Tourism marketing in the metaverse: A systematic literature review, building blocks, and future research directions.

The aim of this research is to investigate tourist marketing within the embryonic context of the metaverse in order to comprehend the building blocks and the primary technologies employed in the sector. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted on 386 articles, with an overall qualitative approach that included 86 references, all of which dealt with the topic of the metaverse and had direct or potential implications for the tourism sector (hotels, restaurants, means of transport, leisure activities and destination itself). The articles are taken from: Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, Emerald, Springer and Google Scholar. The SLR was carried out according to the PRISMA search protocol. The results indicate the technologies that have been most thoroughly studied at the confluence of marketing, tourism, and the metaverse (AI, virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, blockchain, tokens (NFTs) and digital twins). Moreover, they establish the foundational components of tourism marketing in the metaverse for the first time (tourism products, the metaverse as a distribution and branding channel for tourism and, tourist customer as protagonist). Finally, the study exposes research gaps and recommends future directions for exploration (monetization of products in the metaverse, promotion and marketing strategies in the metaverse, new profiles for marketing professionals, policy development that regulates commercial activity in the metaverse).

Flavonoids as Insecticides in Crop Protection-A Review of Current Research and Future Prospects.

Pesticide overuse in agricultural systems has resulted in the development of pest resistance, the impoverishment of soil microbiota, water pollution, and several human health issues. Nonetheless, farmers still depend heavily on these agrochemicals for economically viable production, given the high frequency at which crops are affected by pests. Phytopathogenic insects are considered the most destructive pests on crops. Botanical pesticides have gained attention as potential biopesticides and complements to traditional pesticides, owing to their biodegradability and low toxicity. Plant-based extracts are abundant in a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, a class of polyphenols that have been extensively studied for this purpose because of their involvement in plant defense responses. The present review offers a comprehensive review of current research on the potential of flavonoids as insecticides for crop protection, addressing the modes and possible mechanisms of action underlying their bioactivity. The structure-activity relationship is also discussed. It also addresses challenges associated with their application in pest and disease management and suggests alternatives to overcome these issues.

Effective Interfacing of Surface Homojunctions on Chemically Identical g-C3N4 for Efficient Visible-Light Photocatalysis without Sacrificial Agents.

Developing efficient homojunctions on g-C3N4 promises metal-free photocatalysis to realize truly sustainable artificial photosynthesis. However, current designs are limited by hindered charge separation due to inevitable grain boundaries and random formation of ineffective homojunctions embedded within the photocatalyst. Here, efficient photocatalysis is driven by introducing effective surface homojunctions on chemically and structurally identical g-C3N4 through leveraging its size-dependent electronic properties. Using a top-down approach, the surface layer of bulk g-C3N4 is partially exfoliated to create sheet-like g-C3N4 nanostructures on the bulk material. This hierarchical design establishes a subtle band energy offset between the macroscopic and nanoscopic g-C3N4, generating homojunctions while maintaining the chemical and structural integrities of the original g-C3N4. The optimized g-C3N4 homojunction demonstrates superior photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic pollutants at >96% efficiency in 2 h, even in different real water samples. It achieves reaction kinetics (≈0.041 min-1) up to fourfold better than standalone materials and their physical mixture. Mechanistic studies highlight the importance of the unique design in boosting photocatalysis by effectively promoting interfacial photocarrier manipulation and utilization directly at the point-of-catalysis, without needing co-catalysts or sacrificial agents. This work presents enormous opportunities for developing advanced and green photocatalytic platforms for sustainable light-driven environmental, energy, and chemical applications.

Luteal tissue characteristics of Morada Nova ewes with hCG application 7.5 days after the end of estrus synchronization protocol in the breeding season.

Results with the use of hCG after synchronization protocol are still inconsistent, which may vary according to breed, season, day of application and dose of the drug used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the functionality of luteal tissue and ovarian perfusion after hCG treatment during early luteal phase. Estrus-synchronized ewes were randomly assigned to receive i.m. injection of 300 IU of hCG (G-hCG; n = 40) or 1 mL of saline (G-Control; n = 32) on Day 7.5 after progesterone withdrawal. Ultrasonographic evaluations of the ovaries and ovarian and iliac arteries were performed on Days 7.5, 10.5, 13.5, and 21.5. The accessory corpus luteum (aCL) formation rate was 52.5% for G-hCG. There was interaction (p > 0.05) for treatment (G-hCG and G-Control), days (7.5, 10.5, 13.5 and 21.5) and PD (Pregnant and Non-pregnant) for the variables of biometric characteristics of the corpus luteum B-Mode and Color Doppler on days 7.5, 10.5, 13.5 and 21.5. There was no difference (p > 0.05) for pregnancy rates and mean fetuses per ewe between the treatment groups. It is concluded that the application of hCG 7.5 days after the hormonal protocol in Morada Nova ewes in a breeding season is efficient in inducing aCL formation and increasing luteal tissue biometry. However, there was no effect on pregnancy rate.

