Optimizing the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta): Evaluating Alkaline and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Nutraceutical Applications.

Porphyra sensu lato is one of the most economically significant and widely cultured and consumed algae in the world. Porphyra species present excellent nutraceutic properties due to their bioactive compounds (BACs). This research aimed to find the most efficient aqueous extraction method for BACs by examining alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis with 2.5% sodium carbonate (SC) and at 80 °C proved optimal for extracting all BACs (phycobiliproteins, soluble proteins, polyphenols, and carbohydrates) except mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which were best extracted with water only, and at 80 °C. Enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly with the 'Miura' enzymatic cocktail (cellulase, xylanase, glycoside hydrolase, and ß-glucanase), showed superior results in extracting phycoerythrin (PE), phycocyanin (PC), soluble proteins, and carbohydrates, with increases of approximately 195%, 510%, 890%, and 65%, respectively, compared to the best alkaline hydrolysis extraction (2.5% SC and 80 °C). Phenolic content analysis showed no significant difference between the 'Miura' cocktail and 2.5% SC treatments. Antioxidant activity was higher in samples from alkaline hydrolysis, while extraction of MAAs showed no significant difference between water-only and 'Miura' treatments. The study concludes that enzymatic hydrolysis improves the efficiency of BACs extraction in P. linearis, highlighting its potential for the nutraceutical industry, and especially with respect to MAAs for topical and oral UV-photoprotectors.

Extraction Kinetics of Brazilian Green Propolis and Chemical Characterization of its Volatiles.

Propolis is a natural resinous product produced by Apis mellifera bees from the exudates of various plants. The color of propolis (green) is a consequence of its botanical origin, as bees collect young tissues and leaves of Baccaris dracunculifolia. This study evaluated the chemical composition and extraction kinetics of essential oils obtained from Brazilian green propolis by hydrodistillation. Hydrodistillation was performed for 360 min and analyzed at different times (30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min), allowing the calculation of the accumulated content (% w/w) and the identification of the essential oil chemical profile. The GC/FID and GC/MS analysis led to the annotation of 60 compounds with estragole (13.30 %), benzyl propanoate (14.59 %), and (E)-nerolidol (13.57 %) as the main compounds. The optimum conditions for extraction of phenylpropanoids (PP), hydrocarbons (HD), monoterpenes (MT), and oxygenated monoterpenes (OMT) are between 30 and 120 min. In comparison, sesquiterpenes (ST) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OST) are extracted more efficiently between 240 and 360 min. The optimal extraction speed determination is essential for industrial-scale processing to obtain components such as sesquiterpenes, which have a high economic value in the cosmetic/perfumery and pharmaceutical industries.

The Role of Nitrate Supply in Bioactive Compound Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity in the Cultivation of Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta, Bangiales) for Future Cosmeceutical and Bioremediation Applications.

Porphyra sensu lato has economic importance for food and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant physiological activities resulting from its bioactive compounds (BACs). This study aimed to determine the optimal nitrate dosage required in short-term cultivation to achieve substantial BAC production. A nitrate experiment using varied concentrations (0 to 6.5 mM) revealed optimal nitrate uptake at 0.5 mM in the first two days and at 3 and 5 mM in the last five days. Polyphenols and carbohydrates showed no differences between treatments, while soluble proteins peaked at 1.5 and 3 mM. Total mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) were highest in algae incubated at 5 and 6.5 mM, and the highest antioxidant activity was observed in the 5 mM, potentially related to the MAAs amount. Total carbon and sulfur did not differ between treatments, while nitrogen decreased at higher nitrate. This discovery highlights the nuanced role of nitrate in algal physiology, suggesting that biological and chemical responses to nitrate supplementation can optimize an organism's health and its commercially significant bioactive potential. Furthermore, given its ability to absorb high doses of nitrate, this alga can be cultivated in eutrophic zones or even in out-/indoor tanks, becoming an excellent option for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and bioremediation.

Risk assessment of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases through body mass index trajectories in adulthood: NHANES 2007-2018.

AIM: To assess the impact of adult body mass index (BMI) trajectories on the risk of obesity-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the U.S. adults after adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. METHODS: Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2007 to 2018, including male and female participants aged 29-59 years. Rao-Scott adjusted chi-square was employed to detect associations between categorical variables in descriptive analyses. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NCDs and BMI trajectories, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Kaplan-Meier curves illustrated the cumulative incidence over time. RESULTS: Analyses were carried out on 15 721 participants and revealing significant differences among BMI trajectories in terms of demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics. The overall prevalence of NCDs was 28.0% (95%CI:26.6-28.9). The cumulative incidence over time was higher in the high increase, moderate increase, and mixed trajectory groups, with a correspondingly higher cumulative risk (p < 0.001). Non-overweight trajectory was considered reference category in Cox models. The BMI trajectories were independently associated with an increased risk of NCDs, even after adjusting for potential confounders (HR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.4-1.9 for moderate increase; HR: 3.6; 95%CI: 3.2-4.1 for high increase; and HR: 2.4; 95%CI: 2.1-2.7, for mixed). Furthermore, differences between males and females were also observed. CONCLUSION: The transition to and persistence of obesity into adulthood increases the risk of NCDs. The implementation of targeted interventions with long-term monitoring of BMI may be beneficial in the prevention of future obesity-related NCDs.

An eco-friendly extraction method to obtain pectin from passion fruit rinds (Passiflora edulis sp.) using subcritical water and pressurized natural deep eutectic solvents.

