Accuracy of international growth charts to assess nutritional status in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To verify, through a systematic review, the accuracy of nutritional assessment in children and adolescents using the length/height-for-age and BMI-for-age growth charts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2000), the World Health Organization (WHO) (2006/2007) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (2012). DATA SOURCE: We selected articles from the databases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), through PubMed, National Library of Medicine and The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Virtual Health Library (VHL). The following descriptors were used for the search: "Child", "Adolescent", "Nutritional Assessment", "Growth Chart", "Ethnic Groups", "Stature by age", "Body Mass Index", "Comparison", "CDC", "WHO", and "IOTF". The selected articles were assessed for quality through the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies of the NIH. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirty-three studies published between 2007 and 2020 were selected and, of these, 20 presented good quality, 12 presented fair quality and one presented poor quality. For children under five years old, the WHO length/height-for-age growth charts were shown appropriate for children from Argentina, South Africa, Brazil, Gabon, Qatar, Pakistan and the United States. For those five years old and older, the WHO BMI-for-age growth charts were accurate for the Brazilian and Canadian populations, while the IOTF growth charts were accurate for the European populations. CONCLUSIONS: There are difficulties in obtaining international growth charts for children from 5 years old and older that go along with a long period of growth, and which include genetic, cultural and socioeconomic differences of multiethnic populations who have already overcome the secular trend in height.

Overweight and Risk of Noncommunicable Diseases in Adulthood: An Analysis of NHANES IV 2015-2016.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, overweight is one of the main risk factors for Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). In this scenario, Body Mass Index (BMI) is the main tool to assess nutritional status of the adult population. AIM: To analyze the association between overweight and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and/or high blood pressure (HBP) during adulthood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used data of subjects aged between 30-64 years old from the United States National Survey of Health and Nutrition Examination (2015-2016). We calculated the risk of developing T2DM and/or HBP in adulthood using a Log-Binomial Regression model. We included sampling weights in our analysis and we adjusted it for confounding factors. RESULTS: We evaluated a total of 2,666 individuals. Overweight affected around 38% of the sample when they were 25 years old and around 70% during the interview. We found 4 factors (overweight, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and age) that were positively associated with the development of T2DM and/or HBP. Long-term overweight more than doubles the risk of developing these diseases [RR = 2.44; 95%CI: 1.92-3.09]. CONCLUSION: The incidence of T2DM and/or HBP were positively associated with the overweight in adulthood. These results suggest that the prevention of overweight could decrease NCDs prevalence into adulthood.

Concordância entre o Índice de Massa Corporal e a Mini Avaliação Nutricional em idosos / Agreement between the Body Mass Index and Mini Nutritional Assessment in elderly

Avaliar a concordância entre o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a Mini Avaliação Nutricional (MAN) para avaliação do estado nutricional de idosos. Estudo transversal, analítico descritivo, com idosos da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Avaliou-se o estado nutricional pelo IMC e pela MAN, e foi descrito o perfil sociodemográfico, de comorbidades e estilo de vida. A correlação entre os indicadores foi calculada pelo teste de Spearman e a concordância avaliada através do estimador de Bland-Altman. Segundo o IMC, 29% dos idosos apresentaram baixo peso, enquanto a MAN demonstrou que 35% estavam desnutridos ou risco de desnutrição. A MAN apresentou diferença de média de -0,29 para o IMC e correlação positiva (rho = 0,35; p = 0,01). Houve concordância entre os métodos utilizados para avaliação do estado nutricional de idosos, sendo observada elevada prevalência de baixo peso, assim como de desnutrição e risco de desnutrição.

To evaluate the agreement between the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) to assess the nutritional status of the elderly. Cross-sectional study with elderly in the Family Health Strategy program. Nutritional status was assessed using BMI and MNA, as well as the sociodemographic profile, comorbidities and lifestyle. The correlation between the indicators was calculated using the Spearman test and the agreement was assessed using the Bland-Altman estimator. According to the BMI, 29% of the elderly were underweight, while MNA demonstrated that 35% were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. MNA showed a mean difference of -0.29 for BMI and a positive correlation (rho = 0.35; p = 0.01). There was agreement between the methods used to assess the nutritional status of the elderly, with a high prevalence of underweight, as well as malnutrition and risk of malnutrition.

BRAZIL'S PROGRESS IN PROTECTING, PROMOTING AND SUPPORTING BREASTFEEDING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE GLOBAL BREASTFEEDING COLLECTIVE.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and to discuss the progress of actions for the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in Brazil from the perspective of the indicators proposed by the Global Breastfeeding Collective. DATA SOURCE: A narrative review was conducted according to the methodological orientation of the implementation research and through a qualitative approach. Publications from the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund were selected, as well as publications from the Brazilian Ministry of Health were collected from the Virtual Health Library and from the libraries of the Department of Primary Care's portal and the Brazilian's Institute of Geography and Research. DATA SYNTHESIS: Brazil has shown promising results regarding the implementation of breastfeeding protection legislation, the participation of municipalities in community breastfeeding support programs, and the continued evaluation of these programs. However, reports of breastfeeding rates have not been produced every five years and the progress of these indicators is very far from the agreed targets for 2030. There is also a need to improve the number of births in child-friendly hospitals and financial donations for breastfeeding programs. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen systematic monitoring of breastfeeding and following up current strategies to more effectively impact the breastfeeding rates in the country. Furthermore, it is suggested that the practice of donations is a pathway to be explored to support breastfeeding programs.