A Two-Step Approach to Orange Peel Waste Valorization: Consecutive Extraction of Pectin and Hesperidin.

Citrus consumption translates into large amounts of residue, the disposal of which is associated with environmental issues and high costs. Current trends in citrus waste focus on the extraction of highly valued bioactive compounds via single-compound extraction. There is a lack of knowledge on how these methodologies can be introduced into extraction schemes of bioactive compounds, maximizing the residue potential and reducing its amount. The present work aimed to address this issue by designing a consecutive extraction of pectin and hesperidin from orange peel waste. A novel method for extraction and precipitation of hesperidin with an eco-friendly approach is also presented. After neutral pretreatment, pectin extraction was conducted under acidic conditions, followed by hesperidin extraction with a drastic pH change. Pectin had a high AUA content (66.20 ± 1.25%), meeting the criteria for use in the food industry. The best-tested conditions for hesperidin extraction (30 min, 70 °C, 1:10 (w/v)) provided a yield of 1% and a purity of 84%. The designed extraction scheme shows the potential of citrus waste as a source of bioactive compounds of good quality and high interest in the food industry while following the principles of green chemistry and circular economy.

Parental educational practices, emotional health and maternal sociodemographic variables: Nuclear and non-nuclear families / Práticas educativas parentais, saúde emocional e variáveis sociodemográficas maternas: famílias nucleares e não nucleares

Objective We compared parental educational practices and emotional health of 62 mothers of students from nuclear (G1) and non-nuclear families (G2). Method We used an inventory of parenting practices and scales for assessment of anxiety, stress and depression. Results G1 showed significantly higher means for Moral Behavior. Positive correlations between negative parenting educational practices and clinical indicators for maternal emotional health were perceived in both groups and more significantly for G2. Younger mothers in G1 indicated more signs of state anxiety and for G2 the lower socioeconomic level indicated more signs of stress and trait anxiety and less depression. Conclusion The data can contribute to the planning of interventions.

Objetivo Comparar e relacionar práticas educativas parentais e saúde emocional de 62 mães de escolares de famílias nucleares (G1) e não nucleares (G2). Método Utilizou-se um inventário de práticas parentais e escalas para avaliação da ansiedade, estresse e depressão. Resultados O G1 apresentou significativamente médias superiores para Comportamento Moral. Correlações positivas entre as práticas educativas parentais negativas e indicadores clínicos para saúde emocional materna foram percebidos em ambos os grupos e de forma mais expressiva para G2. Mães mais jovens em G1 indicaram mais sinais de ansiedade-estado. Já para G2, o nível socioeconômico inferior indicou mais sinais de estresse e ansiedade-traço e menos depressão. Conclusão Os dados podem contribuir para o planejamento de intervenções.

Parenting practices during early childhood: validity evidence of a Brazilian scale

Abstract Objective: The present study aims to analyze the validity of evidence and internal consistency of an inventory for assessing parenting practices during early childhood. Method: Participants were 857 mothers of one-to-42-months children recruited in three cities in the Southeast region and one city in the Midwest region of Brazil. The participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire with maternal and child data, and the Parenting Styles Inventory for Mothers of Babies (IEPMB). The IEPMB includes 25 questions about positive and negative parenting practices that mothers use to raise their children. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the following criteria to indicate adequate model fit: root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) < .08; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) < .09; comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.90. For the hypothesis-testing method, a comparison between groups using a student's t-test based on the child's age (infants vs. toddlers) and mother's age (adolescents vs. adults) was carried out. Results: The final 11 items model of the measure revealed an adequate overall model fit (RMSEA = 0.04; SRMR = 0.04; CFI = 0.94). The items were grouped into three constructs: Aggressiveness and Emotional Dysregulation, Relaxed Discipline, and Positive Monitoring. Adolescent mothers reported less positive monitoring than adult mothers (p < 0.001). Mothers of toddlers reported more aggressiveness/emotional dysregulation (p < 0.001) and relaxed discipline (p = 0.05) than mothers of infants. Conclusions: The instrument named from this study as the Parenting Practices Inventory for Mothers of Babies showed evidence for measuring mothers' parenting practices in early childhood and allows the identification of parents who need support.