This work evaluated the efficiency of Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) and Pressurized Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (P-NaDESs) under different temperatures (100, 120, 140 and 160 °C) in obtaining pectin from Passion Fruit Rinds (PFR) and its residual biomass (PFR - UAPLE), and compare the results with those of Conventional Extraction (CE). The highest pectin yields, 19.1 and 27.6 %, were achieved using P-NaDES (Citric Acid:Glucose:Water) at 120 °C for PFR and its PFR-UAPLE, respectively. Regarding the Degree of Esterification (DE), pectin obtained with SWE and CE had DE below 50 %, while with P-NaDES (Citric Acid: Glucose:Water), DE was above 50 %. Higher Molecular Weights (MW) (98 and 81 kDa) were obtained with SWE and P-NaDES from PFR compared to PFR-UAPLE and CE. Galacturonic acid was the most abundant (74 to 78 %) monosaccharide obtained by SWE. In terms of morphology, water extraction provided pectin with more uniform textures, whereas extraction with acidified mixtures led to more heterogeneous surfaces. Overall, comparing SWE and P-NaDES, the obtained pectins differed in terms of monomeric composition, MW and DE. These results indicate that pectins obtained by both methods can have different applications depending on their structural characteristics.

Variação da massa corporal ao longo da fase adulta e sua associação com a incidência de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis / Variation in body mass in adulthood and its association with the incidence of Noncommunicable Diseases

INTRODUÇÃO: A variação da massa corporal (MC) ao longo da fase adulta emerge como um fator intimamente vinculado à incidência de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) e à mortalidade. OBJETIVO: Analisar a variação da MC ao longo da primeira etapa da vida adulta e sua associação com a incidência de DCNT relevantes para a carga mórbida global e com a composição corporal. MÉTODOS: A metodologia adotada para esta pesquisa abrangeu diversas etapas e fontes de dados. Inicialmente, a revisão sistemática (RS) da literatura foi conduzida, utilizando cinco diferentes bases de dados, a fim de identificar os principais estudos relacionados à população americana que avaliaram mudanças na MC ao longo da vida adulta no período de 2003 a 2023. Posteriormente, para a coleta de dados cruciais, foi empregada a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Este inquérito domiciliar de corte transversal, realizado a cada dois anos, abrangeu uma amostra de adultos americanos com idade entre 29 a 59 anos, de ambos os sexos. As informações coletadas incluíram dados sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, raça/etnia, escolaridade, índice de pobreza, estado civil), medidas antropométricas (peso e altura), composição corporal (massa magra e massa gorda), informações sobre saúde (morbidades autorreferidas) e padrões de estilo de vida (AF, tabagismo e etilismo). A análise estatística abrangeu diferentes períodos e enfoques. Entre 1999 e 2018, dados de 15.721 adultos foram analisados, empregando modelos de regressão de risco proporcional de Cox e Poisson, ajustados por covariáveis sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida. A relação entre a carga de DCNT e o IMC aos 25 anos foi representada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier (KM), e também aplicado cálculo da PAF. Ainda no mesmo período de 1999 a 2018, para avaliar as trajetórias de IMC a partir dos 25 anos até o momento de entrada no estudo, o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox também foi empregado, para as análises descritivas, foi aplicado o teste χ² de Rao Scott. No período de 1999 a 2006, a análise se concentrou na relação entre IMC, composição corporal (razão Fat Mass Index (FMI)/Lean Body Mass Index (LBMI) ajustados pela altura) e padrão de AF, com dados de 5.115 adultos. Foram aplicados modelos de regressão linear multivariada, ajustados por variáveis sociodemográficas, estado nutricional e estilo de vida, estratificados por sexo. Gráficos de dispersão foram elaborados para visualizar as estimativas das regressões. Todas as análises foram ajustadas considerando os pesos da amostra recomendados pela pesquisa, e os resultados foram apresentados em quatro manuscritos distintos. RESULTADOS: No primeiro manuscrito, a RS incluiu 54 artigos elegíveis entre os 6.436 inicialmente identificados. A população estudada variou de 158 a 528.500 participantes. A principal DCNT avaliada foi o Câncer, seguido de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Um total de 41 estudos (76%) encontraram associações estatisticamente significantes entre o aumento da MC e o risco de DCNT, mesmo após ajustes por covariáveis. No segundo manuscrito, com dados de 15.721 adultos, disparidades sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida influenciaram o estado nutricional. A sobrevida cumulativa foi significativamente menor nos grupos com sobrepeso (HR: 1.7, IC95%: 1.57-1.87) e obesidade (HR: 2.87, IC95%: 2.56-3.21) aos 25 anos de idade. O sobrepeso e a obesidade aumentaram o risco de DCNT precoce, contribuindo para uma redução de 22.7% na carga de DCNT se o excesso de peso aos 25 anos fosse prevenido. O terceiro manuscrito analisou trajetórias de IMC em 15.721 participantes, revelando diferenças significativas em características demográficas, de estilo de vida e de saúde. A incidência cumulativa de DCNT foi maior em trajetórias com aumento moderado (HR: 1.7; IC95%: 1.4-1.9) e elevado (HR: 3.6; IC95%: 3.2-4.1) de IMC. As trajetórias de IMC foram independentemente associadas a um risco maior de DCNT, mesmo após ajuste de covariáveis. No quarto manuscrito, dos 5.115 adultos avaliados, foi encontrada uma relação expressiva entre composição corporal e padrões de AF ao longo dos últimos dez anos. Associações significativas entre status socioeconômico, raça/etnia, estado nutricional aos 25 anos e composição corporal foram identificadas. Resultados visuais por meio de scatter plots forneceram relações consistentes entre o IMC e a razão FMI/ht-LBMI, destacando variações por sexo e padrão de AF. CONCLUSÕES: A presente pesquisa destaca a influência significativa das mudanças na MC ao longo do tempo, especialmente durante a vida adulta, na ocorrência precoce de DCNT. A transição e a persistência da obesidade na idade adulta emergem como fatores críticos que aumentam substancialmente o risco de desenvolvimento dessas doenças. Além disso, a prática a longo prazo da AF, atua como modificador da composição corporal em nível populacional.

