Vascular stiffness and healthy arterial aging in older patients with optimal blood pressure / Rigidez vascular e envelhecimento arterial saudável em pacientes idosos com pressão arterial ideal

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pulse wave velocity is used to diagnose central arterial stiffness (CAS) and quantify healthy vascular aging (HVA). Objective: To evaluate the CAS and HVA in elderly patients with systemic blood pressure levels classified as optimal/normal. Methods: A total of 102 patients without comorbidities and with systolic pressure (SP) < 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure (DP) < 80 mmHg were selected from the EVOPIU database (Pulse Wave Velocity of Elderly Individuals in an Urban area of Brazil). The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-fPWV) and the central and peripheral pressures were evaluated in all patients. The patients were divided into four groups: G1: (n = 19, with c-fPWV < 7.6 m/s, without medication), G2 (n = 26, c-fPWV ≥ 7.6 m/s; without medication), G3 (n = 25, c-fPWV < 7.6 m/s with antihypertensive medication), and G4 (n = 32, c-fPWV ≥ 7.6 m/s with antihypertensive medication). Results: In our sample, 56.7% of patients had c-fPWV ≥ 7.6 m/s. The central systolic pressure in G1 [99 (10) mmHg] was lower than that found in the other three groups [vs. 112 (14) mmHg, 111 (15), 112 (20) mmHg; P < 0.05)]. Conclusion: Older people with optimal arterial blood pressure do not necessarily have HVA and could have c-fPWV values close to the limits established for CAS diagnosis.

RESUMO Introdução: A velocidade da onda de pulso é usada para diagnosticar a rigidez arterial central (RAC) e quantificar o envelhecimento vascular saudável (EVS). Objetivo: Avaliar a RAC e o EVS em pacientes idosos com níveis pressóricos sistêmicos classificados como ideais/normais. Métodos: Um total de 102 pacientes sem comorbidades e com pressão sistólica (PS) < 120 mmHg e pressão diastólica (PD) < 80 mmHg foram selecionados do banco de dados EVOPIU (Estudo da Velocidade de Onda de Pulso em Idosos em área Urbana no Brasil). Foram avaliadas a velocidade da onda de pulso carotídeo-femoral (VOPcf) e as pressões central e periférica em todos os pacientes. Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1: (n = 19; com VOPcf < 7,6 m/s; sem medicação), G2 (n = 26; VOPcf ≥ 7,6 m/s; sem medicação), G3 (n = 25; VOPcf < 7,6 m/s com medicação anti-hipertensiva), e G4 (n = 32; VOPcf ≥ 7,6 m/s com medicação anti-hipertensiva). Resultados: Em nossa amostra, 56,7% dos pacientes apresentaram VOPcf ≥ 7,6 m/s. A pressão sistólica central no G1 [99 (10) mmHg] foi inferior à encontrada nos outros três grupos [vs. 112 (14) mmHg, 111 (15), 112 (20) mmHg; P < 0,05)]. Conclusão: Pessoas idosas com pressão arterial ideal não necessariamente têm EVS e podem apresentar valores de VOPcf próximos aos limites estabelecidos para o diagnóstico de RAC.

Vascular stiffness and healthy arterial aging in older patients with optimal blood pressure.

INTRODUCTION: Pulse wave velocity is used to diagnose central arterial stiffness (CAS) and quantify healthy vascular aging (HVA). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the CAS and HVA in elderly patients with systemic blood pressure levels classified as optimal/normal. METHODS: A total of 102 patients without comorbidities and with systolic pressure (SP) < 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure (DP) < 80 mmHg were selected from the EVOPIU database (Pulse Wave Velocity of Elderly Individuals in an Urban area of Brazil). The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (c-fPWV) and the central and peripheral pressures were evaluated in all patients. The patients were divided into four groups: G1: (n = 19, with c-fPWV < 7.6 m/s, without medication), G2 (n = 26, c-fPWV ≥ 7.6 m/s; without medication), G3 (n = 25, c-fPWV < 7.6 m/s with antihypertensive medication), and G4 (n = 32, c-fPWV ≥ 7.6 m/s with antihypertensive medication). RESULTS: In our sample, 56.7% of patients had c-fPWV ≥ 7.6 m/s. The central systolic pressure in G1 [99 (10) mmHg] was lower than that found in the other three groups [vs. 112 (14) mmHg, 111 (15), 112 (20) mmHg; P < 0.05)]. CONCLUSION: Older people with optimal arterial blood pressure do not necessarily have HVA and could have c-fPWV values close to the limits established for CAS diagnosis.