Efeito da idade gestacional para o desenvolvimento de bebês pré-termo durante o primeiro ano / Effect of gestational age on the development of preterm babies during the first year / Efecto de la edad gestacional en el desarrollo de los prematuros durante el primer año

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da idade gestacional no desenvolvimento de bebês pré-termo e descrever indicadores para o primeiro ano. Participaram 191 bebês, que foram avaliados com o Inventário Portage Operacionalizado Adaptado (IPAB), aos seis, nove e doze meses. Os bebês e suas famílias frequentavam um programa de Intervenção Precoce oferecido em uma instituição do interior do estado de São Paulo. Os escores observados, para as cinco áreas do IPAB, foram mais próximas ao esperado aos 12 meses. Nessa idade, observou-se, também, que o efeito da prematuridade foi menor, mesmo para os bebês que nasceram com menor idade gestacional. Destaca-se a importância da participação em programas de Intervenção Precoce o mais cedo possível, permanecendo ao longo da primeira infância.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of gestational age on the development of preterm babies. A total of 191 babies participated, who were evaluated with the Adapted Operationalized Portage Inventory (IPAB), at six, nine and twelve months. The babies and their families attended an Early Intervention program in a country town in the state of São Paulo - Brazil. The scores observed for the five areas of the IPAB were closer to the expected at 12 months. At this age, it was also observed that the effect of prematurity was smaller, even for babies born at a lower gestational age. The importance of participating in Early Intervention programs as early as possible, remaining throughout early childhood, is highlighted.

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la edad gestacional en el desarrollo de los bebés prematuros. Participaron 191 bebés, evaluados con el Inventario de Portage Operacionalizado Adaptado (IPAB), a los seis, nueve y doce meses. Los bebés y sus familias frecuentaron un programa de Atención Temprana ofrecido en una institución del interior del estado de São Paulo. Los puntajes observados para las cinco áreas del IPAB se acercaron más a lo esperado a los 12 meses. A esta edad también se observó que el efecto de la prematuridad era menor, incluso para los nacidos a menor edad gestacional. Se destaca la importancia de participar en los programas de Intervención Temprana lo antes posible, continuando durante toda la primera infancia.

Hormonal-Induced Cervical Relaxation During Diestrus in Ewes: Cervical Transposing Feasibility and Use of hCG for Rescuing Disrupted Luteal Function.

Cervical relaxation (CR) was performed in ewes during diestrus, to prospect a feasible protocol for non-surgical embryo transfer (NSET). In Trial 1, naturally mated ewes (n=13) received CR protocols with estradiol benzoate (EB, 1 mg on D6) and oxytocin (OT, 50 IU on D7) only (G-EB+OT) or associated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 300 IU on D7, G-EB+OT+hCG) and were compared to non-hormonally treated (G-control) ewes. Estradiol concentration increased (P<0.05) from D6 to D7 in G-EB+OT and G-EB+OT+hCG, then decreased (P<0.05) on D8. The G-EB+OT had reduced (P<0.05) progesterone on D8, and 0% (0/5) pregnancy, while G-control had 100% (3/3) conception rate. The treatment with hCG mitigated the progesterone drop on D8 and resulted in 50% (2/4) conception rate. In Trial 2, cervical transposing success after treatment with EB, OT, and hCG on D6 and D7 was assessed in nulliparous (n=25) and multiparous (n=30) ewes. The EB+OT+hCG protocol allowed efficient cervical transposition (~78% of cervical transposition success into ~5 min) in nulliparous and multiparous females and did not alter total and blood perfusion areas of corpora lutea (CL). The use of EB+OT+hCG was efficient to ensure effective cervical transposing in nulliparous and multiparous ewes, with no apparent deleterious effect on CL function, and may contribute to animal welfare, allowing a less invasive NSET procedure.

Dynamic Liquid-Liquid Interface: Applying a Spinning Interfacial Microreactor to Actively Converge Biphasic Reactants for the Enhanced Interfacial Reaction.

A liquid-liquid interfacial reaction combines reactants with large polarity disparity to achieve greener and more efficient chemistry that is otherwise challenging in traditional single-phase systems. However, current interfacial approaches suffer from the need for a large amount of solvent/reactant/emulsifier and poor reaction performance arising from intrinsic thermodynamic constraints. Herein, we achieve an efficient interfacial reaction by creating a magnetic-responsive, microscale liquid-liquid interface and exploit its dynamic spinning motion to generate vortex-like hydrodynamic flows that rapidly converge biphasic reactants to the point-of-reaction. Notably, the spinning of this functional interface at 800 rpm boosts the reaction efficiency and its apparent equilibrium constant by > 500-fold and 105-fold, respectively, higher than conventional methods that utilize bulk and/or non-dynamic liquid interfaces, even with external mechanical stirring. By driving reaction equilibrium toward favorable product formation, our unique design offers enormous opportunities to realize efficient multiphasic reactions crucial for diverse applications in chemical synthesis, environmental remediation, and even molecular recycling.

