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1.
Rev. baiana saúde pública ; 47(1): 129-148, 20230619.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1438264

ABSTRACT

A pandemia do coronavírus criou incertezas sobre os impactos da doença na saúde dos universitários relacionados ao padrão de uso de substâncias psicoativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas entre universitários da área da saúde antes e durante a pandemia da covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com inquéritos repetidos. Para determinar o padrão de uso das substâncias psicoativas, utilizou-se o Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Substâncias (ASSIST). Foi realizada a análise de regressão logística com a medida do desfecho expressa por odds ratio e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Obtiveram-se as seguintes associações para o maior consumo de substâncias psicoativas antes da pandemia: homossexuais/bissexuais e tabaco no mês; não iniciantes no curso e álcool (na vida e no mês) e drogas ilícitas na vida. Ademais, a análise ajustada dos estudantes durante a pandemia demonstrou que a associação foi mantida: homossexuais/bissexuais e tabaco na vida e no mês, álcool no mês e drogas ilícitas na vida. Concluiu-se que a universidade deve buscar a implementação de políticas de assistência estudantil, garantindo aos alunos um bem-estar físico e emocional.


The coronavirus pandemic created uncertainty about the health impacts of the disease on college students related to the pattern of psychoactive substance use. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among university health students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study, with repeated surveys. To determine the pattern of psychoactive substance use the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test ­ (ASSIST) was used. The logistic regression analysis was performed with the measurement of the outcome expressed by odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. The following associations were obtained for the highest consumption of psychoactive substance before the pandemic: homosexuals/bisexuals and tobacco in the month; non-beginners in the course and alcohol (in life and in the month), and illicit drugs in life. Furthermore, the adjusted analysis of students during the pandemic showed that the association remained: homosexuals/bisexuals and tobacco in life and month, alcohol in month, and illicit drugs in life. In conclusion, the university must seek to implement student assistance policies, guaranteeing students' physical and emotional wellbeing.


La pandemia de coronavirus produjo incertidumbres sobre las repercusiones de la enfermedad en la salud de los estudiantes universitarios relacionadas con el patrón de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas entre los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con encuestas repetidas. Para determinar el patrón de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, se utilizó la Prueba de Detección de Consumo de Alcohol, Tabaco y Sustancias ­ASSIST. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística con la medida de resultado expresada por odds ratio y un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Se obtuvieron las siguientes asociaciones para el mayor consumo antes de la pandemia: homosexuales/bisexuales y tabaco en el mes; no iniciados en el curso y alcohol (en la vida y en el mes) y drogas ilícitas en la vida. Además, el análisis ajustado de los estudiantes en la pandemia se mantuvo asociado con: homosexuales/bisexuales y tabaco en la vida y el mes, alcohol en el mes y drogas ilícitas en la vida. Se concluye que la universidad debe implementar políticas de asistencia a los estudiantes para garantizarles bienestar físico y emocional.


Subject(s)
Psychotropic Drugs
2.
Rev. baiana saúde pública ; 45(3): 92-107, 20213112.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1393087

ABSTRACT

O contexto de vida de universitários é marcado por vivências individuais e coletivas que se associam ao distanciamento da família, ampliação das responsabilidades e adoção de novos comportamentos, como os diferentes padrões alimentares. Diante disso, uma questão que se apresenta é se os estudantes da área da nutrição, familiarizados com os prejuízos de uma alimentação não saudável, orientam seus consumos alimentares com base nos pilares teóricos de uma alimentação saudável. Objetivou-se, com isso, caracterizar o consumo alimentar de estudantes universitários do curso de nutrição de uma universidade pública do Nordeste do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 166 acadêmicos. A ingestão dietética foi estimada por meio da aplicação de dois recordatórios de 24 horas. Para análise de dados, foi utilizada a comparação de médias por meio do teste t independente. O consumo médio diário de energia dos estudantes universitários foi de 2010,97 ± 575,65 kcal, sendo 52,8% desse total proveniente dos carboidratos; 17,3% de proteínas e 30,8% de lipídeos. A média de refeições diárias feitas pelos participantes foi 5 ± 0,93, sendo, principalmente, suas casas o principal local de realização. Por outro lado, o consumo hídrico correspondeu a 1,73 ± 0,74 litros por dia. Maiores alterações desfavoráveis na ingestão alimentar foram verificadas em estudantes do sexo masculino, com sobrepeso e que estão em semestres intermediários da graduação. Dessa forma, aspectos significativos da vida como o gênero, estado nutricional e tempo de estudo podem afetar o consumo alimentar dos estudantes.