Association between diabetes mellitus and central arterial stiffness in elderly patients with systemic arterial hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Aging increases the risk of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases, leading to changes in cardiovascular anatomy and physiology even in the absence of other comorbidities. Numerous cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), can modify the functional and structural properties of large vessels, increasing arterial stiffness. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether elderly patients with hypertension with DM have greater central arterial stiffness than elderly patients with SAH without DM. METHODS: The Study of Pulse Wave Velocity in the Elderly in an Urban Area in Brazil (EVOPIU) included 1,192 patients aged ≥ 60 years who underwent applanation tonometry (AT) to evaluate carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). From this database, 1,133 patients were selected from 6 groups: NDN (nondiabetic normotensives; n: 127); DN (diabetic normotensives; n: 64); NDCH (nondiabetic controlled hypertensives; n: 168); DCH (diabetic controlled hypertensives; n: 275); NDH (nondiabetic hypertensives; n: 217) and DH (diabetic hypertensives; n: 282). All groups underwent AT to obtain cfPWV and central and peripheral arterial pressures. RESULTS: The pulse wave velocities found were as follows: NDN vs DN (8.9 ± 0.2 m/s vs 9.4 ± 0.2; P = .103); NDCH vs DCH (9.0 ± 0.2 m/s vs. 9.6 ± 0.1 m/s; P= .04) and NDH vs DH (9.2 ± 0.1 m/s vs. 9.6 ± 0.1 m/s; P= .045). When the diabetic groups were compared, there were no differences in cfPWV values, and the same occurred when the nondiabetic groups were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with diabetes and hypertension have greater central arterial stiffness than patients without diabetes and hypertension, regardless of systemic blood pressure control. The central arterial stiffness caused by vascular aging seems to be a common factor among all the studied groups.

[Nursing auxiliaries and technicians and hospital infection control in surgical centers: myths and truths]. / Auxillares e Técnicos de Enfermagem e controle de infecção hospitalar em centro cirúrgico: mitos e verdades.

This analytical and descriptive study is aimed at detecting concepts that translate myths and truths on hospital infection among nursing auxiliaries and technicians at the surgical centers of three hospitals. The data collection instrument consisted of 28 affirmative statements (15 true and 13 false) encompassing factors related to the patient, the surgical team, the environment, and procedures. The statements contain a three-point scale (I agree, I am in doubt, I disagree). We received 72% of adequate answers and 28% of non-adequate, which indicates that perioperative nursing professionals have satisfactory knowledge of hospital infection control. In the items use of safety footwear, rings and other objects, hair as a pathogen, hand scrubbing, use of humid gown and surgical area, infected surgery and cleaning routine, occupational diseases, hospital infection, surgical site infection and surgery time we were able to detect myths and rituals about infection control, which are mainly related to the culture of those who practice them, thus perpetuating resistance to change.

Auxiliares e Técnicos de Enfermagem e controle de infecção hospitalar em centro cirúrgico: mitos e verdades / Nursing auxiliaries and technicians and hospital infection control in surgical centers: myths and truths

Este estudo analítico descritivo objetivou detectar conceitos que traduzem mitos e verdades relativos à infecção hospitalar entre auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem no centro cirúrgico de três hospitais. O instrumento para coleta de dados possui 28 afirmações (15 verdadeiras e 13 falsas) contemplando fatores relacionados ao paciente, equipe cirúrgica, ambiente, procedimentos. As afirmações contêm escala em três pontos (concordo, tenho dúvida, discordo). Obtivemos respostas adequadas em 72% e não adequadas em 28%, indicando o satisfatório conhecimento da enfermagem perioperatória relacionadas ao controle infecção hospitalar . Nos itens uso de propé, alianças e outros objetos, pêlo como patógeno, escovação das mãos, uso de avental e campo cirúrgico umedecidos, cirurgia infectada e rotina de limpeza, doenças ocupacionais, infecção hospitalar, infecção sítio cirúrgico e tempo operatório, pudemos detectar mitos e rituais referentes ao controle de infecção, que estão relacionados sobretudo à cultura de quem os praticam, perpetuando resistência a mudanças.

This analytical and descriptive study is aimed at detecting concepts that translate myths and truths on hospital infection among nursing auxiliaries and technicians at the surgical centers of three hospitals. The data collection instrument consisted of 28 affirmativestatements (15 true and 13 false)encompassing factors related to the patient, the surgical team, the environment, and procedures. The statements contain a three-point scale (I agree, I am in doubt, I disagree). We received 72% of adequate answers and28% of non-adequate, which indicates that perioperative nursing professionals have satisfactory knowledge of hospitalinfection control. In the items use of safety footwear, rings and other objects, hair as a pathogen, hand scrubbing, use of humid gown and surgical area, infected surgery and cleaning routine, occupational diseases, hospital infection,surgical site infection and surgery time we were able to detect myths and rituals about infection control, which are mainly related to the culture of those who ractice them, thus perpetuating resistance to change.

Este estudio analítico descriptivo tuvo como objetivo detectar conceptos que traduzcan mitos y verdades relativas a la infección hospitalaria entre auxiliares y técnicos de enfermería en el centro quirúrgico de tres hospitales. El instrumento de recolección de datos contenía 28 afirmaciones (15 verdaderas y 13 falsas) que contemplaba factores relacionados al paciente, equipo quirúrgico, ambiente,procedimientos. Las afirmaciones contienen escala en tres puntos concuerdo, tengo duda, desacuerdo). Obtuvimos respuestas adecuadas en el 72% y no adecuadas en el 28%, indicando el conocimiento satisfactorio de la enfermería perioperatoria relacionadas al control de la infección hospitalaria. En los items uso de botas quirúrgicas, anillos y otros objetos, pelo como patógeno, cepillado de las manos,uso del mandil y campo quirúrgico humedecidos, cirugía infectada y rutina de limpieza, enfermedades ocupacionales, infección hospitalaria, infección del área quirúrgica y tiempo operatorio, pudimos detectar mitos y rituales referentes al control de infección, que están relacionados sobre todo a la cultura de quienes los practican, perpetuando resistencia a los cambios.