Effect of prematurity and temperament on the mother-infant interaction / Efeito da prematuridade e temperamento na interação mãe-bebê / Efecto de la prematurez y el temperamento en la interacción madre-bebé

Abstract We evaluated the effect of prematurity and the infant's temperament on the mother-infant behaviors in the Face-to-Face Still-Face Paradigm (FFSF). The study included 75 mothers and their infants (37 preterm and 38 term) between three and four months of age (corrected age for preterm infants). The mothers responded to a perception scale of the infants' temperament and the dyads were observed in a structured condition (FFSF). The FFSF Paradigm, divided into three episodes, made it possible to analyze the behaviors of: Positive Social Orientation, Negative Social Orientation and Self-comfort. The averages recorded for these categories were analyzed in a Multivariate ANOVA (factors: prematurity and temperament). Temperament had more effect on maternal and infant behaviors, suggesting that this factor may influence mother-infant interaction. The results can guide possible interventions with families. (AU)

Resumo Buscou-se avaliar o efeito da prematuridade e do tipo de temperamento do bebê sobre a interação mãe-bebê por meio do Paradigma do Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). Participaram do estudo 75 mães e seus bebês (37 pré-termo e 38 a termo), entre três a quatro meses de vida (idade corrigida para bebês pré-termo). As mães responderam a uma escala de percepção do temperamento dos bebês e as díades foram filmadas em condição estruturada (FFSF). A filmagem, dividida em três episódios, possibilitou a análise de comportamentos de: Orientação Social Positiva, Orientação Social Negativa e Autoconforto. As médias registradas para essas categorias foram submetidas à Anova Multivariada (fatores: prematuridade e temperamento). O temperamento apresentou mais efeito sobre os comportamentos maternos e dos bebês, sugerindo que esse fator pode influenciar a interação diádica. Os resultados podem nortear possíveis intervenções junto às famílias.(AU)

Resumen Se buscó evaluar el efecto de la prematuridad y el tipo de temperamento del bebé en la interacción madre-bebé a través del Paradigma Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). En el estudio participaron 75 madres y sus bebés (37 prematuros y 38 a término), con edades comprendidas entre los tres y los cuatro meses (edad corregida para bebés prematuros). Las madres respondieron a una escala de percepción del temperamento de los bebés y las díadas fueron filmadas en una condición estructurada (FFSF). El rodaje, dividido en tres episodios, permitió analizar los comportamientos de: Orientación Social Positiva, Orientación Social Negativa y Autoconfort. Los promedios registrados para estas categorías fueron sometidos al ANOVA Multivariado (factores: prematuridad y temperamento). El temperamento tuvo más efecto en los comportamientos maternos e infantiles, lo que sugiere que este factor puede influir en la interacción diádica. Los resultados pueden orientar posibles intervenciones con las familias. (AU)

Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse (EDAE-21): propriedades psicométricas em gestantes brasileiras / Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21): psychometric properties in brazilin pregnant women / Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (EDAE-21): propiedades psicométricas en mujeres embarazadas brasileñas

Apesar do crescente avanço no uso de instrumentos para a avaliação da saúde emocional nos períodos perinatal e puerperal, destaca-se que a maioria das ferramentas utilizadas não possui evidências psicométricas para a população de gestantes. A Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse (EDAE-21) possibilita a mensuração simultânea de níveis de ansiedade, estresse e depressão. O estudo objetivou avaliar a consistência interna da EDAE-21, a validade convergente da escala em relação ao IDATE, à EEP e ao BDI-II, e a estabilidade das avaliações em um intervalo de até 12 semanas. Participaram da pesquisa 53 gestantes (primeira avaliação) e 35 gestantes (segunda avaliação). A escala apresentou índices de consistência interna, estabilidade e convergência adequados à população investigada. A EDAE-21 pode auxiliar profissionais e pesquisadores da saúde, proporcionando agilidade no diagnóstico de indicadores emocionais desfavoráveis em diferentes períodos gestacionais.

Despite the increasing progress in the use of instruments to assess emotional health in the perinatal and puerperal periods, it is emphasized that most of the tools used do not have psychometric evidence for the population of pregnant women. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) enables the measurement of anxiety, stress, and depression levels, simultaneously. The study aimed to assess the internal consistency of the DASS-21, the convergent validity of the scale in relation to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Beck Depression Inventory ­ second edition (BDI-II), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the stability of the evaluations in a range of up to 12 weeks. Fifty-three (first evaluation) and 35 pregnant women (second evaluation) participated in the research. The scale showed adequate internal consistency, stability, and convergence rates for the investigated population. The DASS-21 can help practitioners and researchers of health, providing agility in the diagnosis of unfavorable emotional indicators in different gestational periods

A pesar del creciente progreso en el uso de instrumentos para evaluar la salud emocional en el período perinatal y puerperal, se destaca que la mayoría de las herramientas utilizadas no tienen evidencia psicométrica para mujeres embarazadas. La Escala de Depressión, Ansiedad y Estrés (EDAE-21) mide simultáneamente los niveles de ansiedad, estrés y depresión. El estudio evaluó la consistencia interna del EDAE-21, la validez convergente de la escala en relación con el STAI, el BDI-II y el EEP y la estabilidad de las evaluaciones en un intervalo de hasta 12 semanas. 53 mujeres embarazadas (primera evaluación) y 35 mujeres embarazadas (segunda evaluación) participaron en la investigación. La escala presentó valores de consistencia interna, estabilidad y convergencia adecuados para la población investigada. El EDAE-21 puede ayudar a los profesionales de la salud y a los investigadores, proporcionando agilidad en el diagnóstico de indicadores emocionales desfavorables en diferentes períodos de gestación.

