled boar semen / Adição de ácido clorogênico e cafeína durante o processamento do sêmen suíno resfriado

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorogenic acid (ChA) added pre-cooling and its combination with caffeine added during warming on cooled-stored boar semen parameters. Ten ejaculates were diluted in commercial extender with or without 4.5mg/ml ChA and stored at 15°C. After 0, 24 and 72 hours of storage, aliquots of these doses were taken and incubated at 37°C in the presence or absence of 8.0mM caffeine. Semen quality was evaluated after 10 and 120 minutes of incubation. The ChA increased (P <0.01) the sperm motility, viability, acrosomal integrity and the percentage of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial activity (PMHA), however, decreased (P <0.01) the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Caffeine increased (P<0.05) the sperm motility, viability, PMHA and the MDA concentration and reduced (P <0.05) the acrosome integrity. When associated (ChA+caffeine), there was an increase (P <0.05) in sperm motility and viability, PMHA and acrosome integrity. The addition of ChA to the dilution medium improves the quality of the swine inseminating doses. The addition of caffeine during re-warming is only recommended when the semen is stored for prolonged periods (72h), and the inseminating dose should be used immediately after its addition.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de ácido clorogênico (ChA) antes do resfriamento e sua combinação com cafeína adicionada durante o reaquecimento sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno resfriado. Dez ejaculados foram diluídos em diluidor comercial com adição ou não de 4,5mg/mL de ChA e armazenados a 15°C. Após zero, 24 e 72 horas de armazenamento, 10mL foram retirados e incubados a 37°C na presença ou ausência de 8,0mM de cafeína. A qualidade seminal foi avaliada após 10 e 120 minutos de incubação. O ChA aumentou (P<0,01) a motilidade, a viabilidade, a integridade acrosomal e a porcentagem de espermatozoides com alta atividade mitocondrial (PMHA), entretanto diminuiu (P<0,01) a concentração de malondialdeído (MDA). A cafeína aumentou (P<0,05) a motilidade, a viabilidade, a PMHA e a concentração de MDA e reduziu a integridade acrossomal. Quando associados (ChA+cafeína), houve aumento (P<0,05) na motilidade, na PMHA, na viabilidade e na integridade acrossomal. Conclui-se que a adição de ChA ao meio de diluição melhora a qualidade das doses inseminantes de suínos. A adição de cafeína durante o reaquecimento só é recomendada ao sêmen adicionado de ChA quando esse for armazenado por períodos prolongados (72h), devendo a dose inseminante ser utilizada imediatamente após sua adição.(AU)

Addition of chlorogenic acid and caffeine during the processing of cooled boar semen / Adição de ácido clorogênico e cafeína durante o processamento do sêmen suíno resfriado

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of chlorogenic acid (ChA) added pre-cooling and its combination with caffeine added during warming on cooled-stored boar semen parameters. Ten ejaculates were diluted in commercial extender with or without 4.5mg/ml ChA and stored at 15°C. After 0, 24 and 72 hours of storage, aliquots of these doses were taken and incubated at 37°C in the presence or absence of 8.0mM caffeine. Semen quality was evaluated after 10 and 120 minutes of incubation. The ChA increased (P <0.01) the sperm motility, viability, acrosomal integrity and the percentage of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial activity (PMHA), however, decreased (P <0.01) the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Caffeine increased (P<0.05) the sperm motility, viability, PMHA and the MDA concentration and reduced (P <0.05) the acrosome integrity. When associated (ChA+caffeine), there was an increase (P <0.05) in sperm motility and viability, PMHA and acrosome integrity. The addition of ChA to the dilution medium improves the quality of the swine inseminating doses. The addition of caffeine during re-warming is only recommended when the semen is stored for prolonged periods (72h), and the inseminating dose should be used immediately after its addition.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de ácido clorogênico (ChA) antes do resfriamento e sua combinação com cafeína adicionada durante o reaquecimento sobre a qualidade do sêmen suíno resfriado. Dez ejaculados foram diluídos em diluidor comercial com adição ou não de 4,5mg/mL de ChA e armazenados a 15°C. Após zero, 24 e 72 horas de armazenamento, 10mL foram retirados e incubados a 37°C na presença ou ausência de 8,0mM de cafeína. A qualidade seminal foi avaliada após 10 e 120 minutos de incubação. O ChA aumentou (P<0,01) a motilidade, a viabilidade, a integridade acrosomal e a porcentagem de espermatozoides com alta atividade mitocondrial (PMHA), entretanto diminuiu (P<0,01) a concentração de malondialdeído (MDA). A cafeína aumentou (P<0,05) a motilidade, a viabilidade, a PMHA e a concentração de MDA e reduziu a integridade acrossomal. Quando associados (ChA+cafeína), houve aumento (P<0,05) na motilidade, na PMHA, na viabilidade e na integridade acrossomal. Conclui-se que a adição de ChA ao meio de diluição melhora a qualidade das doses inseminantes de suínos. A adição de cafeína durante o reaquecimento só é recomendada ao sêmen adicionado de ChA quando esse for armazenado por períodos prolongados (72h), devendo a dose inseminante ser utilizada imediatamente após sua adição.(AU)

