ABSTRACT
Griseofulvin (GSF) is an antifungal drug that has low aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. Amorphous systems are capable to promote rapid drug dissolution, usually affording concentrations above drug solubility in the gastrointestinal tract (supersaturation) in order to promote better absorption. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of amino acids, as hydrophilic carriers, to improve drug kinetic solubilization and to stabilize GSF supersaturated solutions, as well as to stabilize GSF amorphous systems at solid-state. The effect of 5 amino acids on GSF precipitation behavior was investigated by solvent shift method. Amorphous systems were developed by ball milling (GSF + amino acid 1:1 M ratio) and Quench Cooling (to obtain GSF QC) techniques. The samples were characterized by solid-state techniques, submitted to in vitro kinetic solubility studies and evaluated under stability tests. Aspartic acid, methionine, valine and tryptophan demonstrated similar anti-precipitant abilities in phosphate buffer pH 6.5. However, in FaSSIF biorelevant medium, tryptophan was only one able to slow down the drug precipitation. The characterization of milled samples showed that an amorphous system was obtained just using the combination of the drug with tryptophan (GSF-TRYP BM). At the higher dose tested (0.850 mmol L-1) during in vitro kinetic solubility studies, this amorphous system increased the AUC in FaSSGF (88.6%) and FaSSIF (58.2%) media when compared to GSF QC. Thus, the ability of this amino acid to inhibit GSF precipitation appears to be dependent on its concentration in solution and could be optimized. During the stability study, TRYP inhibited GSF recrystallization in the solid-state for a period of 12 months, whereas GSF QC recrystallized in 1 week.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/chemistry , Antifungal Agents/chemistry , Griseofulvin/chemistry , Chemical Precipitation , Drug Stability , SolubilityABSTRACT
O controle de qualidade de matérias-primas é imprescindível, pois visa assegurar a qualidade do produto acabado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química e farmacotécnica de matérias-primas de alopurinol, fármaco utilizado para a prevenção e o tratamento de crises de gota, amplamente prescrito e produzido por indústrias e farmácias magistrais. As amostras (A, B, C e D) de alopurinol oriundas de diferentes fornecedores foram submetidas a ensaios farmacopeicos (características organolépticas; solubilidade; ensaios de identificação: teste de precipitação e varredura no UV; ensaios de pureza: limpidez de solução, perda por dessecação, cinzas sulfatadas; doseamento), análise térmica (DSC, TG), análise granulométrica e determinação das propriedades de fluxo (ângulo de repouso, densidade bruta e de compactação, fator de Hausner, índice de compressibilidade e compactabilidade). As amostras foram aprovadas em todos os ensaios farmacopeicos. Nas curvas de DSC, o ponto de fusão foi de cerca de 380 °C para todas as amostras e, após a fusão houve a degradação, confirmada pelas curvas TG, com uma perda de massa de aproximadamente 100 %. A partir da distribuição granulométrica as amostras A e B foram classificadas como pós finos e as C e D como finíssimos. Os valores de ângulo de repouso caracterizaram as amostras A, B, C e D como de fluxo fraco e, o fator de Hausner e índice de compressibilidade caracterizaram as amostras como amostras de fluxo bastante deficiente. Os ensaios demonstraram-se úteis para avaliar a qualidade das amostras. A adição de adjuvantes apropriados durante o preparo das formulações de alopurinol é essencial para melhoramento do fluxo.
The quality control of raw materials is intended to ensure the quality of the finished product. The objective of this study was to carry out physicochemical and pharmacotechnical assessments of allopurinol raw materials. This drug is widely prescribed for the prevention and treatment of gout and is produced both by drug manufacturers and compounding pharmacies. Samples (A, B, C and D) from 4 different suppliers were subjected to pharmacopoeial testing (organoleptic characteristics; solubility; identification tests: precipitation and scanning UV; purity tests: clarity of solution, loss on drying, sulphated ash; assay), thermal analysis (DSC, TG), particle size analysis and flow property tests (angle of repose, bulk density and tapped density, Hausner ratio, compressibility and compactibility). The samples were approved in all the pharmacopoeial tests. In the DSC curves, the melting point was about 380 °C for all samples and after fusion there was degradation, confirmed by TG, with a weight loss of approximately 100%. From the particle size distributions, samples A and B were classified as fine powders and C and D as very fine powders. The angles of repose characterized the samples A, B, C and D as having weak flow, while the Hausner ratio and compressibility index indicated that they had very, very poor flow. The tests proved useful for assessing the quality of the samples and showed that appropriate adjuvants need to be added to the allopurinol formulations to improve the flow.
Subject(s)
Allopurinol/pharmacokinetics , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Due to the physical-chemical and therapeutic impacts of polymorphism, its monitoring in raw materials is necessary. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a quantitative method to determine the polymorphic content of nimodipine (NMP) raw materials based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymorphs required for the development of the method were characterized through DSC, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Raman spectroscopy and their polymorphic identity was confirmed. The developed method was found to be linear, robust, precise, accurate and specific. Three different samples obtained from distinct suppliers (NMP 1, NMP 2 and NMP 3) were firstly characterized through XRPD and DSC as polymorphic mixtures. The determination of their polymorphic identity revealed that all samples presented the Modification I (Mod I) or metastable form in greatest proportion. Since the commercial polymorph is Mod I, the polymorphic characteristic of the samples analyzed needs to be investigated. Thus, the proposed method provides a useful tool for the monitoring of the polymorphic content of NMP raw materials.
