A Tomato-Free Period Delays and Reduces Begomovirus Disease in Processing Tomato Fields in a Complex Agroecosystem in Central Brazil.

A mandatory tomato-free period (TFP) was implemented in the state of Goiás, Brazil, in 2007 to help manage diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. The impact of the TFP was examined in five locations across three states in Central Brazil from 2013 to 2016. Surveys revealed significant differences in begomovirus disease incidence among locations, i.e., low in Guaíra-TFP and Patos de Minas-TFP; moderate-high in Itaberaí-TFP and Morrinhos-TFP; and high in the non-TFP (NTFP) control, Cristalina-NTFP. PCR tests and DNA sequencing were used to validate the symptoms and showed that all collected symptomatic plant samples were infected with tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV), a common indigenous bipartite begomovirus. Early season surveys (20 to 40 days after transplants [DAT]) in Itaberaí-TFP and Morrinhos-TFP revealed significantly less begomovirus disease in fields established sooner after the TFP (0 to 2 months) compared with incidences in (i) equivalent early planted fields in the Cristalina-NTFP control and (ii) fields established longer after the end of the TFP (>2 to 5 months). Whitefly infestation of crops was detected year-round in all locations and years, and all tested adults were classified in the Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 cryptic species. Infestation levels were significantly higher during the summer but did not vary significantly among locations. Results of monthly monitoring of adult whiteflies for general begomovirus and ToSRV were positively correlated and were indicators of disease incidence in the field. Notably, ToSRV was not detected in whiteflies collected from nontomato plants during the TFP, and there was a longer lag period before detection in whiteflies collected from processing tomatoes for Itaberaí-TFP and Morrinhos-TFP compared with Cristalina-NTFP. Taken together with the low levels of ToSRV infection detected in potential nontomato reservoir hosts at all locations, our results revealed low levels of primary inoculum during the TFP. Thus, even in a complex agroecosystem with year-round whitefly infestation of crops, the TFP was beneficial due to delayed and reduced begomovirus disease pressure during a critical stage of plant development (first month) and for favoring low levels of primary inoculum. Thus, we concluded that the TFP should be part of a regional integrated pest management (IPM) program targeting ToSRV in Brazil.

Evidence of Spread of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Mediated by Internal Transportation of Ornamental Plants in Brazil.

Two Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED), are major pests that are dispersed throughout the world. While MEAM1 was introduced in Brazil in the 1990s, MED was reported recently with limited spread. Here, a survey was performed to examine whether MED whiteflies are widely present in the Federal District region, in central Brazil. Whiteflies were collected in various locations in the Federal District and surroundings between 2018 and 2020, including garden centers and small- and large-scale farms. The species were identified using RFLPand sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I subunit gene region. Out of 108 whitefly batches, 63.89% were composed exclusively by MEAM1, followed by 16.67% presenting only MED, and another 7.40% containing unidentified whitefly species (NI). Plant varieties serving as hosts for more than one whitefly species were observed in 12.04% of the samples, either by MEAM1/MED, MEAM1/NI, or MED/NI. This study highlights the still limited presence of MED in the Federal District and surroundings, predominantly in garden centers and in the green belt of Brasília, closer to urban areas. In contrast, only MEAM1 was identified in large-scale cultivated areas.

Rett syndrome: the Brazilian contribution to the gene discovery / Síndrome de Rett: a contribuição brasileira para a descoberta do gene

ABSTRACT A brief history of the syndrome discovered by Andreas Rett is reported in this paper. Although having been described in 1966, the syndrome was only recognized by the international community after a report by Hagberg et al. in 1983. Soon, its importance was evident as a relatively frequent cause of severe encephalopathy among girls. From the beginning it was difficult to explain the absence of male patients and the almost total predominance of sporadic cases (99%), with very few familial cases. For these reasons, it was particularly difficult to investigate this condition until 1997, when a particular Brazilian family greatly helped in the final discovery of the gene, and in the clarification of its genetic mechanism. Brief references are made to the importance of the MECP2 gene, 18 years later, as well as to its role in synaptogenesis and future prospects.