Parenting practices during early childhood: validity evidence of a Brazilian scale.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to analyze the validity of evidence and internal consistency of an inventory for assessing parenting practices during early childhood. METHOD: Participants were 857 mothers of one-to-42-months children recruited in three cities in the Southeast region and one city in the Midwest region of Brazil. The participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire with maternal and child data, and the Parenting Styles Inventory for Mothers of Babies (IEPMB). The IEPMB includes 25 questions about positive and negative parenting practices that mothers use to raise their children. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the following criteria to indicate adequate model fit: root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) < .08; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) < .09; comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.90. For the hypothesis-testing method, a comparison between groups using a student's t-test based on the child's age (infants vs. toddlers) and mother's age (adolescents vs. adults) was carried out. RESULTS: The final 11 items model of the measure revealed an adequate overall model fit (RMSEA = 0.04; SRMR = 0.04; CFI = 0.94). The items were grouped into three constructs: Aggressiveness and Emotional Dysregulation, Relaxed Discipline, and Positive Monitoring. Adolescent mothers reported less positive monitoring than adult mothers (p < 0.001). Mothers of toddlers reported more aggressiveness/emotional dysregulation (p < 0.001) and relaxed discipline (p = 0.05) than mothers of infants. CONCLUSIONS: The instrument named from this study as the Parenting Practices Inventory for Mothers of Babies showed evidence for measuring mothers' parenting practices in early childhood and allows the identification of parents who need support.

Study of the factors affecting embryo yields and quality in superovulated Morada Nova ewes that underwent non-surgical uterine flushing.

The present study compared the outcomes of in vivo embryo production in Morada Nova ewes subjected to either 9-day (G-9SOV , n = 21) or 12-day (G-12SOV , n = 21) progesterone (P4 )-based estruses synchronization protocol coupled with superovulatory treatment with decreasing doses of porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (133 mg of pFSH given over 3 days). Non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER) was performed 6-7 days after the onset of oestrus. Total antral follicle count doubled from the first to the sixth pFSH dose in both groups (p < .05). Oestrus responses did not vary between the two groups of animals (95.2%). Corpora lutea (CL) were detected in 85.0% and 60.0% of ewes that previously manifested oestrus behaviour in G-9SOV and G-12SOV respectively. NSER was successfully completed in 86.2% of ewes that had CL (p > .05). The mean number of CL per ewe/successfully flushed donor ewe was greater (p < .05) in G-12SOV (12.3 ± 1.7/12.1 ± 1.9) than in G-9SOV (7.9 ± 1.4/8.2 ± 1.6). Mean numbers of retrieved blastocysts and viable embryos were greater (p > .05) in G-12SOV (5.8 ± 1.9 and 3.7 ± 1.7) than G-9SOV (3.5 ± 1.1 and 0.8 ± 0.3 respectively). The total follicle count (all follicles ≥2 mm in diameter) at the sixth pFSH dose (at P4 -device removal) was positively correlated (p < .05) with the number of CL (r = .95) and viable embryos (r = .91) in G-12SOV . The ewes with ≥10 Cl (48% of all flushed donors) yielded 80.5% of viable embryos. In summary: (a) Morada Nova ewes from G-12SOV group had better superovulatory responses compared with G-9SOV group; (b) total follicle count at the last pFSH dose was a good predictor of superovulatory responses only in the ewes primed with P4 for 12 days; and (c) animals with ≥10 ovulations are main contributors to viable embryo production in Morada Nova ewes.

Overnutrition of Ewe in Late Gestation and the Impact on Placental Efficiency and Lamb's Performance.

The objective of the study was to evaluate energy or energy/protein supplementation in the ewe diet, in the last third of gestation, on maternal placental and endocrine characteristics, as well as its effects on the behavior of neonatal lambs and productive performance until weaning. A total of 128 ewes were used, and the experimental diet was fed from 100 days gestation until lambing, with the birth of 172 lambs. The ewes were distributed into three treatments: CTL (control, n = 43) with metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) intake according to NRC (1985); ME (energy supplementation, n = 44) plus 21% ME; and MECP (energy/protein supplementation, n = 41) plus 26% ME and CP. Body weight, body condition score, serum hormone concentrations, placental characteristics, lamb performance and behavior, and production efficiency of the ewe from lambing to weaning were measured. ME and MECP ewes were heavier before (p = 0.006) and just after lambing (p = 0.002) and had higher serum triiodothyronine (p = 0.001) and cortisol (p = 0.004) concentrations on the day of lambing. ME ewes had higher placental efficiency (p = 0.036) and lower total cotyledon weight (p = 0.011). ME and MECP diets increased both lamb birth weight (p = 0.015) and weaning weight (p = 0.009). Production efficiency at birth and at weaning was not influenced (p > 0.05) by treatments. Lamb behavior was influenced by the ME and MECP diets, reducing the time to kneel (p ≤ 0.05), to try to stand (p ≤ 0.05), and the latency to stand (p ≤ 0.005). It is concluded that overnutrition in the last third of gestation was positive for the ovine production system, with improved production rates, hormonal profile, placental characteristics, and neonatal behavior.