INTRODUCTION: Variation in body mass (BM) during adulthood has emerged as a factor closely associated with the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality. AIM: To analyze the variation in BM during the first phase of adulthood and its association with the incidence of NCDs relevant to the global burden of disease and with body composition. METHODS: The methodology of this study involved several stages and data sources. First, a systematic review (SR) of the literature was conducted using five different databases to identify the most relevant studies related to the American population that evaluated changes in BM throughout adulthood from 2003 to 2023. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was then used to collect key data. This cross-sectional household survey, conducted every two years, included a sample of American adults aged 29 to 59 years of both sexes. Information collected included sociodemographic data (sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, poverty index, marital status), anthropometric measures (weight and height), body composition (lean mass and fat mass), health information (self-reported morbidities), and lifestyle patterns (PA, smoking, and alcohol use). The statistical analysis covered different time periods and approaches. Between 1999 and 2018, data from 15,721 adults were analyzed using Cox and Poisson proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates. The relationship between NCD burden and BMI at age 25 years was presented using the Kaplan-Meier (KM) curve, and PAF calculation was also used. In the same period from 1999 to 2018, the Cox proportional hazards model was also used to assess the trajectory of BMI from age 25 to study entry, and the Rao-Scott χ² test was used for descriptive analyses. From 1999 to 2006, the analysis focused on the relationship between BMI, body composition (fat mass index (FMI)/lean body mass index (LBMI) ratio adjusted for height), and PA patterns, with data from 5,115 adults. Multivariate linear regression models were used, adjusted for sociodemographic variables, nutritional status, and lifestyle, stratified by sex. Scatter plots were generated to visualize the regression estimates. All analyses were adjusted for sample weights recommended by the research, and the results were presented in four separate manuscripts. RESULTS: In the first manuscript, the SR included 54 eligible articles from the 6,436 initially identified. Study populations ranged from 158 to 528,500 participants. The most common NCD evaluated was cancer, followed by type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 41 studies (76%) found statistically significant associations between changes in BM and NCDs, even after adjusting for covariates. In the second manuscript, with data from 15,721 adults, sociodemographic and lifestyle differences influenced nutritional status. Cumulative survival at 25 years was significantly lower in the overweight (HR: 1.7, 95%CI: 1.57-1.87) and obese (HR: 2.87, 95%CI: 2.56-3.21) groups. Overweight and obesity increased the risk of early NCDs and contributed to a 22.7% reduction in the NCD burden if overweight was prevented at age 25. The third manuscript analyzed BMI trajectories in 15,721 participants, revealing significant differences in demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics. The cumulative incidence of NCDs was higher in trajectories with moderate (HR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.4-1.9) and high (HR: 3.6; 95%CI: 3.2-4.1) increases in BMI. BMI trajectories were independently associated with a higher risk of NCDs, even after adjustment for covariates. In the fourth manuscript, among the 5,115 adults assessed, a significant association was found between body composition and PA patterns over the past decade. Significant associations were found between socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and nutritional status at age 25 years and body composition. The visual results, in the form of scatterplots, demonstrated a consistent relationship between BMI and the FMI/ht-LBMI ratio. This relationship was found to vary by gender and PA pattern. CONCLUSIONS: This research highlights the significant influence of changes in BMI over time, particularly during adulthood, on the early onset of NCDs. The transition and persistence of obesity into adulthood emerge as critical factors that significantly increase the risk of developing these diseases. In addition, long-term PA practice acts as a modifier of body composition at the population level.

Frequency of anthropometric implausible values estimated from different methodologies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Poor anthropometric data quality affect the prevalence of malnutrition and could harm public policy planning. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to identify different methods to evaluate and clean anthropometric data, and to calculate the frequency of implausible values for weight and height obtained from these methodologies. DATA SOURCES: Studies about anthropometric data quality and/or anthropometric data cleaning were searched for in the MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases in October 2020 and updated in January 2023. In addition, references of included studies were searched for the identification of potentially eligible studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Paired researchers selected studies, extracted data, and critically appraised the selected publications. DATA ANALYSIS: Meta-analysis of the frequency of implausible values and 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated. Heterogeneity (I2) and publication bias were examined by meta-regression and funnel plot, respectively. RESULTS: In the qualitative synthesis, 123 reports from 104 studies were included, and in the quantitative synthesis, 23 studies of weight and 14 studies of height were included. The study reports were published between 1980 and 2022. The frequency of implausible values for weight was 0.55% (95%CI, 0.29-0.91) and for height was 1.20% (95%CI, 0.44-2.33). Heterogeneity was not affected by the methodological quality score of the studies and publication bias was discarded. CONCLUSIONS: Height had twice the frequency of implausible values compared with weight. Using a set of indicators of quality to evaluate anthropometric data is better than using indicators singly. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020208977.