RESUMO Uma breve história de uma síndrome neurológica descoberta por Andreas Rett é relatada neste artigo. Embora tenha ocorrido em 1966, a síndrome só foi reconhecida pela comunidade internacional após um relato de Hagberget al, em 1983. Logo, sua importância ficou evidente como causa relativamente frequente de encefalopatia grave entre as crianças do sexo feminino. Desde o início, foi difícil explicar a ausência de envolvimento de pacientes do sexo masculino e a quase absoluta preponderância de casos esporádicos (99%), com muitos poucos casos familiares. Por essas razões, foi difícil investigar essa condição até 1997, quando uma família brasileira em particular ajudou muito na descoberta final do gene e no esclarecimento de seu mecanismo genético. São feitas referências sucintas à importância do gene MECP2, dezoito anos depois, bem como ao seu papel na sinaptogênese e nas perspectivas futuras.

Rett syndrome: the Brazilian contribution to the gene discovery.

OBJECTIVE: A brief history of the syndrome discovered by Andreas Rett is reported in this paper. METHODS: Although having been described in 1966, the syndrome was only recognized by the international community after a report by Hagberg et al. in 1983. Soon, its importance was evident as a relatively frequent cause of severe encephalopathy among girls. CONCLUSION: From the beginning it was difficult to explain the absence of male patients and the almost total predominance of sporadic cases (99%), with very few familial cases. For these reasons, it was particularly difficult to investigate this condition until 1997, when a particular Brazilian family greatly helped in the final discovery of the gene, and in the clarification of its genetic mechanism. RESULTS: Brief references are made to the importance of the MECP2 gene, 18 years later, as well as to its role in synaptogenesis and future prospects.

Productive performance of soybean cultivars grown in different plant densities / Desempenho produtivo de cultivares de soja cultivadas em diferentes densidades de plantas

ABSTRACT: Plants density in soybean cultivation is an important management practice to achieve high grain yield. In this way, the objective was to evaluate the agronomic traits and grain yield in soybean in different plant densities, in two locations in the south of Minas Gerais. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, arranged in a split plot design, with three replications. Plots were composed of four population densities (300, 400, 500 and 600 thousand plants per hectare) and the subplots were composed of six cultivars (‘BMX Força RR’, ‘CD 250 RR’, ‘FMT 08 - 60.346/1’, ‘NA 5909 RR’, ‘TMG 7161 RR’ and ‘V - TOP RR’) grown in Lavras and Inconfidentes, both in Minas Gerais. At the time of harvest was determined the plant height, lodging, insertion of the first pod, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of grains, number of grains per pod and yield. Regardless of the soybean cultivar, the plant density of up to 600,000 per ha does not affect grain yield, plant height, lodging, harvest index, and number of grains per pod. The cultivars ‘V-TOP RR’ and ‘BMX FORÇA RR’ showed high grain yield and good agronomic traits in Lavras and Incofidentes.

RESUMO: A densidade de plantas no cultivo de soja é uma prática de manejo relevante para o alcance de alta produtividade de grãos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os caracteres agronômicos e produtividade dos grãos na soja em diferentes densidades de plantas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, dispostos em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro densidades populacionais (300, 400, 500 e 600 mil plantas por hectare) e, as subparcelas foram compostas por seis cultivares (‘BMX Força RR’, ‘CD 250 RR’, ‘FMT 08 - 60.346/1’, ‘NA 5909 RR’, ‘TMG 7161 RR’ e ‘V - TOP RR’) cultivados em Lavras e Incofidentes, ambos em Minas Gerais. Na ocasião da colheita determinou-se a altura de plantas, o acamamento, a inserção do primeiro legume, o índice de colheita, o número de vagens por planta, o número de grãos, o número de grãos por vagem e a produtividade. Independentemente da cultivar de soja, a densidade de plantas de até 600.000 por ha, não afeta o rendimento de grãos, altura da planta, acamamento, índice de colheita e número de grãos por vagem. As cultivares ‘V-TOP RR’ e ‘BMX FORÇA RR’ apresentaram alto rendimento de grãos e boas características agronômicas em Lavras e Incofidentes.

Screening for Cronobacter species in powdered and reconstituted infant formulas and from equipment used in formula preparation in maternity hospitals.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cronobacter spp. have been identified as being of considerable risk to neonates. The occurrence of organisms in infant formulas is therefore of considerable interest. METHODS: The occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in infant feeds (formulas and fortified cow's milk) was determined using most probable number (MPN) analysis, and from formula preparation utensils. Ninety-nine samples were analyzed, of which 42 were unopened cans of powdered infant formula (PIF), 25 reconstituted infant formulas in feeding bottles, 27 utensils used in the preparation of infant formula and 5 samples of fortified cow's milk. Presumptive Cronobacter spp. isolates were identified using the 7 allele multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme. RESULTS: C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus and C. muytjensii were recovered from PIF. Although the incidence of Cronobacter in PIF was 29% (12/42), the level was low with an average of 0.54 MPN/100 g. According to MLST profiling, C. sakazakii was the most frequently isolated Cronobacter species, and C. sakazakii ST4 (associated with neonatal meningitis) was recovered from 2/42 PIF samples at 0.51 and 0.92 MPN/100 g. CONCLUSIONS: Cronobacter spp. can be isolated from PIF and therefore strict hygienic practices during PIF preparation are important to minimize neonate exposure and reduce the risk of severe infections.

