[Outpatient thoracic surgery: Evolution of the indications, current applications and limits]. / Chirurgie thoracique ambulatoire : évolution des indications, applications actuelles et limites.

The objectives of outpatient surgery are to reduce the risks connected to hospitalization, to improve postoperative recovery and to decrease the health costs. Few studies have been performed in the field of thoracic surgery and there remains great scope for progress in outpatient lung surgery. The purpose of this article is to present a revue of the current situation and the prospects for the development of out patient thoracic surgery.

Intensity of swimming exercise influences aortic reactivity in rats

Exercise is known to cause a vasodilatory response; however, the correlation between the vasorelaxant response and different training intensities has not been investigated. Therefore, this study evaluated the vascular reactivity and lipid peroxidation after different intensities of swimming exercise in rats. Male Wistar rats (aged 8 weeks; 250-300 g) underwent forced swimming for 1 h whilst tied to loads of 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8% of their body weight, respectively (groups G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8, respectively; n=5 each). Immediately after the test, the aorta was removed and suspended in an organ bath. Cumulative relaxation in response to acetylcholine (10−12-10−4 M) and contraction in response to phenylephrine (10−12-10−5 M) were measured. Oxidative stress was estimated by determining malondialdehyde concentration. The percentages of aorta relaxation were significantly higher in G3 (7.9±0.20), G4 (7.8±0.29), and G5 (7.9±0.21), compared to the control group (7.2±0.04), while relaxation in the G6 (7.4±0.25) and G8 (7.0±0.06) groups was similar to the control group. In contrast, the percentage of contraction was significantly higher in G6 (8.8 ±0.1) and G8 (9.7±0.29) compared to the control (7.1±0.1), G3 (7.3±0.2), G4 (7.2±0.1) and G5 (7.2±0.2%) groups. Lipid peroxidation levels in the aorta were similar to control levels in G3, G4 and G5, but higher in G6 and G8, and significantly higher in G8 (one-way ANOVA). These results indicate a reduction in vasorelaxing activity and an increase in contractile activity in rat aortas after high-intensity exercise, followed by an increase in lipid peroxidation.

Comparative in vitro effect of TiF4 to NaF and potassium oxalate on reduction of dentin hydraulic conductance.

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is related to an increase in dentin permeability. This study tested the effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) compared with sodium fluoride (NaF) and potassium oxalate gel on reducing hydraulic conductance (Lp) from the perspective of diminishing dentin permeability. The Lp of the dentin disks (1.0 ± 0.2 mm) was evaluated using Flodec. The maximum Lp values of each disk were taken after phosphoric acid etching (15 seconds) and randomly allocated to seven groups (n=8) according to the treatments. The minimum (smear layer) and the maximum (after acid etching) Lp values were recorded. Treatments were performed for 4 minutes as follows: 1) NaF varnish 2) and solution (2.45% F, pH 5.0), 3) TiF4 varnish and 4) solution (2.45% F, pH 1.0), 5) 3% potassium oxalate gel, 6) free fluoride varnish (placebo, pH 5.0), 7) and no treatment (control). The Lp after each treatment was assessed. Samples were exposed to an erosive challenge (6% citric acid, pH 2.1, 1 minute), and the final Lp was recorded. The data were statistically analyzed using repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (p<0.05). All treatments were effective in reducing dentin Lp compared with the control immediately after the application. However, only potassium oxalate and NaF varnish significantly differed from placebo varnish (p<0.0001). The same results were found after the erosive challenge. Therefore, the TiF4 was less effective than the NaF varnish and potassium oxalate gel in reducing dentin permeability. Using this experimental model, both NaF varnish and potassium oxalate gel reduced the Lp similarly to the presence of smear layer.

Efeito da ingestão de taurina no desempenho físico: uma revisão sistemática / Effect of taurine intake on physical performance: a systematic review

Objetivo. Presentar los efectos de la taurina (Tau) en la capacidad aeróbica y anaeróbica, además de describir sus mecanismos de acción. Método. Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura en las bases de datos PubMed/Medline y SportDiscus, teniendo como criterios de inclusión estudios con humanos, publicados en lengua inglesa, entre el 1 de enero de 2000 hasta el 1 de septiembre de 2011. La manera de consumo de Tau fue: Tau aislada o como ingrediente de bebidas energéticas evaluada con un suplemento placebo. La calidad de los estudios seleccionados fue valorada por la escala de PEDro siendo considerados los artículos con puntuaciones por encima de 5. Resultados. Fueron seleccionados 14 estudios, siendo 11 los que obtuvieron cambios en la capacidad física aeróbica y 3 en la anaeróbica. Se observaron mejoras significativas en las actividades aeróbicas (8 de los 11 artículos) de igual manera que en las anaeróbicas (2 de los 3 estudios) tras ingesta de Tau frente a placebo. Conclusión. El consumo agudo de apenas 1 g de Tau, independiente del tiempo previo de ingesta presentó un efecto positivo frente la capacidad física aeróbica y anaeróbica. El principal efecto ergogénico que se observó en el componente aerobio fue aumentar la capacidad temporal para realizar un ejercicio, sin embargo en la actividad anaerobia proporcionó una mejora en la respuesta de los iones de calcio durante la contracción muscular(AU)