Chlorogenic acid improves the quality of boar semen subjected to cooled storage at 15°C.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chlorogenic acid (ChA) in boar semen stored at 15°C. Twelve ejaculates were processed into insemination doses at different concentrations of ChA (0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0 mg/ml) or vitamin E (200 µl/ml) as positive control. Semen was analysed after 0, 24 and 72 hr of storage. ChA improved (p < .05) sperm motility, acrosome integrity and mitochondrial activity in all periods of storage. Furthermore, after 24 hr of storage, ChA above 1.5 mg/ml supported the sperm viability until 120 min after reheating (p < .05). Both ChA and vitamin E were similarly efficient in increasing the antioxidant capacity of semen, reducing the malondialdehyde levels before and after 72 hr of storage (p < .05). However, with 72 hr of storage, ChA at 3.0 mg/ml improved the mitochondrial activity over vitamin E (p < .05). In conclusion, results suggest that the concentration of 3.2 mg/ml of ChA is the best for semen stored for up to 24 hr. However, for semen stored for a longer period, 6.0 mg/ml or more should be used.

Incidence of the second parity syndrome in sows from a commercial farm / Incidência de síndrome do segundo parto em fêmeas suínas de uma granja comercial

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência da síndrome do segundo parto em uma granja comercial de suínos e apresentar alternativas para minimizar esse problema reprodutivo. Os dados foram obtidos de 363 fêmeas de genética comercial (DB-30) de primeiro e segundo partos, entre os anos de 2010 e 2011. Os animais pertenciam a uma granja comercial de ciclo completo com 1200 matrizes, cujos índices zootécnicos não permitiam detectar a presença da síndrome do segundo parto. O período de lactação foi de 24,6±3,3 dias. Foram analisados o número de nascidos totais e nascidos vivos, o peso da leitegada ao nascimento, o número de desmamados e o peso ao desmame do lote e também individualmente de cada marrã ao longo do ano. As médias e o desvio-padrão foram calculados, e os dados obtidos no primeiro e no segundo parto foram comparados pelo teste t pareado a 5%. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no número de nascidos totais e no número de nascidos vivos entre o primeiro e o segundo parto. No entanto, constatou-se que 54% das fêmeas apresentaram igual ou menor número de nascidos no segundo parto, caracterizando a síndrome do segundo parto na maior parte dos animais. Nesse lote, o número de leitões nascidos a menos em relação ao primeiro ciclo reprodutivo foi de 3,6±2,9. Das 363 matrizes avaliadas, 153 (42%) apresentaram 16 ou mais leitões no primeiro parto. Destas, 92 (60%) tiveram menor número de leitões no segundo parto e 41 (27%) apresentaram maior número de leitões. Também se verificou maior incidência (50% ou mais) da síndrome do segundo parto nos meses de janeiro a março e de outubro a dezembro. Conclui-se que a síndrome do segundo parto é um problema que pode afetar 50% ou mais das matrizes, nem sempre detectada por meio dos índices zootécnicos da granja. Medidas como pesagem dos animais na primeira cobertura e logo após o desmame, além de programas de alimentação com dietas balanceadas, principalmente durante os meses mais quentes do ano, são ferramentas importantes para amenizar esse problema.(AU)