Undergrad life is marked by individual and collective experiences associated with family detachment, expansion of responsibilities, and the adoption of new behaviors, such as different eating habits. In this scenario, a question that arises is whether Nutrition students, familiar with the harms of an unhealthy diet, guide their food consumption based on the theoretical pillars of healthy eating. This cross-sectional study, conducted with 166 undergraduates, sought to characterize the food consumption of nutrition students from a public university in northeastern Brazil. Dietary intake was estimated by applying two 24-hour recall schedules. Data was analysed using comparison of means by independent t-test. University students average daily energy consumption was 2010.97 ± 575.65 kcal, of which 52.8% came from carbohydrates; 17.3% from proteins, and 30.8% from lipids. The participants reported an average of 5 ± 0.93 daily meals, mainly eaten at home. Conversely, water consumption corresponded to 1.73 ± 0.74 liters per day. Greater unfavorable changes in dietary intake were seen in male students who were overweight and in intermediate semesters of undergraduate study. Thus, significant aspects of life such as gender, nutritional status, and years of study can affect students' food consumption.


El contexto de vida de los estudiantes universitarios está marcado por experiencias individuales y colectivas que se asocian al alejamiento de la familia, a la ampliación de las responsabilidades y a la adopción de nuevos comportamientos, como de diferentes patrones alimentarios. Ante esto, surge el planteamiento si los estudiantes de Nutrición, conocedores de los perjuicios de una dieta poco saludable, orientan su consumo de alimentos con base en los pilares teóricos de la alimentación saludable. El objetivo es caracterizar el consumo de alimentos de los estudiantes universitarios del curso de nutrición de una universidad pública del Nordeste de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con 166 estudiantes. La ingesta dietética se estimó mediante la aplicación de dos recordatorios de 24 horas. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la comparación de las medias mediante el test t independiente. La ingesta media diaria de energía de los estudiantes universitarios fue de 2010,97 ± 575,65 kcal, de las cuales el 52,8% procedía de los hidratos de carbono, el 17,3% de las proteínas y el 30,8% de los lípidos. El número medio de comidas diarias realizadas por los participantes fue de 5 ± 0,93 siendo, principalmente, sus hogares el principal lugar de realización. Por otro lado, el consumo hídrico correspondió a 1,73 ± 0,74 litros por día. Se verificaron mayores cambios desfavorables en la ingesta de alimentos en los estudiantes varones, con sobrepeso y que se encuentran en semestres intermedios de graduación. Así, aspectos importantes de la vida como el género, el estado nutricional y la duración de los estudios pueden afectar a la ingesta de alimentos de los estudiantes.


Subject(s)
Universities , Nutritional Status , Eating , Feeding Behavior , Diet, Healthy
3.
Rev Endocr Metab Disord ; 21(1): 67-76, 2020 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31832878

ABSTRACT

Overweight and obesity are associated with vitamin D deficiency (VitD), which are both important health problems. Reduced serum vitamin D levels has been registered in all phases of life and is commonly associated with the genesis of overweight and obesity. Thus, the objective of this review with meta-analysis was to investigate and evidence the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in vitamin D. Interventional studies were searched for in 5 databases, without restriction of publication date or language. The absolute mean difference was used as a summary measure of the selected studies. A total of 2370 studies were identified, of which 18 descriptive articles were eligible - based on criteria and variables of selection and exclusion. Then the data were synthesized and submitted to meta-analysis. The results evidence that after supplementation individuals with obesity presented increased serum vitamin D 39.83 nmol/L (95% CI: 34.06-45.61) in relation to the control/placebo group. However, the obese state decreased serum vitamin D concentration by -38.17 nmol/L (95% CI: -59.90/-16.44) compared to the normal weight group. In addition, increasing the dose of VitD supplementation does not appear to contribute significantly to increased serum VitD levels. The study observed that obesity in adults reduced the effect of vitamin D supplementation. Therefore, research should be developed on the optimal dose of vitamin D supplementation for people with obesity.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO number CRD42018091.


Subject(s)
Obesity/complications , Vitamin D Deficiency/etiology , Vitamin D/administration & dosage , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/blood , Obesity/drug therapy , Overweight/blood , Overweight/complications , Overweight/drug therapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Treatment Outcome , Vitamin D/blood , Vitamin D/pharmacology , Vitamin D/therapeutic use , Vitamin D Deficiency/drug therapy , Young Adult
4.
Saúde debate ; 43(spe7): 204-221, Dez. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1127404