Investigações sobre a maternagem: comparando mães multíparas e primíparas na interação mãe-bebê / Investigations on motherhood: comparing multiparous and primiparous mothers in mother-baby interaction

A maternagem é apresentada como um processo de aprendizagem do comportamento de cuidado dos filhos em contextos de mulheres que optam pela maternidade. Diante disso, as mães multíparas teriam respostas mais positivas na interação com seus filhos pequenos? Para responder a essa questão buscou-se comparar a interação mãe-bebê entre mães primíparas e multíparas. Participaram do estudo 65 díades mâe-bebê (G1: 34 primíparas; G2: 31 multíparas). Utilizou-se o Paradigma Experimental Face-To-Face-Still-Face (FFSF) para análise da interação diádica com registros de vídeos de até nove minutos divididos em episódios (1 - play; 2 - não interativo - Still Face; e 3 - reunião). Os comportamentos foram registrados em protocolos, categorizados em Orientação Social Positiva - OSP - e Orientação Social Negativa - OSN - para a díade; e autorregulação - para os bebês. As médias observadas durante os episódios do FFSF foram comparadas a partir do teste t de Student. Houve diferença significativa na categoria OSP do episódio play, com médias superiores para mães multíparas. As mães primíparas tiveram mais dificuldade para retomada da interação, no episódio de- reunião. Os dados confirmaram resultados observados em pesquisas de autorrelato, indicando que a experiência prévia da maternagem favorece respostas mais efetivas tanto no inicio da interação como na retomada. Sendo a maternagem um comportamento aprendido, outros familiares podem igualmente desenvolver comportamentos de cuidado, compartilhando a alegria e a responsabilidade dos cuidados parentais.

Motherhood is presented as a process of learning the behavior of caring for children in contexts of women who choose maternity. In this condition, would multiparous mothers have more positive responses when interacting with their babies? To answer this question, we sought to compare the mother-infant interaction between primiparous and multiparous mothers. 65 mother-baby dyads participated in the study (G1: 34 primiparous; G2: 31 multiparous). The Experimental Face-To-Face-Still-Face (FFSF) Paradigm was used to analyze the dyadic interaction with video records of up to nine minutes in three episodes (1 - play; 2 - non-interactive - Still Face; and 3 - meeting). The behaviors were recorded in protocols, categorized as Positive Social Orientation - OSP - and Negative Social Orientation - OSN - for the dyad; and self-regulation - for babies. The averages observed during the FFSF episodes were compared using the Student's t test. There was a significant difference in the OSP category of the play episode, with higher averages for multiparous mothers. Primiparous mothers found it more difficult to resume interaction in the meeting episode. The data confirmed results observed in self-report surveys, indicating that the previous experience of motherhood favors more effective responses both at the beginning of the interaction and at the resumption. Mothering is a learned behavior, therefore, other family members can also develop care behaviors, sharing the joy and the responsibility of parental care.

Interação Mãe-Bebê: A Relação Entre o Processo de Vinculação e as Práticas Parentais / Mother-Baby Interaction: The Relationship Between the Bonding Process and Parentenal Pratictices

Buscou-se descrever as práticas parentais de mães de bebês aos três meses e investigar o seu efeito sobre a interação mãe-bebê. Participaram do estudo, 39 díades mães-bebê. As mães responderam a um Inventário de Estilos Parentais para Pais e Mães de Bebês (IEPMB). As díades foram filmadas em condição estruturada (Face-to-Face Still Face ­ FFSF). As práticas parentais identificadas a partir do IEPMB foram classificadas como Positivas ou Negativas, distribuídas entre os níveis Baixo, Médio e Alto. Os comportamentos observados durante o FFSF foram categorizados em Orientação Social Positiva (OSP), negativa (OSN) (para bebês e mães) e Autorregulação do bebê. Houve predominância de práticas parentais positivas, com efeito da Prática Positiva Alta indicando maior ocorrência de autorregulação dos bebês durante o 2o episódio. A interação dos fatores indicou efeito sobre a OSP dos bebês e suas mães, no 3o episódio, com melhores resultados para mães com Prática Positiva Média e Negativa baixa. Os resultados podem subsidiar programas de intervenção na primeira infância.

