ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate dental disorders of brown howler monkeys maintained in captivity. The hypothesis is that the identification and diagnosis of the lesions may contribute to control and prevention. METHODS: Sixteen intact brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), eight females and eight males, weighing from 3.9 to 6.8 kg, were studied. Under general anesthesia, the teeth were evaluated by visual inspection, probing, palpation, and intra-oral radiographic exam. The findings were registered on a dental chart specific for primates. RESULT: Of the 16 monkeys evaluated in the present study, 94% (n = 15) had some type of dental disorder. The lesions observed were dental calculus (88%), dental wear (81%), missing teeth (38%), gingivitis (19%), gingival recession (6%), dental fracture (19%), pulp exposure (19%), and dental staining (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Alouatta guariba clamitans maintained in captivity have a high rate of dental problems.
Subject(s)
Alouatta , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Stomatognathic Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Animals, Zoo , Brazil/epidemiology , Dental Calculus/diagnosis , Dental Calculus/epidemiology , Dental Calculus/veterinary , Dental Pulp Exposure/diagnosis , Dental Pulp Exposure/epidemiology , Dental Pulp Exposure/veterinary , Diagnosis, Oral , Female , Gingival Recession/diagnosis , Gingival Recession/epidemiology , Gingival Recession/veterinary , Gingivitis/diagnosis , Gingivitis/epidemiology , Gingivitis/veterinary , Male , Monkey Diseases/epidemiology , Monkey Diseases/prevention & control , Stomatognathic Diseases/diagnosis , Stomatognathic Diseases/epidemiology , Stomatognathic Diseases/prevention & control , Tooth Discoloration/diagnosis , Tooth Discoloration/epidemiology , Tooth Discoloration/veterinary , Tooth Fractures/diagnosis , Tooth Fractures/epidemiology , Tooth Fractures/veterinary , Tooth Loss/diagnosis , Tooth Loss/epidemiology , Tooth Loss/veterinary , Tooth Wear/diagnosis , Tooth Wear/epidemiology , Tooth Wear/veterinaryABSTRACT
Lymphoscintigraphy is the technique of choice for sentinel lymph node detection in women with early breast cancer, but there is limited information evaluating the value of this technique in animals. We investigated mammary lymphatic drainage in 25 young female mongrel dogs by intramammary injection of 18.5 MBq of 99mTc-dextran (70,000 Da). Lymph node anatomical referencing was obtained using an external marker, bone scintigraphy, or scintiscanning the body contour. Cranial and caudal thoracic mammary glands drained into the cranial sternal lymph node and axillary lymph center. The cranial thoracic mammary gland also drained into the superficial cervical lymph node in two of five animals. The cranial abdominal gland was drained by the axillary lymph center. The caudal abdominal mammary gland was drained by the superficial inguinal lymph node in all animals and simultaneously by medial iliac lymph nodes in four of five animals. In one dog, this mammary gland was also drained by the mediastinal and the superficial cervical lymph nodes. The inguinal mammary gland was drained by superficial inguinal lymph nodes and simultaneously via the medial iliac lymph node in one animal. Lymphatic communications between lymph nodes were identified in 11 of 25 (44%) animals. 99mTc-dextran mammary lymphoscintigraphy was easy and rapid to perform and may provide valuable information for further studies.