Culture circle with community health workers about (lack of) knowledge and stigma of leprosy.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction aboutthe (lack of) knowledge and stigma of leprosy by Community Health Workers participating in the Culture Circle. METHOD: Qualitative, action-research type study supported by the Paulo Freire Culture Circle framework, carried out with 21 Community Health Workers. Data collected in November 2021, in the municipality of São Luís, Maranhão. The following categories were evidenced: knowledge about leprosy, signs and symptoms, stigma. RESULTS: The participants had knowledge about the disease, but they verbalized people's disinformation about leprosy, disbelief in relation to the cure, and situations of prejudice and stigma that are still present today. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The culture circle enabled the intertwining of scientific and empirical knowledge in the construction of a critical and reflective knowledge committed to welcoming and comprehensive care for people and families affected by leprosy.

Development and Characterization of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel Flour (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa).

In this study, the peels of the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) were used to develop a flour that was evaluated in terms of its physicochemical, microscopic, colorimetric, and granulometric characteristics, its total phenolic compound and carotenoid contents, and its antioxidant capacity. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements were employed to investigate the constituent functional groups, compounds' chemical profiles were assessed by Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS), and the compound's chemical profiles were evaluated by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). This flour presented a light color, heterogeneous granulometry, high carbohydrate, carotenoid, and total phenolic compound contents with high antioxidant capacity. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed a particulate flour, which is supposed to contribute to its compactness. FTIR demonstrated the presence of functional groups corresponding to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, constituents of insoluble dietary fiber. The PS-MS analysis suggested the presence of 22 substances, covering diverse component classes such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, flavonoids, sugars, quinones, phenylpropanoid glycerides terpenes, and amino acids. This research demonstrated the potential of using Passion Fruit Peel Flour (PFPF) as an ingredient for food products. The advantages of using PFPF comprise the reduction of agro-industrial waste, contribution to the development of a sustainable food system, and increment of food products' functional profile. Moreover, its high content of several bioactive compounds can benefit consumers' health.

Elaboration and Characterization of Pereskia aculeate Miller Extracts Obtained from Multiple Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions.

Pereskia aculeata Miller, is an unconventional food plant native to South America. This study aimed to investigate the influence of different ultrasonic extraction times (10, 20, 30, and 40 min) on the phytochemical profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from lyophilized Pereskia aculeate Miller (ora-pro-nobis) leaves, an under-researched plant. Morphological structure and chemical group evaluations were also conducted for the lyophilized P. aculeate leaves. The different extraction times resulted in distinct phenolic content and Antioxidant Activity (ATT) values. Different extraction time conditions resulted in phenolic compound contents ranging from 2.07 to 2.60 mg EAG.g-1 of extract and different ATT values. The ATT evaluated by DPPH was significantly higher (from 61.20 to 70.20 µM of TE.g-1 of extract) in extraction times of 30 and 40 min, respectively. For ABTS, it varied between 6.38 and 10.24 µM of TE.g-1 of extract and 24.34 and 32.12 µM ferrous sulp.g-1 of extract. All of the obtained extracts inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the treatment employing 20 min of extraction at the highest dilution (1.56 mg.mL-1). Although liquid chromatography analyses showed that chlorogenic acid was the primary compound detected for all extracts, Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS-MS) suggested the extracts contained 53 substances, such as organic, fatty, and phenolic acids, sugars, flavonoids, terpenes, phytosterols, and other components. The PS-MS proved to be a valuable technique to obtain the P. aculeate leaves extract chemical profile. It was observed that the freeze-drying process enhanced the conservation of morphological structures of P. aculeate leaves, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified carboxyl functional groups and proteins between the 1000 and 1500 cm-1 bands in the P. aculeate leaves, thus favoring water interaction and contributing to gel formation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate different times (10, 20, 30 and 40 min) for ultrasound extraction of P. aculeate leaves. The polyphenols improved extraction, and high antioxidant activity demonstrates the potential for applying P. aculeate leaves and their extract as functional ingredients or additives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Association between ultraprocessed food consumption and obesity in US adults: an analysis of NHANES 2009-2018 / Asociación entre consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y obesidad en US adultos: un análisis de NHANES 2009-2018

We propose the following hypothesis: ultraprocessed foods in the global food supply contribute to the worldwide increase in obesity. Objective. To analyze the association between a higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods and the obesity in adulthood in the United States. Materials and methods. United States National Survey of Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) (2009-2018) data were used. We included subjects of both sexes, aged between 18-64 years old, with anthropometric, health, income, race/ethnicity and physical activity (PA) data. The association between the ultraprocessed food intake and obesity was calculated using a binomial logistic regression. In addition, we also evaluated a subsample with subjects who did not consume more than their adequate daily energy requirements. Results. We evaluated 13,310 subjects in total, and 4,788 in our subsample. Of these 33% were committed to obesity, and in the subsample the prevalence was even higher, around 49%. In our analysis, we found five factors (ultraprocessed food consumption, sex, age, race/ethnicity, and sedentary lifestyle) that were positively associated with the development of obesity. Compared to subjects who consumed less than 20% of ultraprocessed foods, subjects who consumed between 20 to 40% of ultraprocessed food had 16% more odds of developing obesity [95%CI:1.06­1.26]. For the subsample, the odds were even higher, being around 27% [95%CI:1.11­1.46]. Conclusions. Our results showed a positive association between obesity and the amount of ultraprocessed food consumption, even though, in those who consumed no more than their adequate daily energy requirements(AU)