This research aims to practices the parenting practices of three-month-old babies' mothers and to investigate its effect on mother-baby interaction. Thirty-nine mother-baby dyads participated in the study. The mothers responded to an Inventory of Parenting Styles for Fathers and Mothers Babies (IEPMB). The dyads were filmed in a structured condition (Face-to-Face Still Face - FFSF). The Parental practices identified from the IEPMB were classified as Positive or Negative, distributed among the Low, Medium and High levels. The Interactive behaviors were categorized into Positive Social Orientation (OSP) or Negative (OSN) (for babies and mothers) and baby Self-Regulation. There was a predominance of positive parenting practices, with the effect of High Positive Practice indicating a higher occurrence of babies' self-regulation during the 2nd episode. The interaction of the factors indicated an effect on the OSP of babies and their mothers in the 3rd episode, with better results for mothers with Medium Positive and Low Negative Practices. The results can subsidize early childhood intervention programs.

NonSurgical Embryo Recovery from Estrus-Synchronized or Superovulated Morada Nova Ewes: A Feasible Strategy for Sheep Embryo Banking.

This study assessed the feasibility of in vivo embryo production and nonsurgical embryo recovery (NSER) in Morada Nova ewes (an endangered native Brazilian breed of sheep) subjected to different estrus synchronization and/or superovulation protocols. Ewes received intravaginal sponges soaked with 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP), which were kept in place for six (G6; n = 12), nine (G9; n = 12), or 12 (G12; n = 12) days. Half of the ewes in each group remained estrus synchronized only (SYNCH) and the other half was superovulated (SOV) with 133 mg porcine follicle-stimulating hormone (pFSH). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in antral follicle counts determined with ultrasonography 60 hours before MAP sponge removal (or at the time of the first pFSH dose) among G6 (6.4 ± 0.9), G9 (6.2 ± 0.7), and G12 (5.5 ± 0.6). Estrus responses and NSER success rates did not vary (p > 0.05) among the three progestin-treatment groups of ewes for either estrus-induced or superovulated animals. The onset of estrus occurred 10-12 hours later (p < 0.01) in G9SYNCH ewes compared with G6SYNCH and G12SYNCH, and the duration of estrus was ∼19 hours greater (p < 0.01) in G9SOV than in G6SOV. The average duration of the NSER procedure was 32.6 ± 1.3 minutes. At least one structure was recovered in 85.7% of synchronized and in 87.5% of superovulated ewes. Viable embryo recovery rates were also similar (p > 0.05) for G6 (1.0 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 1.5), G9 (1.3 ± 0.5 and 4.8 ± 2.0), and G12 groups (1.0 ± 0.3 and 4.8 ± 2.3; estrus-synchronized and superovulated ewes, respectively). In conclusion, progestogen pretreatment of different durations and NSER can be employed in Morada Nova ewes, resulting in reasonable viable embryo recovery rates in both estrus-synchronized and superovulated animals. Therefore, both techniques are suitable for use in commercial settings as well as small ruminant conservation programs.

Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparison between Interactive Behaviors of Full-Term and Preterm Infants / Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparação entre Comportamentos Interativos de Bebês Nascidos a Termo e Prematuros / Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparación entre Conductas Interactivas de Bebés Nacidos a Término y Prematuros

Abstract Some studies indicate differences in self-regulatory behaviors of infants, depending on their gestational age. This paper aimed to compare interactive behaviors of full-term and preterm infants in the Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm. Thirty prematurely born infants and thirty full-term infants were observed in the FFSF's experimental procedure, which consists in exposing the infant to two episodes of interaction with the mother plus another episode in which the interaction gets interrupted. The Coding System and Analysis of Infant Behaviors Expressed in Still-Face adapted was used to analyze the infants' interactive behaviors. Significant differences were observed in self-comfort behaviors. All the infants showed the still-face and the recovery effect, and full-term infants showed a carry-over effect. Results contribute to planning interventions that will help mothers promote more positive dyadic interactions.

Resumo Estudos têm apresentado diferenças nos comportamentos de autorregulação de bebês quando considerada a idade gestacional. Este estudo teve por objetivo comparar comportamentos interativos de bebês nascidos a termo e prematuros segundo paradigma experimental do Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). Trinta bebês nascidos prematuros e trinta a termo foram observados no procedimento experimental do FFSF que consiste na exposição do bebê a dois episódios de interação com a mãe e a um episódio em que se interrompe a interação. Utilizou-se uma adaptação do Sistema de Codificação e de Análise dos Comportamentos Infantis Expressos no Still-Face para analisar os comportamentos interativos dos bebês. Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos comportamentos de autorregulação. Todos os bebês apresentaram o efeito still-face e de recuperação e os bebês a termo apresentaram o efeito carry-over. Os resultados contribuem para o planejamento de intervenções que auxiliem as mães a promoverem interações diádicas mais positivas.

Resumen Estudios han mostrado diferencias en las conductas de autorregulación de bebés, de acuerdo con su edad gestacional. Este estudio buscó comparar las conductas interactivas de bebés nacidos a término y prematuros en el paradigma experimental Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF). Treinta bebés nacidos prematuros y treinta a término fueron observados en el procedimiento experimental del FFSF que consiste en la exposición del bebé a dos episodios de interacción con la madre y a un episodio en el que se interrumpe la interacción. Se utilizó de una adaptación del Sistema de Codificación y Análisis de las Conductas Infantiles expresadas en Still-face para analizar las conductas interactivas de los bebés. Se observaron diferencias significativas en las conductas de autorregulación. Los bebés mostraron los efectos still-face y de recuperación, y los bebés a término presentaron un efecto carry-over. Los resultados contribuyen para planificar intervenciones que auxilien a las madres a promover interacciones diádicas más positivas.

