Effect of air pollution on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo, Brazil.

Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and these patients, even without previous myocardial infarction, run the risk of fatal coronary heart disease similar to non-diabetic patients surviving myocardial infarction. There is evidence showing that particulate matter air pollution is associated with increases in cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the association of air pollution with cardiovascular emergency room visits in a tertiary referral hospital in the city of São Paulo. Using a time-series approach, and adopting generalized linear Poisson regression models, we assessed the effect of daily variations in PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 on the daily number of emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic and non-diabetic patients from 2001 to 2003. A semi-parametric smoother (natural spline) was adopted to control long-term trends, linear term seasonal usage and weather variables. In this period, 45,000 cardiovascular emergency room visits were registered. The observed increase in interquartile range within the 2-day moving average of 8.0 microg/m(3) SO2 was associated with 7.0% (95%CI: 4.0-11.0) and 20.0% (95%CI: 5.0-44.0) increases in cardiovascular disease emergency room visits by non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. These data indicate that air pollution causes an increase of cardiovascular emergency room visits, and that diabetic patients are extremely susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution on their health conditions.

Effect of air pollution on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo, Brazil

Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and these patients, even without previous myocardial infarction, run the risk of fatal coronary heart disease similar to non-diabetic patients surviving myocardial infarction. There is evidence showing that particulate matter air pollution is associated with increases in cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the association of air pollution with cardiovascular emergency room visits in a tertiary referral hospital in the city of São Paulo. Using a time-series approach, and adopting generalized linear Poisson regression models, we assessed the effect of daily variations in PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 on the daily number of emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic and non-diabetic patients from 2001 to 2003. A semi-parametric smoother (natural spline) was adopted to control long-term trends, linear term seasonal usage and weather variables. In this period, 45,000 cardiovascular emergency room visits were registered. The observed increase in interquartile range within the 2-day moving average of 8.0 µg/m³ SO2 was associated with 7.0 percent (95 percentCI: 4.0-11.0) and 20.0 percent (95 percentCI: 5.0-44.0) increases in cardiovascular disease emergency room visits by non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. These data indicate that air pollution causes an increase of cardiovascular emergency room visits, and that diabetic patients are extremely susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution on their health conditions.

Seasonal variation of nutrients and energy in tambaqui's (Colossoma Macropomum Cuvier, 1818) natural food

The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of fruits and seeds as food items in the natural diet of the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). During one year, tambaqui's stomach contents were collected, and their nutritional and energetic values were determined. During the flooding period, and while the river water was rising, which coincided with a high availability of fruits and seeds, the protein content of food was low (11 percent-15 percent of dry matter basis), whereas in the dry season, when tambaqui fed mainly zooplankton, there was a high protein content (45 percent-57 percent of dry matter basis). Lipid, carbohydrate, crude fiber, ash and gross energy contents of the diet varied depending on the river water level and the food items ingested

Seasonal variation of nutrients and energy in tambaqui's (Colossoma Macropomum Cuvier, 1818) natural food.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of fruits and seeds as food items in the natural diet of the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). During one year, tambaqui's stomach contents were collected, and their nutritional and energetic values were determined. During the flooding period, and while the river water was rising, which coincided with a high availability of fruits and seeds, the protein content of food was low (11%-15% of dry matter basis), whereas in the dry season, when tambaqui fed mainly zooplankton, there was a high protein content (45%-57% of dry matter basis). Lipid, carbohydrate, crude fiber, ash and gross energy contents of the diet varied depending on the river water level and the food items ingested.

Vigilância epidemiológica da poliomielite na Bahia - 1979-1982 / Epidemiologic surveillance of poliomyelitis in Bahia - 1979-1982

Ações de vigilância epidemiológica no Estado da Bahia, estudo da situação do Dia Nacional de Vacinação e apresentação do comportamento da doença após a campanha de vacinação Anti-poliomielitica. Fez-se o estudo da distribuição dos casos notificados segundo as Diretorias de Saúde, ano, mês de ocorrência, grupo etário, estado vacinal anterior, tipo de polivírus isolado e evolução da doença. Ressalta-se também a importância da continuidade da vacinação no grupo susceptível de 0-4 anos, a fim de se obter o controle da Poliomielite