La hipótesis planteada es que los alimentos ultraprocesados contribuyen al aumento de la obesidad a nivel global. Objetivo. Analizar la asociación entre un mayor consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y la obesidad en adultos en Estados Unidos. Materiales y métodos:. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Examen de Salud y Nutrición de los Estados Unidos (NHANES) (2009-2018). Se incluyeron individuos de 18 a 64 años de ambos sexos, con datos antropométricos, de salud, ingresos, raza/ etnia y actividad física. La asociación entre la ingesta de alimentos ultraprocesados y la obesidad se calculó utilizando un modelo de regresión logística binomial. Además, evaluamos una submuestra con sujetos que no consumieron más que sus requerimientos energéticos diarios adecuados. Resultados. Evaluamos 13.310 sujetos en total y 4.788 en nuestra submuestra. De estos, el 33% comprometidos con la obesidad, y en la submuestra la prevalencia era aún mayor, alrededor del 49%. En nuestro análisis encontramos cinco factores (consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, sexo, edad, raza/etnia y sedentarismo) asociados positivamente con el desarrollo de obesidad. En comparación con los sujetos que consumían menos del 20% de los alimentos ultraprocesados, aquellos que consumían entre el 20 y el 40 % de los alimentos ultraprocesados tenían un 16% más de probabilidades de desarrollar obesidad [95%IC: 1,06-1,26]. Para la submuestra, las probabilidades fueron aún mayor, rondando el 27% [95%IC: 1,11-1,46]. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados mostraron una asociación positiva entre la obesidad y la cantidad de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, incluso en aquellos que no superaron sus requerimientos energéticos diarios adecuados(AU)

Parámetros psicométricos de la escala International Fitness Scale–versión brasileña-online e impreso / Parâmetros psicométricos do International Fitness Scale –versão brasileira via on-line e impresso / Psychometric parameters of the International Fitness Scale –brazilian version -online and print

Con los avances tecnológicos, las encuestas en línea se han vuelto cada vez más comunes, lo que hace viable la evaluación del estado físico en línea. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la validez de construto y probar la confiabilidad de la International Fitness Scale - versión brasileña (IFIS - BRA) en el formato en línea en comparación con la versión impresa. Participaron en el estudio adolescentes (n = 294), con edades comprendidas entre 12 y 17 años, de ambos sexos. Los adolescentes respondieron la versión impresa y en línea del IFIS - BRA en dos momentos, con un intervalo de dos semanas entre aplicaciones. La confiabilidad de todos los elementos se clasificó como "sustancial". Se encontró una concordancia media para todos los ítems, clasificados como “perfecto” (69,7%) y “perfectamente aceptable” (97,1%). Podemos afirmar que la versión online del IFIS - BRA, alcanzó niveles adecuados de desempeño psicométrico, asegurando así el uso, por parte de profesionales del área de la salud e investigadores, como medio alterno confiable para la evaluación de la aptitud física de los adolescentes brasileños. (AU)

With technological advances, online surveys have become increasingly common, which makes online fitness assessment feasible. We aimed to evaluate the evidence based on the internal structure, to verify the factorial invariance of the model between the online format and the printed version (paper and pen), as well as to test the reliability of the International Fitness Scale-Brazilian version(IFIS-BRA). Participants were adolescents (n=294), aged between 12 to 17 years, of both sexes. Adolescents answered the printed and online version of the IFIS–BRA in two moments, with an interval of two weeks between applications. Reliability of all items was classified as “substantial”. A mean agreement was found for all items, classifiedas “perfect” (69.7%) and “perfectly acceptable” (97.1%). We can affirm that the online version of the IFIS–BRA, reached adequate levels of psychometric performance, thus assuring its use by health professionals and researchers as a reliable alternative means of assessing physical fitnessin Brazilian adolescents. (AU)

Com os avanços tecnológicos as pesquisas on-line tornaram-se cada vez mais comuns, o que torna a avaliação da aptidão física on-line viável. Objetivamos avaliar a evidência baseada na estrutura interna, verificar a invariância fatorial do modelo entre o formato on-line e à versão impressa (papel e caneta), bem como testar a confiabilidade do International Fitness Scale–versão brasileira (IFIS-BRA). Participaram do estudo adolescentes (n=294), na faixa etária entre 12 e 17 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os adolescentes responderam à versão impressa e on-line do IFIS–BRA em dois momentos, como intervalo de duas semanas entre as aplicações. A confiabilidade, de todos os itens, foi classificada como “substancial”. Foi encontrada uma concordância média, de todos os itens, classificada como “perfeita” (69,7%), e “perfeitamente aceitável” (97,1%). Podemos afirmar que a versão on-line do IFIS–BRA, atingiu níveis adequados de desempenho psicométrico, assim assegurando a utilização, por profissionais da área da saúde e pesquisadores, como meio alterativo confiável para a avaliação da aptidão física de adolescentes brasileiros. (AU)

Overweight and obesity in adulthood, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and the early burden of noncommunicable diseases among Americans: NHANES 2007-2018.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between nutritional status in early adulthood and the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs); To evaluate the influence of sociodemographic factors and lifestyle on the outcomes of BMI kg/m2 ≤24.9, ≥25.0, and ≥30.0; to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) to BMI elevated at 25 years old in the burden of NCDs in American adults. METHODS: We used data from 15 721 American adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2018. The Hazard Ratio (HR), Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated in the proportional risk regression models of Cox (entire population) and Poisson (restricted to non-patients), respectively. The proportionality of the risk between the burden of NCDs and BMI at 25 years old was drawn by the Kaplan-Meier curve, and the PAF was calculated. All analyses were adjusted taking into account the sample weights. RESULTS: Health disparities (sex, age, race/ethnicity, education, poverty index, and education level), and lifestyle (physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption) influenced the current nutritional status. Cumulative survival in overweight and obese groups decreased considerably over time (p < .0001). Being overweight and obese in adulthood may increase the risk of early NCDs (HR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.54-1.84 and HR: 2.87, 95% CI: 2.56-3.21, respectively). About 22.72% (95% CI: 19.99-25.36, p < .001) of the burden NCDs could have been avoided if overweight at age 25 had been prevented. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring weight change from young adulthood can provide a sensitive and useful clinical measure for early detection of adverse trends in NCDs risk.

