Inter season physiological control of the brazilian beach handball team / Controle fisiológico na intertemporada da seleção brasileira de handebol de praia / Control fisiológico en la intertemporada de la selección brasileña de handball de playa

INTRODUCTION: The Brazilian national women's beach handball team traditionally holds intense pre-competition training with several daily sessions in the weeks before major matches. This can cause excessive physical strain, but physiological monitoring can guide the coaching staff to modulate the training load, preventing this excessive strain. OBJECTIVE: To monitor the physiological responses of members of the Brazilian national women's beach handball team in a pre-competition training program with loads modulated according to individual physiological response. METHODS: Seventeen athletes (27.1 ± 3.8 years) were assessed before the start of the pre-competition training period (E1), on Day 8 (E2) and Day 18 (E3). Blood samples were taken for subsequent analysis of muscular damage markers (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)). An ECG test was performed to assess cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was applied to assess mood. The results were reported to the coaching staff, who made training adjustments according to the individual status of each athlete. RESULTS: CK increased significantly from E1 to E2 (131.1 ± 80.9 vs 212.9 ± 131.7) and remained unchanged (212.9 ± 185.6) up to E3, while LDH was significantly reduced from E2 to E3 (590.7 ± 120.2 vs 457.8 ± 86.6), finishing the pre-competition training program with values similar to E1 (512.7 ± 190.6). The only change noted was the subjective sensation of fatigue from the POMS questionnaire that was significantly higher in E2 (4.82 ± 4.05) and E3 (5.5 ± 4.8) compared to E1 (2.06 ± 2.61), but no changes in total mood disturbance were detected in this instrument. CONCLUSION: With the modulation of training loads based on results of physiological tests, the members of the Brazilian national women's beach handball team responded in a physiologically adequate manner, even when faced with a sudden increase in training load for 18 consecutive days. Level of evidence III; Diagnostic study-investigation of a diagnostic test.

INTRODUÇÃO: A seleção brasileira de handebol de praia tradicionalmente realiza uma intertemporada de treinamentos intensos com várias sessões diárias nas semanas anteriores às principais competições. Isso pode gerar um desgaste excessivo, mas a monitoração fisiológica pode orientar a comissão técnica para modular as cargas de treino, evitando esse desgaste. OBJETIVO: Monitorar as respostas fisiológicas de atletas da seleção brasileira feminina de handebol de praia em uma intertemporada de treinamento com cargas moduladas em função das respostas fisiológicas. MÉTODOS: Dezessete atletas (27,1 ± 3,8 anos) foram avaliadas antes do início da intertemporada (El), no 8° dia (E2) e no 18° dia (E3). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para posterior análise de marcadores de desgaste muscular (creatina quinase [CK] e lactato desidrogenase [LDH]), um registro eletrocardiográfico foi feito para avaliação da modulação autonômica cardíaca (MAC) e aplicou-se o questionário Profile of Mood States (POMS) para avaliação do estado de humor. Os resultados eram informados à comissão técnica, que realizava ajustes nos treinos em função do estado individual de cada atleta. RESULTADOS: A CK aumentou significativamente de El para E2 (131,1 ± 80,9 vs. 212,9 ± 131,7) e ficou inalterada (212,9 ± 185,6) até E3, enquanto o LDH foi significativamente reduzido de E2 para E3 (590,7 ± 120,2 vs. 457,8±86,6), terminando a intertemporada com valores similares a E1 (512,7 ± 190,6). A única alteração notada foi a sensação subjetiva de fadiga do questionário POMS, que se apresentou significativamente elevada no E2 (4,82 ± 4,05) e no E3 (5,5 ± 4,8) em relação ao E1 (2,06 ± 2,61), mas sem alteração da perturbação total de humor detectada neste instrumento. CONCLUSÃO: Com a modulação das cargas de treinamento em função de resultados de testes fisiológicos, as atletas da seleção brasileira de handebol de praia respondem de forma fisiologicamente adequada, mesmo perante brusco aumento das cargas de treinamento por 18 dias consecutivos. Nível de evidência III; Estudo diagnóstico - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La selección brasileña de handball de playa tradicionalmente realiza una intertemporada de entrenamientos intensos con varias sesiones diarias en las semanas anteriores a las principales competiciones. Eso puede generar un desgaste excesivo, pero la monitorización fisiológica puede orientar a la comisión técnica para modular las cargas de entrenamiento, evitando ese desgaste. OBJETIVO: Monitorizar las respuestas fisiológicas de atletas de la selección brasileña femenina de handball de playa en una intertemporada de entrenamiento con cargas moduladas en función de las respuestas fisiológicas. MÉTODOS: Diecisiete atletas (27,1 ± 3,8 años) fueron evaluadas antes del inicio de la intertemporada (El), en el 8° día (E2) y en el 18° día (E3). Fueron colectadas muestras de sangre para posterior análisis de marcadores de desgaste muscular (creatina quinasa [CK] y lactato deshidrogenasa [LDH]), fue hecho un registro electrocardiográfico para evaluación de la modulación autonómica cardíaca (MAC) y se aplicó el cuestionario Profile of Mood States (POMS) para evaluación del estado de humor. Los resultados eran informados a la comisión técnica, que realizaba ajustes en los entrenamientos en función del estado individual de cada atleta. RESULTADOS: La CK aumentó significativamente de El para E2 (131,1 ± 80,9 vs. 212,9 ± 131,7) y quedó inalterada (212,9 ± 185,6) hasta E3, mientras que el LDH fue significativamente reducido de E2 para E3 (590,7 ± 120,2 vs. 457,8 ± 86,6), terminando la intertemporada con valores similares a E1 (512,7 ± 190,6). La única alteración notada fue la sensación subjetiva de fatiga del cuestionario POMS, que se presentó significativamente elevada en E2 (4,82 ± 4,05) y en E3 (5,5 ± 4,8) con relación a E1 (2,06 ± 2,61), pero sin alteración de la perturbación total de humor detectada en este instrumento. CONCLUSIÓN: Con la modulación de las cargas de entrenamiento en función de resultados de tests fisiológicos, las atletas de la selección brasileña de handball de playa responden de forma fisiológicamente adecuada, aún ante brusco aumento de las cargas de entrenamiento por 18 días consecutivos. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio diagnóstico - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Aortic Response to Strength Training and Spirulina platensis Dependent on Nitric Oxide and Antioxidants.