Incidence of the second parity syndrome in sows from a commercial farm / Incidência de síndrome do segundo parto em fêmeas suínas de uma granja comercial

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência da síndrome do segundo parto em uma granja comercial de suínos e apresentar alternativas para minimizar esse problema reprodutivo. Os dados foram obtidos de 363 fêmeas de genética comercial (DB-30) de primeiro e segundo partos, entre os anos de 2010 e 2011. Os animais pertenciam a uma granja comercial de ciclo completo com 1200 matrizes, cujos índices zootécnicos não permitiam detectar a presença da síndrome do segundo parto. O período de lactação foi de 24,6±3,3 dias. Foram analisados o número de nascidos totais e nascidos vivos, o peso da leitegada ao nascimento, o número de desmamados e o peso ao desmame do lote e também individualmente de cada marrã ao longo do ano. As médias e o desvio-padrão foram calculados, e os dados obtidos no primeiro e no segundo parto foram comparados pelo teste t pareado a 5%. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no número de nascidos totais e no número de nascidos vivos entre o primeiro e o segundo parto. No entanto, constatou-se que 54% das fêmeas apresentaram igual ou menor número de nascidos no segundo parto, caracterizando a síndrome do segundo parto na maior parte dos animais. Nesse lote, o número de leitões nascidos a menos em relação ao primeiro ciclo reprodutivo foi de 3,6±2,9. Das 363 matrizes avaliadas, 153 (42%) apresentaram 16 ou mais leitões no primeiro parto. Destas, 92 (60%) tiveram menor número de leitões no segundo parto e 41 (27%) apresentaram maior número de leitões. Também se verificou maior incidência (50% ou mais) da síndrome do segundo parto nos meses de janeiro a março e de outubro a dezembro. Conclui-se que a síndrome do segundo parto é um problema que pode afetar 50% ou mais das matrizes, nem sempre detectada por meio dos índices zootécnicos da granja. Medidas como pesagem dos animais na primeira cobertura e logo após o desmame, além de programas de alimentação com dietas balanceadas, principalmente durante os meses mais quentes do ano, são ferramentas importantes para amenizar esse problema.(AU)

Evaluation of two different boar semen freezing protocols and their effects on semen quality after thawing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of boar sperm using two different freezing techniques. The protocols were proposed by Westendorf and Paquignon. In both methods the seminal plasma is removed. In the protocol Paquignon the seminal plasma is removed at environmental temperature and the Westendorf protocol suggests that the plasma withdrawal should be made at 15ºC. The sperm suspension was performed using a cooling extender comprised of egg yolk and sugar (glucose - Paquignon and lactose - Westendorf). The freezing extender was added to the presence of glycerol for both methods and Orvus ES Paste on the methodology of Westendorf. The freezing curve comprised cooling from 5 to -5ºC at 3ºC per min and then from -5 to -140ºC at 40ºC per min. The sperm motility and vitality, viability, osmotic resistance, total morphological abnormalities, abnormal tail, head and acrosome, the presence of proximal cytoplasmic droplet and motility degradation rate were evaluated. The method proposed by Westendorf showed greater sperm viability (P 0.05) between the techniques for the other parameters. It was concluded that the method proposed by Westendorf could be indicated in future research for frozen boar semen.