Monitoring COVID-19 and Influenza: The Added Value of a Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Surveillance System in Portugal.

Background: Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) surveillance is recommended to assess the severity of respiratory infections disease. In 2021, the National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, in collaboration with two general hospitals, implemented a SARI sentinel surveillance system based on electronic health registries. We describe its application in the 2021/2022 season and compare the evolution of SARI cases with the COVID-19 and influenza activity in two regions of Portugal. Methods: The main outcome of interest was the weekly incidence of patients hospitalized due to SARI, reported within the surveillance system. SARI cases were defined as patients containing ICD-10 codes for influenza-like illness, cardiovascular diagnosis, respiratory diagnosis, and respiratory infection in their primary admission diagnosis. Independent variables included weekly COVID-19 and influenza incidence in the North and Lisbon and Tagus Valley regions. Pearson and cross-correlations between SARI cases, COVID-19 incidence and influenza incidence were estimated. Results: A high correlation between SARI cases or hospitalizations due to respiratory infection and COVID-19 incidence was obtained (ρ = 0.78 and ρ = 0.82, respectively). SARI cases detected the COVID-19 epidemic peak a week earlier. A weak correlation was observed between SARI and influenza cases (ρ = -0.20). However, if restricted to hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diagnosis, a moderate correlation was observed (ρ = 0.37). Moreover, hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diagnosis detected the increase of influenza epidemic activity a week earlier. Conclusion: In the 2021/2022 season, the Portuguese SARI sentinel surveillance system pilot was able to early detect the COVID-19 epidemic peak and the increase of influenza activity. Although cardiovascular manifestations associated with influenza infection are known, more seasons of surveillance are needed, to confirm the potential use of cardiovascular hospitalizations as an indicator of influenza activity.

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of AIDS in Brazil and regions between 2005 and 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the AIDS incidence rate in Brazil from 2005 to 2020. METHODS: This is an ecological, temporal, and spatial study on AIDS cases in Brazil. Data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System were stratified by year of diagnosis, region of the country/municipalities of residence, and age group (over 13 years). Incidence rates were calculated for temporal estimation using the Joinpoint model, as well as Spatial Empirical Bayes (SEB) for spatial distribution, using the Kernel density estimator. RESULTS: The incidence rate in Brazil, in 2020, was 17.69 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. The general trend (2005-2020) was decrease in Brazil (Annual Percent Change - APC=-2.0%), in the Southeast (APC=-4.4%) and South (APC=-3.0%) regions. The North (APC=2.3%) showed an increase trend, whereas the Southeast and Midwest regions were stationary (p>0.05). Brazil, Southeast, South, and Midwest regions showed a decrease trend in most age groups. The Northeast and North regions showed an increase in the age groups of 13-29 years and 13-24 years, respectively. The Kernel estimator showed clusters with SEB above 30/10 thousand inhabitants in the states of Paraíba, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina. CONCLUSION: Brazil, the Southeast, and South regions showed a decrease in the incidence rate, whereas the North region increased and the Northeast and Midwest regions were stationary. The Southeast, South, and Northeast regions presented the largest clusters of SEB.

Overexpression of the GmEXPA1 gene reduces plant susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita.

KEY MESSAGE: The overexpression of the soybean GmEXPA1 gene reduces plant susceptibility to M. incognita by the increase of root lignification. Plant expansins are enzymes that act in a pH-dependent manner in the plant cell wall loosening and are associated with improved tolerance or resistance to abiotic or biotic stresses. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) can alter the expression profile of several expansin genes in infected root cells. Studies have shown that overexpression or downregulation of particular expansin genes can reduce plant susceptibility to PPNs. Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are obligate sedentary endoparasites of the genus Meloidogyne spp. of which M. incognita is one of the most reported species. Herein, using a transcriptome dataset and real-time PCR assays were identified an expansin A gene (GmEXPA1; Glyma.02G109100) that is upregulated in the soybean nematode-resistant genotype PI595099 compared to the susceptible cultivar BRS133 during plant parasitism by M. incognita. To understand the role of the GmEXPA1 gene during the interaction between soybean plant and M. incognita were generated stable A. thaliana and N. tabacum transgenic lines. Remarkably, both A. thaliana and N. tabacum transgenic lines overexpressing the GmEXPA1 gene showed reduced susceptibility to M. incognita. Furthermore, plant growth, biomass accumulation, and seed yield were not affected in these transgenic lines. Interestingly, significant upregulation of the NtACC oxidase and NtEFE26 genes, involved in ethylene biosynthesis, and NtCCR and Nt4CL genes, involved in lignin biosynthesis, was observed in roots of the N. tabacum transgenic lines, which also showed higher lignin content. These data suggested a possible link between GmEXPA1 gene expression and increased lignification of the root cell wall. Therefore, these data support that engineering of the GmEXPA1 gene in soybean offers a powerful biotechnology tool to assist in RKN management.