The biodiversity of Aspergillus section Flavi in brazil nuts: from rainforest to consumer.

A total of 288 brazil nut samples (173 kernel and 115 shell) from the Amazon rainforest region and São Paulo State, Brazil were collected at different stages of brazil nut production. Samples were analysed for: percentages of aflatoxigenic fungal species and potential for aflatoxin production and presence of aflatoxins. Aspergillus nomius was the most common species found (1235 isolates) which amounted to 30% of the total species with potential to produce aflatoxins. This species is of concern since 100% of all isolates produced aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2). Aspergillus flavus was almost equally common (1212 isolates) although only 46% produced aflatoxins under laboratory conditions, and only aflatoxins B(1) and B(2). Low number of other species with the potential to produce aflatoxins was isolated: Aspergillus arachidicola and Aspergillus bombycis produced B and G aflatoxins whilst Aspergillus pseudotamarii produced only aflatoxin B(1). The total aflatoxin levels found in samples taken from the rainforests was 0.7 µg/kg, from processing plants before and after sorting 8.0 and 0.1 µg/kg respectively, from street markets in the Amazon region 6.3 µg/kg and from supermarkets in São Paulo State 0.2 µg/kg. Processing, which included manual or mechanical sorting and drying at 60°C for 30 to 36 h, eliminated on average more than 98% of total aflatoxins. These results showed that sorting is a very effective way to decrease aflatoxin content in brazil nuts.

Determination of aflatoxins in by-products of industrial processing of cocoa beans.

This study has examined the occurrence of aflatoxins in 168 samples of different fractions obtained during the processing of cocoa in manufacturing plants (shell, nibs, mass, butter, cake and powder) using an optimised methodology for cocoa by-products. The method validation was based on selectivity, linearity, limit of detection and recovery. The method was shown to be adequate for use in quantifying the contamination of cocoa by aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2). Furthermore, the method was easier to use than other methods available in the literature. For aflatoxin extraction from cocoa samples, a methanol-water solution was used, and then immunoaffinity columns were employed for clean-up before the determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. A survey demonstrated a widespread occurrence of aflatoxins in cocoa by-products, although in general the levels of aflatoxins present in the fractions from industrial processing of cocoa were low. A maximum aflatoxin contamination of 13.3 ng g(-1) was found in a nib sample. The lowest contamination levels were found in cocoa butter. Continued monitoring of aflatoxins in cocoa by-products is nevertheless necessary because these toxins have a high toxicity to humans and cocoa is widely consumed by children through cocoa-containing products, like candies.

High incidence of enterotoxin D producing Staphylococcus spp. in Brazilian cow's raw milk and its relation with coagulase and thermonuclease enzymes.

In this study, the enterotoxigenic potential of Staphylococcus strains (n = 574) isolated from raw milk samples (n = 140) was determined for their capacity to produce staphylococcal enterotoxins. In addition, the relationship between the presence of enterotoxins, coagulase, and thermonuclease (Tnase) was assessed. The results showed that 19% of Staphylococcus was enterotoxigenic, being able to produce at least one of the staphylococcal enterotoxins (A, B, C, and D). Most of the strains were able to produce enterotoxin D (68.8%), whereas 12.8% of the Staphylococcus strains were able to produce staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Besides, the production of more than one type of enterotoxins by the same strain was observed. Tnase was considered the best marker for enterotoxigenic potential of isolates, although some of them were negative for coagulase and Tnase but positive for enterotoxin production. Therefore, either the use of Tnase to assess Staphylococcus enterotoxigenic potential or the use of simple and easy screening tests for enterotoxin production should receive more attention when evaluating the pathogenic potential of foodborne Staphylococcus strains. Due to the association of both coagulase positive Staphylococcus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus with foodborne disease outbreaks, regulators and industries should pay more attention to enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus rather than focusing only on S. aureus or coagulase positive Staphylococcus. Finally, data found here suggest a high risk of staphylococcal intoxication with the consumption of raw milk or dairy products made from raw milk.

Behavior and enterotoxin production by coagulase negative Staphylococcus in cooked ham, reconstituted skimmed milk, and confectionery cream.

In this study, the behavior and enterotoxin production by 10 different coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS) strains inoculated in cooked ham, reconstituted skimmed milk, and confectionery cream in the presence or absence of background microbiota have been investigated. After inoculation (103 CFU/g), foods were incubated at 25, 30, and 37 °C and aerobic mesophilic and CNS counts were carried out at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) detection was performed by SET-RPLA (Oxoid, Basingstoke, U.K.) and mini-Vidas® (bioMérieux, La Balme les Grottes, France). CNS counts increased during incubation and approached 106 to 107 CFU/g after 12 h at 37 °C in the 3 foods studied. At 25 °C, counts reached 106 to 107 CFU/g only after 24 to 48 h. The interference of background microbiota on CNS behavior was only observed when they grew in sliced cooked ham, which presented a high initial total count (105 CFU/g). Significantly higher counts of CNS isolated from raw cow's milk in comparison with food handlers isolates were found in reconstituted milk and confectionery cream. Although CNS strains were able to produce SEA, SEB, and SED in culture media, in foods, in the presence or absence of background microbiota S. chromogenes LE0598 was the only strain able to produce SEs. Despite the scarcity of reports on CNS involvement with foodborne disease outbreaks, the results found here support the CNS growth and SE production in foods even in the presence of background microbiota and may affect food safety.

Cultivares, doses de fertilizantes e densidades de semeadura no cultivo de milho safrinha / Corn responses to fertilizer rates and sowing densities

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o desempenho de cinco cultivares de milho submetidas a três densidades de semeadura e duas doses de fertilizantes em Lavras, MG. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, sendo dois em 2004 e dois em 2005. Em cada experimento as cinco cultivares (GNZ2005, AG9010, P3041, AG7000 e DKB350) foram avaliadas em três densidades de semeadura (45.000, 55.000 e 65.000 plantas ha-1) e em duas doses de fertilizantes ( alta dose - 400 kg ha-1 de 08-28-16 + 0,5% Zn, e 90 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura e baixa dose - 200 kg ha-1 de 08-28-16 + 0,5% Zn, e 45 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura). Utilizou-se o delineamento blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial, com três repetições. A produtividade de grãos das cultivares foi influenciada apenas pelo ano de avaliação e pela interação anos versus cultivares. As doses de fertilizantes e as densidades de semeadura não influenciaram a produtividade de grãos das cultivares. Há cultivares mais adaptadas às condições de cultivo de milho safrinha na região. No primeiroano de avaliação, as cultivares DKB 350 e AG 9010 e AG 7000 foram as que apresentaram o melhor desempenho enquanto que no ano de 2005 foram a DKB 350, e GNZ 2005. A adoção da maior dose de fertilizantes não proporciona incrementos significativos na produtividade de grãos de milho, porém provoca redução na porcentagem de plantasacamadas e quebradas. A densidade de 55.000 plantas ha-1 proporciona a maior produtividade de grãos.

This work had the aim of evaluating responses of five corn cultivars to three sowing densities, fertilized with two fertilizer doses, in Lavras, MG, Brazil. Four experiments were carried out, being two in 2004 and two in 2005. Five cultivars (GNZ2005, AG9010, P3041, AG7000, and DKB350) were grown at three sowing densities (45,000; 55,000, and 65,000 plants ha-1) and in a fertilizer dose (high dose - 400 kg ha-1 of 08-28-16 + 0.5% Zn, and 90 kg ha-1 N in top dressing or in lower doses - 200 kg ha-1 of 08- 28-16 + 0.5% Zn, and 45 kg ha-1 N in top dressing) in each experiment. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial scheme with three replications. Higher grain yield was promoted by 55,000 plants ha-1 when compared to the other densities; highrates of fertilizers did not promote increase in corn grain yield; the DKB 350, AG 9010, and AG 7000 cultivars showed better performance when compared to the other cultivars tested. Performances of all cultivars were similar regarding the rates of fertilizersand densities, with differences among growing seasons.

Perfil de contaminação por Staphylococcus e suas enterotoxinas e monitorização das condições de higiene em uma linha de produção de queijo de coalho / Contamination profile for staphylococci and its enterotoxins and monitorization of the conditions of hygiene in a ‘coalho' cheese production line

Avaliou-se o perfil de contaminação por Staphylococcus e suas enterotoxinas e monitorou-se as condições de higiene em uma linha de produção de queijo de coalho por meio da técnica de bioluminescência (ATP). A população de Staphylococcus sp. variou de <1UFC mL-1, no leite pasteurizado a 1,5 x 10(7)UFC mL-1 no leite cru, enquanto que a de Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva oscilou entre <1UFC mL-1 no leite pasteurizado e 5,0 x 10(6)UFC mL-1 no leite cru. Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva foi detectada em 100 por cento (25/25) das amostras de leite cru e em 8 por cento (2/25) das amostras de queijos. Foram identificadas 12 espécies de Staphylococcus entre os 68 isolados selecionados, sendo nove coagulase negativa e três coagulase-positiva. No leite cru observou-se alta freqüência de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, principalmente S. aureus, enquanto que em leite pasteurizado, coalhada e queijo verificou-se alta freqüência de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa e baixa freqüência de Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva. A presença de enterotoxina estafilocócica foi constatada em 20 por cento das amostras de leite cru e, conseqüentemente, também foi detectada no leite pasteurizado, na coalhada e no queijo produzido. A dosagem de ATP permitiu avaliar o estado de higienização das superfícies, o qual foi considerado: adequado em 62,1 por cento (36/95), "estado de alerta" em 23,2 por cento (22/95) e inadequado em 14,7 por cento (14/95) das superfícies. A detecção de espécies de Staphylococcus com potencial enterotoxigênico e a presença de enterotoxinas revelam a disseminação da contaminação na linha de produção do queijo de coalho provavelmente devido a falhas na aplicação das Boas Práticas de Fabricação desde a obtenção da matéria-prima até a produção final do queijo.

This research aimed to evaluate the contamination by staphylococci and its enterotoxins as well as to monitor the conditions of hygiene from a coalho cheese production line, using ATP bioluminescence assay. Staphylococcus sp. population varied from <1CFU mL-1, in pasteurized milk to 1.5 x 107CFU mL-1, in raw milk, whereas coagulase-positive staphylococci count ranged from <1CFU mL-1, in pasteurized milk to 5.0 x 106CFU mL-1 in raw milk. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were detected in 100 percent (25/25) of the raw milk samples and in 8 percent (2/25) of cheese samples. Twelve Staphylococcus species were identified within the selected 68 isolates, being nine negative and three positive for coagulase. Raw milk samples showed a high rate of coagulase-positive, being S. aureus the most common, whereas other product samples and equipment surfaces, pieces of furniture, utensils and manipulator gloves samples presented a high frequency of coagulase-negative and low frequency of coagulase-positive. Staphylococcal enterotoxin was detected in 20 percent of the raw milk samples and therefore in pasteurized milk, curd and cheese. ATP measurement permitted to assess the effectiveness of the surfaces cleaning, being considered adequate in 62.1 percent (36/95), "alert state" in 23.2 percent (22/95) and inadequate in 14.7 percent (14/95) of surfaces evaluated. Detection of staphylococci species with enterotoxigenic potential as well as enterotoxin presence reveal dissemination of contamination at the "coalho" cheese production line, possibly due inappropriate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) from the initial milking step until the final cheese production.

Staphylococcus enterotoxigênicos em leite e produtos lácteos, suas enterotoxinas e genes associados: revisão / Enterotoxigenic Sataphylococcus in milk and dairy products, its enterotoxins and related genes: review

Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo relatar estudos sobre a ocorrência de Staphylococcus enterotoxigênicos e suas enterotoxinas em leite e produtos lácteos, surtos e casos esporádicos de intoxicação, tipos de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas e seus genes codificadores. Dentre o gênero Staphylococcus , S. aureus é a espécie contaminante de maior prevalência em leite e queijos, principalmente queijos artesanais e está frequentemente associada com surtos de intoxicação alimentar. As vias de contaminação de queijos podem ser o leite, o manipulador e o ambiente de processamento. Causa relevante de contaminação do leite cru é a mastite bovina, que tem S. aureus como o principal agente etiológico. Já foram identificados 18 tipos de enterotoxinas (A, B, C 1,2,3 D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,e U) edescritos seus respectivos genes. Relatos de ocorrência de cepas coagulases negativa com potencial enterotoxigênico em leite e produtos lácteos indicam a necessidade de reavaliação dos padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira.

Estafilococos coagulase negativa: potenciais patógenos em alimentos / Coagulase negative: potential pathogens in food

A presença de estafilococos em alimentos pode levar à contaminação dos mesmos com enterotoxinas produzidas por esses microrganismos. Tais enterotoxinas quando ingeridas podem levar ao desenvolvimento de intoxicação alimentar. É necessário considerar que não apenas S. aureus, mas também espécies coagulase positiva e negativa podem produzir enterotoxinas e, assim, representarem perigo quando presentes em alimentos.

Análises microbiológicas de manga, cultivar Palmer, congelada e minimamente processada / Microbiological analysis of mangifera, cultivate Palmer, frozen and minimally prosecuted

Na sociedade moderna a economia de tempo e incorporação de hábitos saudáveis, na vida cotidiana, tornaram-se fundamentais. E são esse, entre outros, fatores que explicam o crescente consumo de vegetais minimamente processados, produtos alimentícios que, especificamente, no Brasil são de recente introdução, datando de meados da década de 90. Sabe-se que para a garantia da segurança e qualidade de gêneros alimentícios concorrem vários fatores, e que merece especial atenção, é a microbiota presente no alimento. No caso de frutas minimamente processadas a composição microbiológica é influenciada pela existência natural de uma microbiota habitante de vegetais, composta principalmente por fungos devido ao baixo pH e elevados teores de carboidratos dessas frutas. Além disso, a manipulação e as condições de armazenamento do produto podem introduzir microorganismos, até mesmo patogênicos, e/ou favorecer crescimento destes. No presente trabalho foram realizadas análises de mesófilos aeróbios totais, fungos (filamentosos e leveduras), coliformes totais e fecais em manga, cultivar Palmer, congelada e minimamente processada ambas em estádio de maturação maduro. As análises da manga minimamente processada, conservada sob temperatura de 10ºC, foram realizadas a cada dois dias durante 12 dias, verificando-se crescimento elevado da microbiota associada ao produto. Quanto às amostras congeladas, foram realizadas análises mensais durante seis meses. Nestas amostras o crescimento microbiano foi eficientemente inibido pelas baixas temperaturas, já que as contagens foram muito inferiores àqueles obtidas para o produto minimamente processado.

Importância da enumeraçäo rápida de bactérias patogênicas em vegetais folhosos minimamente processados: uma análise / Importance of rapid methods for detection of microbial development in vegetables minimally processed

Produtos minimamente processados säo preparados em uma ou mais etapas de operaçäo, como o descascamento, o corte, a raspagem, a lavagem, a picagem e a higienizaçäo, dentre outras. Assim denominados por preservarem ao máximo suas características originais, preservando inalterados o sabor e frescor, säo normalmente associados à "idéia" de qualidade superior. Atualmente, a busca por uma alimentaçäo mais saudável, vem sendo associada ao consumo de produtos que näo tenham sofrido alteraçöes e está intrinsecamente ligada a questöes como a mudança nos hábitos alimentares dos consumidores, para a prevençäo de doenças. A procura por alimentos frescos, saudáveis e nutritivos provocou um incremento na demanda de frutas e hortaliças minimamente processadas. No Brasil, esse nicho de mercado começou a ser explorado à partir de 1994 e, já em 1995, o volume consumido no varejo cresceu 68,9 por cento. Esse tipo de alimento movimentou em 1996 algo ao redor de R$400 milhöes em vendas. O produto minimamente processado está fortemente atrelado ao conceito de alimento "pronto-para-consumo", ready-to-eat, ou seja, trata-se de um alimento oferecido embalado onde uma ou mais etapas de seu processamento já foram executadas, que sofreram algum tipo de beneficiamento e säo disponibilizados para consumo direto, in natura. A qualidade final desses alimentos deve ser assegurada, sendo que, controles essenciais à manutençäo da qualidade desejada, devem monitorar desde os tratamentos preliminares, na fase de pós-colheita, bem como os demais procedimentos adotados em fases posteriores com a limpeza, desinfecçäo, secagem, embalagem, estocagem, distribuiçäo e comercializaçäo.

Estafilococos: até onde sua importância em alimentos? / Staphylococci: up to where its importance in food?

Face a evidência de estafilococos coagulase positivos e negativos, usuais ou pauciprodutores de enterotoxinas, como possíveis agentes desencadeadores da intoxicaçäo, revisäo foi realizada de forma a se visualizar a tessitura de elementos e dados como aspectos taxonômicos, ecossistema e fatores de virulência relacionados a este grupo de microrganismos e sua importância em alimentos e saúde pública.