Evaluation of two different boar semen freezing protocols and their effects on semen quality after thawing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of boar sperm using two different freezing techniques. The protocols were proposed by Westendorf and Paquignon. In both methods the seminal plasma is removed. In the protocol Paquignon the seminal plasma is removed at environmental temperature and the Westendorf protocol suggests that the plasma withdrawal should be made at 15ºC. The sperm suspension was performed using a cooling extender comprised of egg yolk and sugar (glucose - Paquignon and lactose - Westendorf). The freezing extender was added to the presence of glycerol for both methods and Orvus ES Paste on the methodology of Westendorf. The freezing curve comprised cooling from 5 to -5ºC at 3ºC per min and then from -5 to -140ºC at 40ºC per min. The sperm motility and vitality, viability, osmotic resistance, total morphological abnormalities, abnormal tail, head and acrosome, the presence of proximal cytoplasmic droplet and motility degradation rate were evaluated. The method proposed by Westendorf showed greater sperm viability (P < 0.05) and fewer changes in midpiece. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the techniques for the other parameters. It was concluded that the method proposed by Westendorf could be indicated in future research for frozen boar semen.(AU)

Effect of the addition of IGF-I and vitamin E to stored boar semen.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of IGF-I to pig insemination doses stored at 15°C, in conjunction with the addition of different amounts of vitamin E (α-tocopherol). Semen samples (n = 12) from four boars were treated by the addition of different concentrations of vitamin E, ranging up to 400 µg/ml. Immediately after processing and after the doses had been stored at 15°C for 24 or 72 h, samples were warmed at 37°C and 30 ng/ml of IGF-I was added. The assessments were made after 10 and 120 min of IGF-I addition. There was a minor effect of the vitamin E added before cooling and IGF-I added after storage on sperm quality. The addition of 400 µg/ml of vitamin E to diluted semen reduced (P < 0.01) the malondialdehyde (MDA) production in boar semen stored at 15°C for 72 h, regardless of the addition of IGF-I as additive during a 120 min incubation period at 37°C. In these conditions, IGF-I also reduced (P < 0.05) the MDA production in semen samples without addition of vitamin E. IGF-I in the presence of vitamin E reduced (P = 0.03) the glucose intake in freshly diluted boar semen samples before cooling. It was concluded that the addition of 400 µg/ml of vitamin E reduces the MDA production in boar semen stored at 15°C for 72 h, regardless of the presence of IGF-I additive. The addition of IGF-I in doses stored for 72 h with vitamin E ensures higher sperm motility after 120 min of incubation at 37°C.

Addition of IGF-I to storage-cooled boar semen and its effect on sperm quality.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in vitro IGF-I treatment during warming of storage-cooled boar semen and its effect on seminal quality parameters and metabolism in spermatic cells. DESIGN: Semen samples (n=7) warmed after stored at 15°C for 24 or 72h were divided into four equal parts. Different IGF-I concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150ng/mL) were added to the semen samples. The samples were incubated at 37°C, and assessments were made after 0 and 120min of incubation. RESULTS: For semen samples that were stored for 24h, the addition of IGF-I had no effect (p>0.05) on the total motility and intensity of movements by spermatic cells, osmotic resistance, live:dead cell ratio or total spermatic abnormalities. However, incubation with 150ng/mL IGF-I did decrease glutathione peroxidase activity (p<0.05) and reduce lipid peroxidation after 120min of incubation. For semen samples stored for 72h and incubated with IGF-I for 120min, there was a linear relationship between the IGF-I concentration and the live:dead ratio (p<0.05). There was a quadratic relationship between the IGF-I concentration and both the osmotic resistance (peak results at IGF-I=62.4ng/mL) and glutathione peroxidase activity (peak results at IGF-I=77.8ng/mL). There was no effect on lipid peroxidation (p>0.05) after 120min of incubation. Addition of IGF-I also decreased fructose utilization by spermatic cells regardless of semen storage time (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that IGF-I may be beneficial to semen stored for longer periods of time. Adding 150ng/mL IGF-I improved the quality of semen stored for 24h, and adding 78ng/mL IGF-I improved the quality of semen stored for 72h.

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of several clinical forms of sporotrichosis.