Objective. Describe the effects of taurine (Tau) on aerobic and anaerobic physical performance as well as its mechanisms of action. Method. A systematic literature review on PubMed/Medline and SPORTDiscus was performed, including studies on humans which were published in English between January 1st, 2000 and September 1st, 2011.The forms of Tau intake were as the isolated compound (Tau) or as an ingredient in energy drinks analyzed with a placebo supplement. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the PEDro scale and included articles with at least 5 points. Results. After the filtering process, 14 studies were selected from which 11 presented changes in aerobic physical performance and 3 in anaerobic physical performance. Significant improvements were observed in aerobic activities (8 out of 11 articles) and in anaerobic activities (2 out of 3 studies) after intake of Tau, compared to the placebo. Conclusion. The consumption of only 1 g of Tau, regardless of the time prior to intake, showed a beneficial effect on aerobic and anaerobic physical performance. The main ergogenic effect observed in the aerobic component was an increase on the temporal capacity of performing an exercise, whereas for the anaerobic activity there was a better response of calcium ions during muscle contraction(AU)

Avaliação da temperatura da pele durante o exercício através da termografia infravermelha: uma revisão sistemática / Evaluation of skin temperature during exercise by infrared thermography: a systematic review

Objetivo. Describir los cambios en la temperatura de la piel (Tp) durante el ejercicio registrado por medio de termografía infrarroja. Método. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura utilizando los términos ejercicio y termografía en las bases de datos de MEDLINE/PubMed, IEEEXplore y SciELO teniendo como principales factores de inclusión, estudios con humanos sin ningún tipo de problema físico o metabólico. Resultados. Tras el proceso de exclusión, fueron seleccionados ocho artículos. La Tp tiende a disminuir al inicio del ejercicio, de manera que su magnitud depende de la duración e intensidad de la actividad propuesta. En ejercicios con carga progresiva se observa una continua reducción de la Tp en comparación con los valores de reposo. Sin embargo, en ejercicios prolongados, la Tp puede variar según la región corporal evaluada con reducción, mantenimiento o incluso un aumento térmico, como sucede en las principales regiones musculares involucradas en el ejercicio. La Tp presenta respuestas específicas durante el ejercicio en función de la región corporal y la necesidad de pérdida de calor. Conclusión. La Tp disminuye en la fase inicial del ejercicio. La manera de realizar el ejercicio de perfil máximo o submáximo determina la respuesta de la Tp. No existe una respuesta homogénea en la Tp entre las diferentes regiones corporales, demostrando así la extremada complejidad del proceso de control de la temperatura central. Consecuentemente, la termografía infrarroja puede ser un valioso instrumento para hacer un seguimiento tanto de la respuesta térmica local como de la general(AU)

Objective. To describe the changes on Skin Temperature (Tsk) during exercise through Infrared Thermography. Method. A systematic review of the current literature was made, using the keywords "exercise" and "thermography" on the database MEDLINE/PubMed, IEEEXplore and SciELO. The research was made including the articles done with healthy humans without any physical or metabolic impairment. Results. After the exclusion process eight articles were selected. Tsk was has the tendency to decrease at the beginning of the exercise, depending on the duration and intensity of the task. In graded exercises a continuous reduction on Tsk was observed. Nevertheless, a bigger duration could lead to different thermal responses depending on the body area: reduction, maintenance or even an increase on the main regions involved on the exercise. Tsk has specific thermal responses depending on the body region and the heat loss necessities. Conclusion. Tsk decreases during the early stages of exercise. The thermal response will depend on the way of doing the maximal or submaximal exercise. There is a heterogeneous thermal response of Tsk between the different body regions, showing the extremely complexity of body temperature control. Therefore, Infrared Thermography could be a valuable tool in order to monitor both the local or the main thermal responses(AU)

[Lung volume reduction surgery for emphysema and bullous pulmonary emphysema]. / Chirurgie de réduction volumique et des bulles géantes dans l'emphysème pulmonaire.

The improvement of respiratory symptoms for emphysematous patients by surgery is a concept that has evolved over time. Initially used for giant bullae, this surgery was then applied to patients with diffuse microbullous emphysema. The physiological and pathological concepts underlying these surgical procedures are the same in both cases: improve respiratory performance by reducing the high intrapleural pressure. The functional benefit of lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) in the severe diffuse emphysema has been validated by the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) and the later studies which allowed to identify prognostic factors. The quality of the clinical, morphological and functional data made it possible to develop recommendations now widely used in current practice. Surgery for giant bullae occurring on little or moderately emphysematous lung is often a simpler approach but also requires specialised support to optimize its results.

[Lung cancer before 40 years and after 80 years: surgical aspects]. / Cancer du poumon avant 40 ans et après 80 ans.

Lung cancer rarely affects patients at the extreme ages of life. However, changes in epidemiology and therapy led us to review characteristics of both these younger and older populations. We retrospectively reviewed epidemiologic, clinical and pathological characteristics of patients aged 40 years or less (group 1, n=113) and 80 years or more (group 2, n=78) who underwent surgery between 1983 and 2003. Carcinoid tumors were more frequent in the group 1 (n=59 vs 5). Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occurrence rates decreased with time in group 1, whereas increasing rates were observed in group 2 (p=0.0017). Concomitant diseases were significantly more frequent in group 2. The pneumonectomy rates of non small cell lung cancer were the same in each group (group 1, 35.5%; group 2, 34.8%). Five-year survival rates were better in group 1 (58.9% vs 30%, p=0.0048). No 5-year survival was observed for N2 disease in group 2 and mortality unrelated to cancer was more frequent in this group. Otherwise, both groups were similar except for higher rates of adenocarcinomas in group 1. Lung cancer is more and more frequent in the octogenarians. Surgery remains the best treatment in this population except in case of stage III due to N2 involvement.