Culture circle with community health workers about (lack of) knowledge and stigma of leprosy / Círculo de cultura con agentes comunitarios de salud sobre (des)conocimiento y estigma de lepra / Círculo de cultura com agentes comunitários de saúde sobre (des)conhecimentos e estigma da hanseníase

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the construction aboutthe (lack of) knowledge and stigma of leprosy by Community Health Workers participating in the Culture Circle. Method: Qualitative, action-research type study supported by the Paulo Freire Culture Circle framework, carried out with 21 Community Health Workers. Data collected in November 2021, in the municipality of São Luís, Maranhão. The following categories were evidenced: knowledge about leprosy, signs and symptoms, stigma. Results: The participants had knowledge about the disease, but they verbalized people's disinformation about leprosy, disbelief in relation to the cure, and situations of prejudice and stigma that are still present today. Final considerations: The culture circle enabled the intertwining of scientific and empirical knowledge in the construction of a critical and reflective knowledge committed to welcoming and comprehensive care for people and families affected by leprosy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la construcción sobre (des)conocimiento y estigma de la lepra por parte de los Agentes Comunitarios de Salud participantes del Círculo de Cultura. Método: Estudio cualitativo, de tipo investigación-acción, apoyado en el marco del Círculo de Cultura Paulo Freire, realizado con 21 Agentes Comunitarios de Salud. Datos recolectados en noviembre de 2021, en el municipio de São Luís, Maranhão. Se evidenciaron las categorías conocimientos sobre la lepra; signos y síntomas; estigma. Resultados: Los participantes tenían conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, pero verbalizaban la desinformación de las personas sobre la lepra, la incredulidad con relación a la cura y situaciones de prejuicio y estigma que aún hoy están presentes. Consideraciones finales: El círculo de cultura posibilitó entrelazar saberes científicos y empíricos en la construcción de un saber crítico y reflexivo comprometido con la acogida y atención integral de las personas y familias afectadas por la lepra.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a construção sobre o (des)conhecimento e estigma da hanseníase pelos Agentes Comunitários de Saúde participantes do Círculo de Cultura. Método: Estudo qualitativo de tipo pesquisa-ação apoiado pelo referencial do Círculo de Cultura de Paulo Freire, realizado com 21 Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. Dados coletados em novembro de 2021, no município de São Luís, Maranhão. Foram evidenciadas as categorias conhecimento sobre a hanseníase; sinais e sintomas; estigma. Resultados: Os participantes possuíam conhecimento sobre a doença, mas verbalizaram a existência de desinformação das pessoas sobre a hanseníase, descrenças em relação à cura, além de situações de preconceito e estigma ainda presentes atualmente. Considerações finais: O círculo de cultura possibilitou o entrelace dos saberes científicos e empíricos na construção de um conhecimento crítico e reflexivo comprometido com o acolhimento e atenção integral às pessoas e famílias afetadas pela hanseníase.

Spatial distribution and temporal trends of AIDS in Brazil and regions between 2005 and 2020 / Distribuição espacial e tendência temporal da AIDS no Brasil e regiões entre 2005 e 2020

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution and the temporal trend of the AIDS incidence rate in Brazil from 2005 to 2020. Methods: This is an ecological, temporal, and spatial study on AIDS cases in Brazil. Data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System were stratified by year of diagnosis, region of the country/municipalities of residence, and age group (over 13 years). Incidence rates were calculated for temporal estimation using the Joinpoint model, as well as Spatial Empirical Bayes (SEB) for spatial distribution, using the Kernel density estimator. Results: The incidence rate in Brazil, in 2020, was 17.69 cases per 100 thousand inhabitants. The general trend (2005-2020) was decrease in Brazil (Annual Percent Change - APC=-2.0%), in the Southeast (APC=-4.4%) and South (APC=-3.0%) regions. The North (APC=2.3%) showed an increase trend, whereas the Southeast and Midwest regions were stationary (p>0.05). Brazil, Southeast, South, and Midwest regions showed a decrease trend in most age groups. The Northeast and North regions showed an increase in the age groups of 13-29 years and 13-24 years, respectively. The Kernel estimator showed clusters with SEB above 30/10 thousand inhabitants in the states of Paraíba, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina. Conclusion: Brazil, the Southeast, and South regions showed a decrease in the incidence rate, whereas the North region increased and the Northeast and Midwest regions were stationary. The Southeast, South, and Northeast regions presented the largest clusters of SEB.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência temporal da taxa de incidência de AIDS no Brasil no período de 2005 a 2020. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, temporal e espacial sobre os casos de AIDS no Brasil. Dados provenientes do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde foram estratificados por ano do diagnóstico, região do país/municípios de residência e faixa etária (acima de 13 anos). Foram calculadas as taxas de incidência (TI) para a estimativa temporal por meio do modelo de joinpoint, bem como as taxas bayesianas empíricas espaciais (TBEE) para a distribuição espacial pelo estimador de densidade de Kernel. Resultados: A TI no Brasil no ano de 2020 foi de 17,69 casos para cada 100 mil habitantes. A tendência geral (2005-2020) foi de diminuição no Brasil (variação percentual anual — VPA=-2,0%), Sudeste (VPA=-4,4%) e Sul (VPA=-3,0%). O Norte (VPA=2,3%) demonstrou aumento, enquanto o Sudeste e Centro-oeste foram estacionários (p>0,05). O Brasil, Sudeste, Sul e Centro-oeste apresentaram tendência de diminuição na maioria das faixas etárias. O Nordeste e Norte apresentaram aumento nas faixas etárias de 13 a 29 anos e 13 a 24 anos, respectivamente. O estimador de Kernel demonstrou conglomerados com TBEE acima de 30/10 mil habitantes nos estados de Paraíba, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Conclusão: O Brasil e as Regiões Sudeste e Sul apresentaram diminuição da TI, enquanto o Norte aumentou e o Nordeste e Centro-oeste foram estacionários. As Regiões Sudeste, Sul e Nordeste apresentaram os maiores conglomerados das TBEE.