We performed a serological study with sera from 92 patients with confirmed sporotrichosis registered between 1999 and 2004 in two hospitals in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The clinical presentation of sporotrichosis was distributed as follows: lymphocutaneous, 67%; fixed cutaneous, 23%; disseminated cutaneous, 8%; and extracutaneous, 2%. Sera were assayed by ELISA against a cell wall antigen of Sporothrix schenckii, SsCBF, that we have previously described. The cross-reactivity was determined with 77 heterologous sera. The serological test showed a sensitivity of 90% and a global efficiency of 86%. A group of 55 patients with several clinical presentations of sporotrichosis was clinically and serologically followed-up for at least 6 months. We observed by ELISA data a decrease in the antibody serum titers which correlated with the progress in healing. An HIV-positive patient with meningeal sporotrichosis was serologically followed-up for over 2 years. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens were examined and significant antibodies levels against the antigen SsCBF were detected. Our results strongly suggest that this serological test is valuable for the differential diagnosis and follow-up of all clinical forms of sporotrichosis.

Central nervous system activity of yangambin from Ocotea duckei Vattimo (Lauraceae) in mice.

This work presents behavioral effects of yangambin isolated from the leaves of Ocotea duckei on open field, rota rod, barbiturate sleeping time, forced swimming and elevated plus maze test in mice. Yangambin was intraperitoneally administered to male mice at single doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results showed that yangambin in the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg decreased the locomotor activity and the number of rearing. However, no change was observed in the rota rod test between the yangambin groups as compared to the control group. Reduction on the sleep latency and a prolongation of the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital was observed only with the yangambin dose of 50 mg/kg. In the forced swimming test, yangambin (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased the immobility time. Yangambin, in the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, decreased the number of entries and the time of permanence in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test. However, this effect can not be related to anxiogenic effects, but to a decrease in locomotor activity. The results showed that yangambin presents a depressant activity in the open field, forced swimming and pentobarbital sleeping time tests. These effects probably were not due to peripheral neuromuscular blockade, since there was no alteration on the rota rod test. Also, no anxiolytic effect was observed after the treatment with yangambin.

Antianxiety and antidepressant effects of riparin III from Aniba riparia (Nees) Mez (Lauraceae) in mice.

This work presents behavioral effects of methyl ethers of N-(2,6-dihydroxybenzoyl) tyramine (riparin III) isolated from the unripe fruit of Aniba riparia on the open field, elevated plus maze (EPM), rotarod, hole board, barbiturate-induced sleeping time, tail suspension and forced swimming tests in mice. Riparin III was administered intraperitoneally to male mice at single doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. The results showed that riparin III with both doses had no effects on spontaneous motor activity in mice or in the rotarod test, but decreased the number of grooming and rearing. At the dose of 50 mg/kg, riparin III increased the number of entries in the open arms of the EPM test as compared with control. Similarly, in the hole-board test, both doses increased the number of head dips. There was a reduction on the sleeping latency with both doses and a prolongation of the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time with the dose of 25 mg/kg. In the tail suspension test, similar to imipramine (30 mg/kg), riparin III at the dose of 50 mg/kg presented a reduction in the immobility time. In the forced swimming test, both doses of riparin III decreased the immobility time. These results showed that riparin III potentiated the barbiturate-induced sleeping time and presented antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects.

Adhesion of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii to several extracellular matrix proteins.

The pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii is the causative agent of sporotrichosis. This subcutaneous mycosis may disseminate in immunocompromised individuals and also affect several internal organs and tissues, most commonly the bone, joints and lung. Since adhesion is the first step involved with the dissemination of pathogens in the host, we have studied the interaction between S. schenckii and several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The binding of two morphological phases of S. schenckii, yeast cells and conidia, to immobilized type II collagen, laminin, fibronectin, fibrinogen and thrombospondin was investigated. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly-HEMA) was used as the negative control. Cell adhesion was assessed by ELISA with a rabbit anti-S. schenckii antiserum. The results indicate that both morphological phases of this fungus can bind significantly to type II collagen, fibronectin and laminin in comparison to the binding observed with BSA (used as blocking agent). The adhesion rate observed with the ECM proteins (type II collagen, fibronectin and laminin) was statistically significant (P < 0.05) when compared to the adhesion obtained with BSA. No significant binding of conidia was observed to either fibrinogen or thrombospondin, but yeast cells did bind to the fibrinogen. Our results indicate that S. schenckii can bind to fibronectin, laminin and type II collagen and also show differences in binding capacity according to the morphological form of the fungus.