Brazils progress in protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding from the perspective of the global breastfeeding collective / Progressos do brasil na proteção, promoção e apoio do aleitamento materno sob a perspectiva do global breastfeeding collective

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and to discuss the progress of actions for the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding in Brazil from the perspective of the indicators proposed by the Global Breastfeeding Collective. Data source: A narrative review was conducted according to the methodological orientation of the implementation research and through a qualitative approach. Publications from the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund were selected, as well as publications from the Brazilian Ministry of Health were collected from the Virtual Health Library and from the libraries of the Department of Primary Care's portal and the Brazilian's Institute of Geography and Research. Data synthesis: Brazil has shown promising results regarding the implementation of breastfeeding protection legislation, the participation of municipalities in community breastfeeding support programs, and the continued evaluation of these programs. However, reports of breastfeeding rates have not been produced every five years and the progress of these indicators is very far from the agreed targets for 2030. There is also a need to improve the number of births in child-friendly hospitals and financial donations for breastfeeding programs. Conclusions: It is necessary to strengthen systematic monitoring of breastfeeding and following up current strategies to more effectively impact the breastfeeding rates in the country. Furthermore, it is suggested that the practice of donations is a pathway to be explored to support breastfeeding programs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e discutir o progresso das ações para a proteção e a promoção do aleitamento materno no Brasil, bem como o apoio a ele, sob a perspectiva dos indicadores propostos pelo Global Breastfeeding Collective. Fontes de dados: Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa de acordo com a orientação metodológica da pesquisa de implementação e por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa. Foram selecionadas publicações da Organização Mundial da Saúde e do Fundo das Nações Unidas para a Infância e também publicações do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil coletadas na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e nas bibliotecas do portal do Departamento da Atenção Básica e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Síntese dos dados: O Brasil tem apresentado resultados promissores com relação à implementação da legislação para proteção do aleitamento materno e à participação dos municípios nos programas comunitários de apoio ao aleitamento materno e na avaliação continuada desses programas, contudo os relatórios das taxas de aleitamento materno não têm sido produzidos a cada cinco anos, e o progresso desses indicadores está muito distante das metas pactuadas para 2030. Também há necessidade de melhoria no número de nascimentos em hospitais amigo da criança e das doações financeiras para os programas em prol da amamentação. Conclusões: É necessário o fortalecimento do monitoramento sistemático do aleitamento materno e do acompanhamento das estratégias atuais para que impactem de maneira mais efetiva nas taxas de amamentação no país. Ademais, sugere-se que a prática de doações é um caminho a ser explorado para o apoio dos programas de amamentação.

Composição corporal em mulheres: comparação entre métodos avaliativos / Comparison of methods for assessing body composition in women

INTRODUÇÃO: O excesso de peso tem aumentado significativamente na população mundial e a obesidade é, hoje, considerada um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública, podendo ser associada a diversas disfunções como diabetes mellitus, doenças cardiovasculares e cânceres. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a composição corporal de mulheres pelos métodos de antropometria e bioimpedância elétrica e analisar a fórmula para estimativa de gordura corporal com melhor concordância e correlação com a bioimpedância elétrica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 48 mulheres não gestantes. Avaliou-se o Índice de Massa Corporal, o Índice de Adiposidade Corporal, a Circunferência da Cintura, a Razão Cintura-Quadril, e o percentual de gordura corporal por bioimpedância elétrica e por seis equações através de dobras cutâneas. RESULTADOS: O índice de adiposidade corporal apresenta diferença de média de 0,61 para a bioimpedância e correlação positiva, rho = 0,70; 0,89; e 0,74 para os indicadores: bioimpedância, índice de massa corporal e circunferência da cintura, respectivamente. DISCUSSÃO: O índice de adiposidade corporal foi o método com menor viés de concordância comparado à bioimpedância, e com correlação positiva significativa para indicadores recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde na predição de obesidade corporal e visceral, reforçando resultados encontrados em outros estudos. CONCLUSÃO: Para uso em mulheres não gestantes o índice de adiposidade corporal mostrou-se adequado para aplicação, uma vez que se trata de um método prático, não invasivo e de baixo custo. Entretanto, são necessários mais estudos para aplicação na população geral e em pesquisas epidemiológicas

INTRODUCTION: The overweight has been increased in the past years. Nowadays, obesity is one of the biggest public health issues, and it is associated with several dysfunctions such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the body composition in women through anthropometric formulas and bioelectrical impedance analysis. METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study with 48 non-pregnant women. Body Mass Index, Body Adiposity Index, Waist Circumference, Waist-Hip Ratio, and percentage of body fat by six skinfolds equations and bioelectrical impedance were calculated. RESULTS: The body adiposity index presented a mean difference of 0.61 from bioelectrical impedance analysis and its showed positive correlation, rho = 0.70; 0.89; and 0.74 for the indicators of bioimpedance, body mass index and waist circumference, respectively. DISCUSSION: The body adiposity presented the lower value of bias compared to bioelectrical impedance analysis, and it showed a positive association to the indicators recommended for the World Health Organization to predict obesity. Also, it presented similar results to other studies. CONCLUSION: The body adiposity index was adequate to be applied in non-pregnant women, because it is a practical, non-invasive and a low-cost method. However, it is necessary more studies for its use in the whole population and in epidemiological studies

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