Studies have shown that supplementation with Spirulina platensis improves vascular reactivity. However, it is unclear whether in association with strength training this effect can be enhanced. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of strength training and S. platensis on the reactivity of the aorta from Wistar rat and the possible mechanisms involved. The animals were supplemented with S. platensis and divided into sedentary (SG, SG50, SG150, and SG500) and trained groups (TG, TG50, TG150, and TG500). Nitrite, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant activity were determined by biochemical assays. To evaluate vascular response, cumulative concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (PHE) and acetylcholine (ACh) were constructed. L-NAME was used to assess the participation of nitric oxide (NO). It was observed that the PHE contractile potency was reduced in TG50, TG150, and TG500 groups compared to SG50, SG150, and SG500 groups, respectively. However, the presence of L-NAME increased the contractile response in all groups. Strength training potentiated the increase in relaxing activity induced by S. platensis, where the pCE50 values of ACh increased in TG150 and TG500. These responses were accompanied by increased nitrite production, MDA reduction and increased antioxidant activity in the aorta of both TG150 and TG500 groups. Thus, the present study demonstrated that combined with strength training, S. platensis potentiates vascular improvement through the participation of NO and reduction of oxidative stress.

Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates decrement in performance in overtrained rats.

Carbohydrate ingestion at the end of a single exercise is recognized as delaying fatigue and accelerating recovery, but whether chronic ingestion can prevent overtraining during periods of intense training has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to determine whether carbohydrate supplementation minimizes overtraining in Wistar rats. The animals underwent 11 weeks of training (running) on a treadmill, and the last 3 weeks were designed to induce overtraining. One group was supplemented with carbohydrates (EX-CHO) (n = 13), 1 group had no supplementation (EX) (n = 10), and a third group remained inactive (C) (n = 9). Performance tests were given before training (Pr1) and at the 8th (Pr2) and 11th (Pr3) training week. Food intake, body weight, testosterone, cortisol, malondialdehyde, creatine kinase, and activities of the PI3-K, Akt-1, mTOR, and GSK-3 enzymes were measured. In the EX group, there was a significant 32.6% performance decrease at Pr3 when compared with Pr2. In addition, at protocol completion, the EX-CHO group had a greater gastrocnemius weight than did the C group (p = 0.02), which the EX group did not. Training caused anorexia, decreased testosterone (p = 0.001), and increased malondialdehyde (p = 0.009) in both exercise groups compared with the C group, with no influence of carbohydrate supplementation on these variables (p > 0.05). Compared with in the C group, the activity of Akt-1 was higher in the EX-CHO group but not in the EX group (p = 0.013). Carbohydrate supplementation promoted an attenuation in the performance decrement and maintained gastrocnemius muscle mass in animals that had undergone overtraining protocols, which was accompanied by increased activity of the Akt-1 molecular indicator.