Food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults from the Family Health Strategy in the Northeast of Brazil / Inseguridad alimentaria y desnutrición en adultos mayores de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia del nordeste brasileño

Introduction: Food insecurity (FI) is a state characterized by instability and irregularity of access to food. This condition has negative impacts on dietary intake, affecting nutritional status and health condition. Objective: To evaluate the association between malnutrition and FI among communitydwelling older adults attended to under the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted using communitydwelling older adults attended to under the FHS in the municipality of Barreiras, in Bahia, Brazil. Between 2017 e 2018, we collected demographic, social, economic, health condition, lifestyle, anthropometric, and food consumption data. We evaluated nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and we assessed FI with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Besides the chi-squared test, we carried out a binary logistic regression to verify the association between malnutrition and FI, adjusted for possible confounding factors. The significance level was p<0.05. Results: We evaluated 307 older adults with a mean age of 70.4 (±7.5 years). The prevalence of malnutrition/risk of malnutrition was 35.2% and that of FI was 63.5%. Households with older adults in moderate/severe FI presented almost three times more chance (OR 2.97; CI95% 1.37-6.44) of having malnutrition compared with those in food security. Conclusions: The study indicates that there is an association between household FI and malnutrition/risk of malnutrition among older adults from the FHS, especially among those in severe FI. This result attributes to FI the status of determinant of malnutrition in older adults within the context investigated(AU)

Introducción: La inseguridad alimentaria (IA) es un estado caracterizado por la inestabilidad e irregularidad en el acceso a los alimentos. Esta condición tiene impactos negativos en la ingesta de alimentos, afectando el estado nutricional y la condición de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre desnutrición e IA en adultos mayores comunitarios atendidos en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF). Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con ancianos de comunidad atendidos en la ESF del municipio Barreiras, Bahía, Brasil. Entre 2017 y 2018, se recolectaron datos demográficos, sociales, económicos, condición de salud, estilo de vida, antropométricos y de consumo de alimentos. El estado nutricional se evaluó por la Mini Evaluación Nutricional (MEN) y la IA con la Escala Brasilera de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA). Además de la prueba de chi-cuadrado, se realizó una regresión logística binaria para verificar la asociación entre desnutrición e IA, ajustada para posibles factores de confusión. El nivel de significancia fue p<0,05. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 307 ancianos, con una edad media de 70,4 (±7,5 años). La prevalencia de desnutrición/riesgo de desnutrición fue de 35,2% y la de IA de 63,5%. Los hogares con adultos mayores en IA moderada/grave presentaron casi tres veces más chance (OR 2,97; IC95% 1,37-6,44) de tener desnutrición en comparación con aquellos en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. Conclusiones: El estudio apunta que existe asociación entre la IA domiciliaria y desnutrición/ riesgo de desnutrición entre los ancianos de la ESF, especialmente entre aquellos con IA severa. Este resultado atribuye a la IA un estatus de determinante de la desnutrición en ancianos en el contexto investigado(AU)

Entomopathogenic fungi and Schinus molle essential oil: The combination of two eco-friendly agents against Aedes aegypti larvae.

Aedes aegypti transmits arbovirus, which is a public health concern. Certain filamentous fungi have the potential to control the disease. Here, the effects of Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. CG 153, Beauveria bassiana s.l. CG 206 and Schinus molle L. were investigated against Aedes aegypti larvae. In addition, the effect of essential oil on fungal development was analyzed. Fungal germination was assessed after combination with essential oil at 0.0025 %, 0.0075 %, 0.005 %, or 0.01 %; all of the oil concentrations affected germination except 0.0025 % (v/v). Larvae were exposed to 0.0025 %, 0.0075 %, 0.005 %, or 0.01 % of the essential oil or Tween 80 at 0.01 %; however, only the essential oil at 0.0025 % achieved similar results as the control. Larvae were exposed to fungi at 107 conidia mL-1 alone or in combination with the essential oil at 0.0025 %. Regardless of the combination, M. anisopliae reduced the median survival time of mosquitoes more than B. bassiana. The cumulative survival of mosquitoes exposed to M. anisopliae alone or in combination with essential oil was 7.5 % and 2 %, respectively, and for B. bassiana, it was 75 % and 71 %, respectively. M. anisopliae + essential oil had a synergistic effect against larvae, whereas B. bassiana + essential oil was antagonistic. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and histopathology confirmed that the interaction of M. anisopliae was through the gut and hemocoel. In contrast, the mosquito's gut was the main route for invasion by B. bassiana. Results from gas chromatography studies demonstrated sabinene and bicyclogermacrene as the main compounds of S. molle, and the in-silico investigation found evidence that both compounds affect a wide range of biological activity. For the first time, we demonstrated the potential of S. molle and its interaction with both fungal strains against A. aegypti larvae. Moreover, for the first time, we reported that S. molle might be responsible for significant changes in larval physiology. This study provides new insights into host-pathogen interplay and contributes to a better understanding of pathogenesis in mosquitoes, which have significant consequences for biological control strategies.