Adhesion of the human pathogen Sporothrix schenckii to several extracellular matrix proteins

The pathogenic fungus Sporothrix schenckii is the causative agent of sporotrichosis. This subcutaneous mycosis may disseminate in immunocompromised individuals and also affect several internal organs and tissues, most commonly the bone, joints and lung. Since adhesion is the first step involved with the dissemination of pathogens in the host, we have studied the interaction between S. schenckii and several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The binding of two morphological phases of S. schenckii, yeast cells and conidia, to immobilized type II collagen, laminin, fibronectin, fibrinogen and thrombospondin was investigated. Poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly-HEMA) was used as the negative control. Cell adhesion was assessed by ELISA with a rabbit anti-S. schenckii antiserum. The results indicate that both morphological phases of this fungus can bind significantly to type II collagen, fibronectin and laminin in comparison to the binding observed with BSA (used as blocking agent). The adhesion rate observed with the ECM proteins (type II collagen, fibronectin and laminin) was statistically significant (P<0.05) when compared to the adhesion obtained with BSA. No significant binding of conidia was observed to either fibrinogen or thrombospondin, but yeast cells did bind to the fibrinogen. Our results indicate that S. schenckii can bind to fibronectin, laminin and type II collagen and also show differences in binding capacity according to the morphological form of the fungus

[Chronic arthritis in a child with primary agammaglobulinemia] / Artrite crônica em criança portadora de agamaglobulinemia primária.

OBJECTIVES: To report a case of a child with Bruton's disease and the unusual association with chronic aseptic arthritis resembling juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: A 16 month-old boy was seen at the Pediatric Rheumatology unit of HC-UFG and Hospital da Criança (Goiânia- GO). The authors evaluated relevant clinical and laboratorial features, including follow-up and response to therapy. The data were then compared to previous reports published in the world literature based on a Medline search of the subject. RESULTS: Since the age of 6 months, the patient had recurrent episodes of infection that responded poorly to antibiotics. Forty days before admission, he had onset of arthritis in his left knee. The diagnosis of Bruton's disease was based on the seric levels of immunoglobulins and the response to intravenous gammaglobulin infusions. Besides improvement with this therapy, clinical characteristics and other indirect laboratorial tests highly suggested the diagnosis of chronic, aseptic arthritis. CONCLUSION: We present a case of a rare association between Bruton's disease and chronic, aseptic arthritis, very similar to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Early recognition of this rare aseptic articular involvement is important for early and efficient therapy with intravenous gammaglobulin infusions, avoiding unnecessary hospital admissions and inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Acute rheumatic fever. Still a challenge.

At the end of the 20th century, after an apparent decline, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) now constitutes a great challenge for developed and developing countries. It is caused by a group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus upper airways infection, but the exact pathogenetic mechanisms are not yet clear. The role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of ARF is understood better than genetic host factors. ARF can mimic many other diseases, and the diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. It is still overdiagnosed and underdiagnosed in different settings. Penicillin has greatly contributed to the reduction in the incidence and recurrence of this disease. Current schemes of prophylaxis, however, present many problems, and failures are common. Future efforts to reduce the burden of this disease should induce public health measures the vaccine strategies.

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in a child with positive antiphospholipid and P-ANCA.

A case of juvenile cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (cutaneous PAN) is presented. Since early infancy the child underwent attacks of fever and cutaneous rash that occasionally progressed to gangrene and amputations of distal portions of toes and fingers. Although occasional episodes of high blood pressure and persistence of moderate eosinophilia were present, the clinical pattern was mostly restricted to the musculoskeletal system and skin. The authors discuss the definition of the disease and its present therapeutic possibilities, calling attention to a feature not referred in previous reports: the unique co-existence of cutaneous PAN plus antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA).