Intense Caloric Restriction from Birth Prevents Cardiovascular Aging in Rats.

We previously demonstrated that a 50% caloric restriction (CR) from birth improves several cardiometabolic risk factors in young rats. In this study, we investigated in middle-aged rats the consequences of a 50% CR from birth on cardiometabolic risk factors, heart function/morphology, ventricular arrhythmia, and fibrillation incidence, and cardiac intracellular proteins involved with redox status and cell survival. From birth to the age of 18 months, rats were divided into an Ad Libitum (AL18) group, which had free access to food, and a CR18 group, which had food limited to 50% of that consumed by the AL18. Resting metabolic rate, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded, and oral glucose and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance tests were performed. Blood was collected for biochemical analyses, and visceral fat and liver were harvested and weighed. Hearts were harvested for cardiac function, histological, redox status, and western blot analyses. The 50% CR from birth potentially reduced several cardiometabolic risk factors in 18-month-old rats. Moreover, compared with AL18, the CR18 group showed a ∼50% increase in cardiac contractility and relaxation, nearly three to five times less incidence of ventricular arrhythmia and fibrillation, ∼18% lower cardiomyocyte diameter, and ∼60% lower cardiac fibrosis. CR18 hearts also improved biomarkers of antioxidant defense and cell survival. Collectively, these results reveal several metabolic and cardiac antiaging effects of a 50% CR from birth in middle-aged rats.

Auditory temporal resolution and backward masking in musicians with absolute pitch.

Among the many questions regarding the ability to effortlessly name musical notes without a reference, also known as absolute pitch, the neural processes by which this phenomenon operates are still a matter of debate. Although a perceptual subprocess is currently accepted by the literature, the participation of some aspects of auditory processing still needs to be determined. We conducted two experiments to investigate the relationship between absolute pitch and two aspects of auditory temporal processing, namely temporal resolution and backward masking. In the first experiment, musicians were organized into two groups according to the presence of absolute pitch, as determined by a pitch identification test, and compared regarding their performance in the Gaps-in-Noise test, a gap detection task for assessing temporal resolution. Despite the lack of statistically significant difference between the groups, the Gaps-in-Noise test measures were significant predictors of the measures for pitch naming precision, even after controlling for possible confounding variables. In the second experiment, another two groups of musicians with and without absolute pitch were submitted to the backward masking test, with no difference between the groups and no correlation between backward masking and absolute pitch measures. The results from both experiments suggest that only part of temporal processing is involved in absolute pitch, indicating that not all aspects of auditory perception are related to the perceptual subprocess. Possible explanations for these findings include the notable overlap of brain areas involved in both temporal resolution and absolute pitch, which is not present in the case of backward masking, and the relevance of temporal resolution to analyze the temporal fine structure of sound in pitch perception.

Tradução, validação cultural e semântica do cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq) o português brasileiro / Cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIq) - translation, cultural and semantic validation for Brazilian portuguese

Introdução: A reserva cognitiva pode explicar diferentes respostas do indivíduo após acidentes ou doenças que acometem o sistema nervoso central. É importante ter instrumentos que avaliem tal reserva, não só para serem utilizados quando ocorrem problemas, mas também para avaliar indivíduos de forma profilática, visando o estabelecimento de programas de estimulação cognitiva. Objetivo: Obter a equivalência semântica e cultural do Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) para o português brasileiro. Método: o questionário foi traduzido por dois tradutores independentes, do italiano para o português brasileiro. Após, foi produzida uma versão única, sintetizada, que foi retrotraduzida para o italiano, novamente por outros dois tradutores, independentes e sem conhecimento das traduções anteriores. A partir das traduções e retrotraduções, foi desenvolvida uma versão semanticamente aceitável para o português, que foi aplicada a 30 pessoas (grupo piloto). A partir desta aplicação foi criada uma nova versão, adaptada culturalmente para o português brasileiro. Resultados: As adaptações foram feitas especialmente na seção que avalia atividades laborativas ao longo da vida (CRIq trabalho) e principalmente no CRI tempo livre. Acredita-se que tais mudanças foram necessárias devido às diferenças culturais no que se refere às atividades realizadas como lazer por italianos e brasileiros. Os resultados obtidos no grupo piloto evidenciaram que houve correlação entre a RC, a idade (r=0,92, p=0,02*) e a escolaridade (r=0,70, p=0,00*). Conclusão: o Cognitive Reserve Index questionaire (CRIq) está traduzido e adaptado para o português brasileiro, sendo uma ferramenta útil para os profissionais que atuam na área, especialmente quando são avaliados indivíduos idosos.(AU)

Introduction: Cognitive reserve can explain the differences among patients' responses after accidents or diseases that affect the central nervous system. It is important to have instruments that assess this reserve, not only to address problems but also to provide individual prophylactic measures through the establishment of cognitive stimulation programs. Objective: To produce the semantic and cultural equivalent of the Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) in Brazilian Portuguese. Method: The questionnaire was translated by two independent translators, from Italian to Brazilian Portuguese. Afterward, a single, synthesized version was produced and two other independent translators, who were unaware of the previous translations, back-translated it into Italian. From the translations and backtranslations, a semantically acceptable version was produced in Brazilian Portuguese and tested on 30 participants (pilot group). Based on this test, a new version was created that was culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. Results: The section that evaluates work activities throughout life (CRIq work) required the most adaptation, particularly CRIq free time. Such changes may have been necessary due to cultural differences in leisure activities between Italians and Brazilians. The results obtained in the pilot group showed that there was a correlation between CR, age (r = 0.92, p = 0.02 *) and education (r = 0.70, p = 0.00 *). Conclusion: The Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq) has been appropriately translated and adapted into Brazilian Portuguese and may serve as a useful tool for health care professionals, especially those who assess elderly individuals.(AU)

Manter ou suspender a alimentação em fase final de vida? Scoping Review / Keep or suspend food in the end of life phase? Scoping Review / ¿Mantener o suspender los alimentos en la fase del fin de la vida? Scoping Review

Objetivo: Mapear a produção do conhecimento acerca da manutenção ou suspensão da alimentação em pacientes em fase final de vida. Método: Revisão de escopo realizada em cinco bases de dados. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais e experimentais. Seguiram-se recomendações do Instituto Jonna Briggs (JBI) e do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses-Scoping Review. Análise e síntese descritiva e narrativa. Resultados: Foram incluídos 12 artigos, publicados entre 1987 e 2021. Como principais critérios de suspensão expectativa de vida inferior a 4 meses; pacientes com demência avançada; déficit funcional grave. Para manutenção/implementação da alimentação artificial sugere-se considerar esgotar as possibilidades de alimentação natural e prognósticos incertos; optar pelo posicionamento adequado do paciente e a oferta de pequenas quantidades de alimento via oral.Conclusão: A produção do conhecimento relacionada a suspensão ou manutenção da alimentação enteral é limitada. Além do supra escrito, deve-se considerar o desejo, crenças, cultura e decisão do paciente e/ou familiares responsáveis.

Objective: To map the production of knowledge about the maintenance or suspension of food in patients in the final stage of life. Method: Scope review carried out in five databases. Observational and experimental studies were included. Recommendations from the Jonna Briggs Institute (JBI) and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses-Scoping Review followed. Descriptive and narrative analysis and synthesis. Results: Twelve articles were included, published between 1987 and 2021. As main criteria for suspension: life expectancy of less than 4 months; patients with advanced dementia; severe functional deficit. For maintenance/implementation of artificial feeding, the following should be considered: exhausting all possibilities of natural feeding and uncertain prognoses; opt for proper positioning of the patient and offer small amounts of food orally. Conclusion: The production of knowledge related to the suspension or maintenance of enteral feeding is limited. In addition to the above, the desire, beliefs, culture and decision of the patient and/or responsible family members must be considered.

Objetivos:Mapear la producción de conocimiento sobre el mantenimiento o suspensión de alimentos en pacientes en etapa final de vida. Método: Scoping review realizada en cinco bases de datos. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales y experimentales. Siguieron las recomendaciones del Instituto Jonna Briggs (JBI) y del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses-Scoping Review. Análisis y síntesis descriptiva y narrativa. Resultados: Se incluyeron 12 artículos, publicados entre 1987 y 2021. Como criterio principal de suspensión: expectativa de vida menor a 4 meses; pacientes con demencia avanzada; Déficit funcional severo. Para el mantenimiento/implementación de la alimentación artificial se debe considerar: agotar todas las posibilidades de alimentación natural y pronósticos inciertos; optar por el posicionamiento adecuado del paciente y ofrecer pequeñas cantidades de comida por vía oral. Conclusión: La producción de conocimiento relacionado con la suspensión o mantenimiento de la alimentación enteral es limitada. Además de lo anterior, se debe considerar el deseo, creencias, cultura y decisión del paciente y/o familiares responsables.

Associação do clima ético e variáveis laborais entre enfermeiros hospitalares* / Asociación de clima ético y variables laborales entre enfermeros hospitalarios / Association of ethical climate and labor variables among hospital nurses

Objetivo: verificar a associação entre o clima ético e as variáveis laborais entre enfermeiros hospitalares. Método: estudo transversal com enfermeiros de um hospital universitário do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Utilizou-se para coleta um questionário laboral e o Hospital Ethical Climate Survey-Versão Brasileira. Empregou-se estatística descritiva e analítica. Resultados: participaram do estudo 269 enfermeiros. Dentre as variáveis sociolaborais, escolaridade, setor de trabalho, turno de trabalho, o cargo de chefia, satisfação no setor de trabalho, afastamento do trabalho, intenção de deixar o emprego e intenção de deixar a enfermagem estiveram associados a um ou mais fatores da escala de clima ético, isto é, pares, pacientes, gerentes, hospital e médicos, e ainda a uma variável de clima ético geral. Conclusão: o clima ético está associado a variáveis de formação, condições de trabalho, satisfação e intenção de deixar o trabalho, o que remete à necessidade de se investir em ambientes saudáveis de trabalho.

Objective: to verify the association between the ethical climate and labor variables among hospital nurses. Method: cross-sectional study with nurses from a university hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A labor questionnaire and the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey - Brazilian Version were used for collection. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used. Results: two hundred and sixty-nine (269) nurses participated in the study. Among the socio-labor variables, education, work sector, work shift, leadership position, satisfaction in the work sector, absence from work, intention to leave employment and intention to leave nursing were associated with one or more factors of the ethical climate scale, that is, peers, patients, managers, hospitals and physicians, and also with a variable of general ethical climate. Conclusion: the ethical climate is associated with variables of training, working conditions, satisfaction and intention to leave work, which calls attention to the need to invest in healthy work environments.

Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre el clima ético y variables laborales entre enfermeros hospitalarios. Método: estudio transversal con enfermeros de un hospital universitario de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó un cuestionario laboral y the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey--Versión Brasileña. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y analítica. Resultados: Participaron del estudio 269 enfermeros. Entre las variables socio-laborales, la educación, el sector de trabajo, el turno de trabajo, el puesto directivo, la satisfacción en el sector de trabajo, la ausencia del trabajo, la intención de dejar el trabajo y la intención de dejar la enfermería se asociaron con uno o más factores en la escala de clima ético, es decir, pares, pacientes, directivos, hospital y médicos, y también una variable de clima ético general. Conclusión: el clima ético está asociado a variables de formación, condiciones de trabajo, satisfacción e intención de dejar el trabajo, lo que indica la necesidad de invertir en ambientes laborales saludables.

Superior cardiometabolic and cellular adaptive responses to multiple versus single daily sessions of high-intensity interval training in Wistar rats.

This study aimed to compare in rats the cardiometabolic and cellular adaptative responses to 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performed in a single (1xHIIT) or three shorter daily sessions (3xHIIT). Male Wistar rats were assigned to untrained (n = 10), 1xHIIT (n = 10), and 3xHIIT (n = 10) groups. Both HIIT groups performed 15 min of a treadmill run five times per week for 8 weeks. The 1xHIIT performed single daily sessions of 15 min, and the 3xHIIT performed three daily sessions of 5 min with an interval of 4 h between sessions. Resting VO2 and VO2max were measured using a metabolic chamber; blood pressure and heart rate were measured by plethysmography; body composition was estimated by DEXA; Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed; after euthanasia, hearts, gastrocnemius, and visceral fat were harvested for analysis of cardiac function, histology, and morphology. Mitochondrial densities of the gastrocnemius and left ventricle muscles were determined by electron microscopy. 3xHIIT induced similar positive adaptative responses to 1xHIIT on resting VO2 and VO2max, cardiac function, and mitochondria density. 3xHIIT was superior to 1xHIIT in reducing visceral fat weight and adipocyte size and improving insulin tolerance. Multiple short daily bouts of HIIT may be superior to single HIIT daily sessions in improving cardiometabolic and cellular adaptations in rats.

The Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire (APDQ): Brazilian-Portuguese version / Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire (APDQ): versão em português do Brasil,

Abstract Objective: The present study aimed to determine the fidelity, reliability, and internal validity of the APDQ when translated from English to Brazilian-Portuguese language. Methods: The first phase included the APDQ translation into Brazilian-Portuguese including forward translation, translation assessment and back-translation in a group of 10 students. The second phase involved establishing the internal consistency and reliability of the APDQ Brazilian-Portuguese version. Data was collected from 66 students without any risk factor for auditory processing disorder. Subjects were divided into a younger group (7-10yrs) and an older group (11-17yrs). Results: All items showed appropriate quality in terms of translation. In determining internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha in subscales of auditory processing, attention and language was found to be 0.93, 0.85 and 0.74, respectively. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for total score was 0.95, ensuring a strong test-retest reliability. Conclusion: The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the APDQ has favorable translation quality, internal validity and reliability. It is now ready for continued study as a differential screening tool for 7- to 17-year-old Brazilian children with listening difficulties who are at risk for auditory processing disorder, attention deficits and language learning challenges.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a fidelidade, confiabilidade e validade interna do Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire quando traduzido do inglês para o português brasileiro. Método: A primeira fase incluiu a tradução do Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire para o português do Brasil, inclusive tradução direta, avaliação da tradução e retrotradução em um grupo de 10 estudantes. A segunda fase incluiu o estabelecimento da consistência interna e confiabilidade da versão em português do Brasil do Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire. Os dados foram coletados de 66 estudantes sem fator de risco para alteração do processamento auditivo. Os indivíduos foram divididos em um grupo mais jovem (7-10 anos) e um grupo mais velho (11-17 anos). Resultados: Todos os itens apresentaram qualidade adequada em termos de tradução. Na determinação da consistência interna, o alfa de Cronbach nas subescalas de processamento auditivo, atenção e linguagem foi de 0,93, 0,85 e 0,74, respectivamente. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse para o escore total foi de 0,95, garantiu uma forte confiabilidade teste-reteste. Conclusão: A versão em português do Brasil do Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire apresenta qualidade de tradução, validade interna e confiabilidade favoráveis. O questionário encontra-se agora pronto para estudos contínuos como uma ferramenta de triagem diferencial para crianças brasileiras de 7 a 17 anos com dificuldades auditivas que correm risco de transtorno de processamento auditivo, déficit de atenção e dificuldades de aprendizagem de linguagem.

Vestibular System Eletrophysiology: An Analysis of the Relationship between Hearing and Movement

Abstract Introduction Knowledge about the positive effects that music and dance bring, in its various forms, to the healthy human brain, is important not only in the context of basic neuroscience but may also strongly affect practices in neurorehabilitation. Objective To verify the relationship between hearing and movement and, specifically, to analyze the interference of professional dance practice and formal musical training in the magnitude of the vestibule-cervical and vestibular reflexes. Method The sample consisted of 92 subjects, aged between 18 and 35 years old, 31 professional musicians, 31 ballet dancers, and 30 control subjects. Only subjects with normal hearing sensitivity were included. Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) was recorded in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) was recorded in the lower oblique muscle of the eye, using tone-bursts (500Hz). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskall-Wallis tests were performed. Results The cVEMP presented earlier and higher amplitude waves when recorded in the group of dancers, with a significant difference between all tested groups for latency and amplitude of the N23 wave; the comparison was restricted between dancers and control groups, with no difference between ballet dancers and musicians. The N1 wave of the oVEMP presented lower latencies in dancers than in musicians and controls (p= 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups for the P1 wave. Conclusion Greater magnitudes of vestibule-cervical reflex responses and faster vestibule-ocular reflex responses were observed in dancers. Dance practice provides greater development of the vestibular system, but musical training also contributes to the magnitude of these responses.

Portfólio acadêmico: reflexões sobre o ensino de enfermagem em interculturalidade / Academic portfolio: reflections on nursing education in interculturality / Portafolio académico: reflexiones sobre la enseñanza de enfermería en la interculturalidad

Resumo Este estudo busca refletir acerca do cuidado intercultural quanto ao modo de agir no processo de enfermagem ante as diferentes culturas. Trata-se de estudo teórico de abordagem reflexiva baseado na experiência do acadêmico na construção de seu portfólio, realizado no ano de 2020 por meio de reflexões pautadas em portfólio acadêmico do quinto semestre de um curso de enfermagem do Sul do Brasil. Após análise do material produzido e das reflexões anotadas no diário do portfólio, emergiram as seguintes categorias: cuidado intercultural em disciplinas de enfermagem e interculturalidade e pandemia. Assim, após reflexão e discussão sobre o cuidado de enfermagem, abordar-se-ão a interculturalidade diante das disciplinas cursadas, as experiências da trajetória acadêmica nesse período e, por fim, os impactos da pandemia de covid-19 no processo de cuidado das pessoas do ponto de vista da interculturalidade. Essa temática torna-se importante por suscitar uma reflexão sobre a relação enfermeiro-paciente.

Abstract This study seeks to reflect on intercultural care regarding the how to act in the nursing process in the face of different cultures. This is a theoretical study with reflexive approach based on the experience of the academic in building their portfolio carried out in 2020 by means of reflections based on academic portfolios of the fifth semester of a nursing program in the South region of Brazil. After analysis of the produced material and of the noted reflections in the portfolio diary, the following categories emerged: intercultural care in nursing courses and interculturality in the pandemic. Thus, after reflection and discussion on nursing care, we will focus on interculturality in the face of the courses taken, the experiences of the academic trajectory in this period, and, finally, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the process of care for people from the point of view of interculturality. This thematic becomes important for bringing up a reflection on the nurse-patient relation.

Resumen Este estudio reflexiona sobre el cuidado intercultural en la forma de actuar de la enfermería ante las diferentes culturas. Se trata de un estudio teórico, de tipo reflexivo, sobre la experiencia de académicos en la construcción de su portafolio, que cursaban el quinto semestre de enfermería en el sur de Brasil, en el periodo de 2020. Tras realizados el análisis de datos y las reflexiones anotadas en el diario de portafolio, surgieron las siguientes categorías: cuidado intercultural en las materias de enfermería e interculturalidad y pandemia. Luego de la reflexión y discusión sobre el cuidado de enfermería, se aborda la interculturalidad en las materias cursadas, las vivencias de la trayectoria académica en este periodo, y los impactos de la pandemia del Covid-19 sobre el proceso de cuidado de las personas desde el punto de vista de la interculturalidad. Este tema es importante para suscitar una reflexión sobre la relación enfermero-paciente.

Vestibular System Eletrophysiology: An Analysis of the Relationship between Hearing and Movement.

Introduction Knowledge about the positive effects that music and dance bring, in its various forms, to the healthy human brain, is important not only in the context of basic neuroscience but may also strongly affect practices in neurorehabilitation. Objective To verify the relationship between hearing and movement and, specifically, to analyze the interference of professional dance practice and formal musical training in the magnitude of the vestibule-cervical and vestibular reflexes. Method The sample consisted of 92 subjects, aged between 18 and 35 years old, 31 professional musicians, 31 ballet dancers, and 30 control subjects. Only subjects with normal hearing sensitivity were included. Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) was recorded in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP) was recorded in the lower oblique muscle of the eye, using tone-bursts (500Hz). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskall-Wallis tests were performed. Results The cVEMP presented earlier and higher amplitude waves when recorded in the group of dancers, with a significant difference between all tested groups for latency and amplitude of the N23 wave; the comparison was restricted between dancers and control groups, with no difference between ballet dancers and musicians. The N1 wave of the oVEMP presented lower latencies in dancers than in musicians and controls ( p = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups for the P1 wave. Conclusion Greater magnitudes of vestibule-cervical reflex responses and faster vestibule-ocular reflex responses were observed in dancers. Dance practice provides greater development of the vestibular system, but musical training also contributes to the magnitude of these responses.

The Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire (APDQ): Brazilian-Portuguese version.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the fidelity, reliability, and internal validity of the APDQ when translated from English to Brazilian-Portuguese language. METHODS: The first phase included the APDQ translation into Brazilian-Portuguese including forward translation, translation assessment and back-translation in a group of 10 students. The second phase involved establishing the internal consistency and reliability of the APDQ Brazilian-Portuguese version. Data was collected from 66 students without any risk factor for auditory processing disorder. Subjects were divided into a younger group (7-10 yrs) and an older group (11-17 yrs). RESULTS: All items showed appropriate quality in terms of translation. In determining internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha in subscales of auditory processing, attention and language was found to be 0.93, 0.85 and 0.74, respectively. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for total score was 0.95, ensuring a strong test-retest reliability. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian-Portuguese version of the APDQ has favorable translation quality, internal validity and reliability. It is now ready for continued study as a differential screening tool for 7- to 17-year-old Brazilian children with listening difficulties who are at risk for auditory processing disorder, attention deficits and language learning challenges.

Central Auditory Processing and Cognitive Functions in Children

Abstract Introduction Nowadays, there is no consensus on whether central auditory processing disorder is a primary or a secondary deficit to other cognitive deficits. A better understanding of the association between cognitive functions and central auditory skills may help elucidate this dilemma. Objective To investigate possible associations between auditory abilities and cognitive functions in schoolchildren. Methods Fifty-eight schoolchildren, aged between 8 years and 0 months old and 11 years and 11 months old, who underwent the following tests: masking level difference, gaps in noise, pitch pattern sequence test, dichotic digits test, sustained auditory attention ability test, Wechsler intelligence scale for children - IV, junior Hayling test, five digits test, and behavior rating inventory of executive function. Results Significant correlations were found between the hearing ability of temporal resolution and executive functions, temporal ordering/sequencing, binaural integration and separation, and sustained auditory attention, operational memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility; binaural integration was also associated with intelligence. The statistically significant positive correlation found between the ability of binaural interaction and the components of emotional control and behavior regulation of the behavior rating inventory of executive function was unexpected. Conclusion The associations identified reinforce the complexity of the tasks involved in the evaluation of central auditory processing and the need for multidisciplinary evaluation for the differential diagnosis of auditory processing disorder. Confirmation of the presence or absence of comorbidities between different disorders allows directing the therapeutic behaviors and reducing the impact of possible auditory and/or cognitive deficits in the different daily life situations of children.

Accumulated High-intensity Interval Training Protocol: A New Approach to Study Health Markers in Wistar Rats.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and accumulated exercises are two time-efficient programs to improve health in humans and animal models. However, to date, there are no studies on whether HIIT performed in an accumulated fashion is as effective as a traditional HIIT performed with single daily sessions in improving health markers. This paper presents the effects of a new HIIT protocol, called accumulated HIIT, on body weight gain, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and cardiac hypertrophy in young Wistar rats. Sixty-day-old male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups: untrained (UN; n = 16), HIIT performed with single daily sessions (1-HIIT; n = 16), and HIIT performed with three daily sessions (3-HIIT; n = 16). Body weight and VO2max were recorded before and after the training period. The VO2max measurements were taken using a metabolic analyzer at the maximal running velocity (Vmax). The training was performed for both HIIT groups five days per week over eight weeks with the same weekly progression of the exercise intensity (85-100% Vmax). The 1-HIIT group performed single daily sessions (6 bouts of 1 min interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery). The 3-HIIT group performed three daily sessions (2 bouts of 1 min interspersed with 1 min of passive recovery with an interval of 4 h between bouts). After the last VO2max test, the rats were euthanized, and their hearts were harvested and weighed. The results showed that 3-HIIT had similar beneficial effects to 1-HIIT in preventing body weight gain, improving VO2max, and inducing cardiac hypertrophy. These findings reveal for the first time the efficacy of an accumulated HIIT protocol on the health markers of young Wistar rats. This new HIIT protocol may be more feasible than traditional HIIT protocols as exercise can be split into very short sessions throughout a day in this new approach.

Central Auditory Processing and Cognitive Functions in Children.

Introduction Nowadays, there is no consensus on whether central auditory processing disorder is a primary or a secondary deficit to other cognitive deficits. A better understanding of the association between cognitive functions and central auditory skills may help elucidate this dilemma. Objective To investigate possible associations between auditory abilities and cognitive functions in schoolchildren. Methods Fifty-eight schoolchildren, aged between 8 years and 0 months old and 11 years and 11 months old, who underwent the following tests: masking level difference, gaps in noise, pitch pattern sequence test, dichotic digits test, sustained auditory attention ability test, Wechsler intelligence scale for children - IV, junior Hayling test, five digits test, and behavior rating inventory of executive function. Results Significant correlations were found between the hearing ability of temporal resolution and executive functions, temporal ordering/sequencing, binaural integration and separation, and sustained auditory attention, operational memory, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility; binaural integration was also associated with intelligence. The statistically significant positive correlation found between the ability of binaural interaction and the components of emotional control and behavior regulation of the behavior rating inventory of executive function was unexpected. Conclusion The associations identified reinforce the complexity of the tasks involved in the evaluation of central auditory processing and the need for multidisciplinary evaluation for the differential diagnosis of auditory processing disorder. Confirmation of the presence or absence of comorbidities between different disorders allows directing the therapeutic behaviors and reducing the impact of possible auditory and/or cognitive deficits in the different daily life situations of children.

Portfólio acadêmico: reflexão do cuidado de enfermagem em interculturalidade / Academic portfolio: reflections of nursing care and interculturality / Portafolio académico: reflexión sobre el cuidado de enfermería en la interculturalidad

A dimensão cultural está interligada aos hábitos saudáveis, comportamentos e boas práticas de qualidade de vida. A interculturalidade se fundamenta diante da perspectiva de não sobrepor uma cultura a outra, mas encontrar um caminho para que todas as culturas possam conviver em sociedade. Este estudo pretende refletir sobre a formação intercultural no cuidado em enfermagem a partir da elaboração de um portfólio acadêmico. Este artigo é um estudo descritivo e do tipo relato de experiência acerca da utilização do portfólio reflexivo enquanto metodologia ativa de ensino/aprendizagem. Os resultados deste estudo estão descritos de acordo com a temática abordada no portfólio e que aprofundam as reflexões desenvolvidas no âmbito formativo, nas diversas fases da vida humana, considerando a saúde do homem, da mulher, do recém-nascido, criança e adolescente. Essas discussões estão pautadas na interculturalidade, privilegiando o diálogo entre seres humanos de diferentes grupos socioculturais, propondo a inter-relação e não a dominação. Portanto, quando inserido em um espaço de saúde, vale redirecionar as ações levando em conta que são momentos de construção de cuidado e desconstrução de mitos. A enfermagem sob o prisma da interculturalidade deve ser cada vez mais almejada, pois, a abordagem intercultural é sempre uma visão aprofundada das relações da enfermagem/saúde com as diferentes fases de cuidado integral que prima por realizar um cuidado eficiente, ético e humanizado.

Healthy habits and behaviors, and good quality of life practices are interconnected with the cultural dimension. Interculturality adopts the perspective of not superimposing one culture on another, but finding a way for all cultures to live together in society. This study reflects on intercultural education in nursing care based on the elaboration of an academic portfolio. A descriptive experience report was conducted on the use of reflective portfolio as an active teaching-learning methodology. Results are described according to the theme addressed in the portfolio and which show in-depth reflections developed during graduation on the different stages of human life, considering the health of men, women, newborns, children and adolescents. These discussions draw on interculturality, favoring dialogue between individuals from different socio-cultural groups, proposing interrelationship and not domination. When used in a healthcare scenario, the portfolio should be considered a moment to construct care and deconstruct myths. Looking at nursing under the prism of interculturality should be encouraged, since an intercultural approach is always an in-depth view of the relations between nursing/health and the different phases of comprehensive care, which excels in providing efficient, ethical, and humanized care.

La dimensión cultural está ligada a hábitos, conductas saludables y prácticas de buena calidad de vida. La interculturalidad se basa en la perspectiva de no traslapar una cultura con otra, sino buscar la forma de que ambas vivan juntas en sociedad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre la educación intercultural en el cuidado de enfermería a partir del desarrollo de un portafolio académico. Este es un estudio descriptivo, del tipo Reporte de Experiencia sobre el uso del portafolio reflexivo como metodología activa de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Los resultados del estudio se describen según la temática abordada en el portafolio y que profundizan las reflexiones desarrolladas en el ámbito formativo, en las diferentes etapas de la vida humana, considerando la salud de hombres, mujeres, recién nacidos, niños y adolescentes. Estas discusiones se basan en la interculturalidad, que busca privilegiar el diálogo entre seres humanos de diferentes grupos socioculturales, proponiendo la interrelación y no la dominación. Se concluye que al insertarse en un espacio de salud, vale la pena reorientar las acciones teniendo en cuenta que son momentos de construcción de cuidados y deconstrucción de mitos. La enfermería bajo la interculturalidad debe ser cada vez más buscada, pues el abordaje intercultural es siempre una visión profunda de la relación entre enfermería/salud y las diferentes fases del cuidado integral que se destaca por brindar un cuidado eficiente, ético y humanizado.

High Intensity Physical Exercise before the Brain Ischemia Promotes Increase in Brain Injury.

Studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of light- and moderate-intensity physical exercise on the nervous system of animals with cerebral ischemia. To investigate the effects of two high-intensity physical exercise protocols, standardized for resistance and strength gain, in rats trained before cerebral ischemia induced by Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion (BCCAO). Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: with ischemia and without ischemia (sham). Both groups were subdivided into animals that performed high-intensity exercises in the muscle strength modality (I+Ex2; Sham+Ex2; n=16); animals submitted to high-intensity exercises in the aerobic modality (I+Ex1; Sham+Ex1; n=16), and animals that did not practice physical exercises - sedentary (I+Sed; Sham+Sed, n=16). Cerebral ischemia was induced using the BCCAO model. The physical training program used before the procedure was of high intensity, in the aerobic and muscular strength modalities, and was performed using a vertical ladder, for 4 weeks, 5 days per week. In order to process and stain the brain tissue, the Nissl method was used for neuron labeling and quantification in the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. As for the animals' body weight and the heart weight differences were found between the groups I+Ex2 and Sham+Ex2 (p<0.05). Data on neuron quantification in the cerebral cortex, dentate gyrus, and right and left striatum revealed significant differences between groups. High-intensity physical training in the strength gain modality promotes significant damage to the animal's brain when performed prior to BCCAO-induced cerebral ischemia.