Habilidades sociais e acadêmicas de crianças e adolescentes em instituições de acolhimento / Social and academic skills of sheltered children and teenagers / Habilidades sociales y escolares de niños y adolescentes en instituciones de acogida

Considerando que habilidades sociais (HS) podem ser preditoras de bom desempenho escolar e que crianças e adolescentes com longo tempo de permanência em instituições tendem a apresentar dificuldades escolares, buscou-se, no presente estudo, comparar HS, problemas de comportamento e desempenho escolar entre crianças/adolescentes com e sem histórico de acolhimento institucional. Participaram do estudo 36 crianças/adolescentes divididas em dois grupos: G1, composto por 18 crianças/adolescentes de três instituições de acolhimento do interior do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, e G2, composto por 18 crianças/adolescentes sem histórico de acolhimento e do mesmo contexto escolar; além de seus respectivos docentes. Todos os estudantes responderam a inventários de HS, conforme a idade e ao Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE). Os professores responderam a duas escalas: uma de HS e uma de problemas comportamentais. Para o G1, maiores índices de habilidades sociais foram correlacionados a bom desempenho em leitura e problemas de comportamento foram correlacionados a índices mais baixos nos escores totais do TDE. Para o G2, maiores índices de habilidades sociais correlacionaram-se a melhor desempenho em matemática no TDE. Os participantes do G2 perceberam-se mais habilidosos que os do G1, apesar de os professores terem percebido as habilidades sociais de ambos os grupos como semelhantes. Em relação aos problemas de comportamento, os professores indicaram diferenças significativas, com maiores índices para o G1. Os dados sugerem intervenções junto aos professores para que possam reforçar comportamentos habilidosos de seus alunos, favorecer o autoconceito e o desempenho escolar.

Considering that social skills (SS) may be predictors of good school performance and that children and adolescents institutionalized for a long time tend to present school difficulties, this study sought to compare SS, behavioral problems, and school performance in children/teenagers with and without institutional sheltering experiences. The study sample consisted of teachers and 36 children/teenagers that were divided into two groups: G1, which included 18 children and teens from three shelters in the countryside of Mato Grosso do Sul; and G2, including 18 children and teens without history of institutional sheltering and from the same school context as G1. All students answered social skills inventories according to their age and the School Performance Test (SPT). Teachers answered two scales: one for SS and one for behavioral problems. In G1, higher social skills scores were associated with good reading performances whereas behavioral problems were associated with lower total scores in the SPT. In G2, higher social skills scores were associated with better performance in SPT mathematics test. Although teachers reported similar social skills in both groups, G2 participants perceived themselves as more skilled than G1 participants. In turn, teachers assigned higher scores for behavioral problems in G1, significantly different than those found for G2. These findings indicate the need for interventions implemented with the help of teachers to reinforce skilled behaviors in their pupils, favoring self-esteem and school performance.

Las habilidades sociales (HS) pueden ser predictoras de un buen rendimiento escolar. Considerando los indicativos de dificultades escolares de niños y adolescentes con largo tiempo de permanencia en instituciones de acogida, el presente estudio pretende comparar las habilidades sociales, los problemas de conducta y el rendimiento escolar entre niños/adolescentes con y sin histórico de acogida institucional. En el estudio, participaron 36 niños/adolescentes que fueron divididos en dos grupos: G1 - que consta de 18 niños/adolescentes de tres instituciones de acogida de la zona rural de estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (Brasil); y G2 - que se compone de 18 niños/adolescentes sin histórico de acogida y del mismo contexto escolar; además de sus respectivos maestros. Los participantes del G1 y del G2 respondieron a inventarios de habilidades sociales según la edad y al Test de Rendimiento Escolar (TRE). Los profesores respondieron a dos escalas: la de HS y la de problemas de conducta. Para el G1, los más altos índices de habilidades sociales se correlacionaron a un buen rendimiento en lectura; y los índices más bajos se correlacionaron a problemas de conducta en los puntajes totales del TRE. Para el G2, los más altos índices de habilidades sociales estuvieron correlacionados a un mejor rendimiento en matemáticas en el TRE. Los participantes del G2 fueron más hábiles que los del G1, pero los profesores percibieron las habilidades sociales de ambos grupos como semejantes. Con relación a los problemas de conducta, los profesores indicaron diferencias significativas, con altos índices para el G1. Los datos sugieren intervenciones junto con los profesores para que puedan reforzar conductas hábiles de sus alumnos, favorecer el autoconcepto y el rendimiento escolar de ellos.