Does endurance training prior to ovariectomy protect against myocardial contractility dysfunction in rats?

BACKGROUND: Endurance training prevents cardiac dysfunction induced by menopause, but to date, no studies compared the effects of endurance training prior to menopause versus estrogen replacement therapy during menopause on heart function of rats. METHODS: Female Wistar rats aged three months were randomly assigned into three groups: Untrained ovariectomized rats (UN-OVX), untrained ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol (UN-OVX-E2), and ovariectomized rats previously exercised (EX-OVX). The endurance training protocol consisted of running on a treadmill at 60-70% of maximal aerobic capacity, 60 min per day, five days per week, for eight weeks. Estradiol replacement therapy consisted of silastic capsules containing the hormone for twelve days. After euthanasia, hearts were harvested, weighed and cardiac function was evaluated by the Langendorff technique. RESULTS: Both cardiac contractility and relaxation indexes improved similarly in the EX-OVX and UN-OVX-E2 rats compared to UN-OVX. CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal similar beneficial effects between endurance training previously to menopause and estradiol replacement therapy during menopause on cardiac function of rats.

Cardioprotective effects of severe calorie restriction from birth in adult ovariectomized rats.

AIMS: Menopause is a female condition induced by a reduction of ovarian hormone and is related to an increase in cardiovascular diseases in women. We have shown that severe calorie restriction (SCR) from birth reduces the cardiometabolic risk in adult male Wistar rats. In this study, we investigated the effects of SCR from birth to adulthood on cardiovascular function of ovariectomized rats. MAIN METHODS: From birth to adulthood, rats were daily fed ad libitum (control group - C) or with 50% of the amount consumed by the control group (calorie-restricted group - R). At 90 days, half of the rats in each group underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), totaling 4 groups: C-Sham, C-OVX, R-Sham, R-OVX. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), heart rate (HR) and, double product (DP) index were recorded by tail-cuff plethysmography. Cardiac function was analyzed by the Langendorff technique and cardiomyocyte diameter was accessed by histologic analysis. Additionally, cardiac SERCA2 content and redox status were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS: C-OVX rats exhibited reduced cardiac function and cardiac non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC). R-Sham animals showed reduced SBP, DP, HR, improved cardiac function, reduced cardiac protein carbonyl derivatives and increased TAC, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities. R-OVX rats maintained reduced SBP, DP, HR, and increased contractility and relaxation indexes. R-Sham and R-OVX rats exhibited preserved heart mass and reduced cardiomyocyte diameter. Cardiac SERCA2 content did not differ between the groups. SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our findings show cardioprotective effects of SCR from birth in adult ovariectomized rats.

Acoustically Controlled Binaural Auditory Training with Vocal Duets: Assessment and Effectiveness.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a binaural auditory training program with vocal duets by comparing skills through outcomes from behavioral and electrophysiological assessment instruments at three moments: before the intervention, moment one (M1); immediately after training, moment two (M2); and 3 months after, moment three (M3). METHODS: This interventional, longitudinal, prospective, and uncontrolled study was approved by our Research Ethics Committee. Binaural auditory training with vocal duets (ATVD) was applied in 10 adults with normal audiometric thresholds and auditory processing disorders. ATVD used four different vocals of a public domain song sung in a cappella as stimuli. Participants were asked to register any perceived difference in frequency for each syllable of the song during 30-minute sessions twice a week. The number of sessions required ranged from 12 (6 hours) to 20 (10 hours). RESULTS: Regarding behavioral tests, the dichotic consonant-vowel test showed significant evidence of an improved advantage in the left ear (LE) in the non-forced condition and a significant reduction in the number of errors at M2 and M3 in the forced left condition. The speech-in-noise test and frequency pattern test showed a significant reduction in impaired results at M2 and M3. Electrophysiological results showed a significant increase in the LE amplitude in the P3 long-latency auditory evoked potentials test, as well as a decrease in the auditory brainstem response test (III-V and I-V inter-peak latencies in the right ear and wave I and I-III inter-peak latencies in LE). CONCLUSION: The effectiveness of ATVD was evidenced, and the results were maintained after 3 months.