ABSTRACT

RESUMO A compreensão de como as pessoas procuram ajuda para resolver suas demandas ou problemas de saúde tem sido cada vez mais o foco de pesquisas. Objetiva-se analisar a produção científica nacional que aborda os Itinerários Terapêuticos (IT) a partir das concepções negativa e positiva de saúde. Foram pesquisados estudos na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, no período de 2008 a 2019. O metaestudo teve como objetivo interpretar e resumir os resultados. Foram identificados 224 estudos, e 50 foram selecionados. O principal núcleo de interesse na abordagem teórica considerou a doença/problema como disparador para a busca de terapêutica. Observa-se o predomínio de estudos com alto rigor metodológico e que usaram entrevistas e análise de conteúdo para produção de dados. Os resultados dos estudos revelam os sentidos que os sujeitos atribuem ao processo saúde-doença-cuidado. Entre as redes de apoio aos IT, destacam-se a família e os serviços de saúde. A resolutividade do sistema formal e a integralidade do cuidado também foram analisadas. Conclui-se que a ampliação de referenciais de análise e as perspectivas teóricas nos estudos sobre IT, a exemplo da concepção positiva de saúde, podem contribuir para a efetividade da integralidade e a eficácia simbólica no cuidado em saúde.


ABSTRACT The understanding of how people look for help to solve their demands or health problems has increasingly been the focus of researches. The objective is to analyze national scientific production that addresses the Therapeutic Itineraries (TI) in Brazil from the negative and positive conceptions of health. Studies from the period between 2008 and 2019 were investigated on the Virtual Library in Health. The meta-study had the objective of interpreting and summarizing the results. 224 studies were identified, and 50 were selected. The main core of interest in the theoretical approach deemed the disease/problem as the trigger to the quest for treatment. It was noticed the dominance of studies with high methodological accuracy that used interviews and content analysis for data production. The results of the studies indicate the meaning that the subjects attach to the health-disease-care process. Among the IT support networks, the family and the healthcare services are emphasized. The formal system resolvability and care comprehensiveness were also analyzed. It is concluded that the expansion of analytical frameworks and theoretical perspectives on IT studies, such as the positive conception of health, can contribute to the effectiveness of comprehensiveness and symbolic effectiveness in health care.

5.
Br J Nutr ; 122(3): 284-292, 2019 08 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31182171

ABSTRACT

The relationship among social determinants, vitamin D serum concentration and the health and nutrition conditions is an important issue in the healthcare of pregnant women and newborns. Thus, the present study analyses how vitamin D, prenatal monitoring and social determinants are associated with birth weight. The cohort comprised 329 pregnant women, up to 34 weeks gestational age at the time of admission, who were receiving care through the prenatal services of Family Health Units. Structural equation modelling was used in the statistical analysis. The mean birth weight was 3340 (sd 0·545) g. Each nmol increase in maternal vitamin D serum concentration was associated with an increase in birth weight of 3·06 g. Prenatal healthcare with fewer appointments (ß -41·49 g, 95 % CI -79·27, -3·71) and late onset of care in the second trimester or third trimester (ß -39·24 g, 95 % CI -73·31, -5·16) favoured decreased birth weight. In addition, low socio-economic class and the practice of Afro-Brazilian religions showed a direct association with high vitamin D serum concentrations and an indirect association with high birth weight, respectively. High gestational BMI (ß 23·84, 95 % CI 4·37, 43·31), maternal education level (ß 24·52 g, 95 % CI 1·82, 47·23) and length of gestation (ß 79·71, 95 % CI 52·81; 106·6) resulted in high birth weight. In conclusion, maternal vitamin D serum concentration, social determinants and prenatal care, evaluated in the context of primary healthcare, directly determined birth weight.


Subject(s)
Birth Weight , Prenatal Care , Social Determinants of Health , Vitamin D/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Body Mass Index , Brazil/epidemiology , Educational Status , Female , Gestational Age , Humans , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant, Newborn , Maternal Age , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Prospective Studies , Sample Size , Social Class , Urban Population , Young Adult
6.
Am J Hum Biol ; 31(4): e23250, 2019 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31070844

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, maternal vitamin D concentration, and gestational outcomes. METHODS: The cohort consisted of 270 pregnant women who received prenatal services at basic public healthcare centers in the city of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. For statistical analysis, multiple linear regression was used. RESULTS: A mean of 72.62 (SD = 31.51) nmol/L for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations was found. The mean birth weight was 3.340 g (SD = 0.545 g), and the mean duration of gestation was 38.66 (SD = 1.83) weeks. Pregnant women who were homozygous for the low-frequency allele GG of SNP TaqI had a higher concentration of vitamin D during gestation (ß = 14.09 nmol/L; 95% CI = 0.85, 27.34) than the higher frequency homozygotes AA (ß = 3.33 nmol/L; 95% CI = -4.37, 11.05). The children of heterozygous women for the ApaI SNP (GA) were born with a lower weight (ß = -131.99 g, 95% CI = -258.50, -5.47, P = .04). The heterozygote genotype of the SNP TaqI (CA) decreased the risk of short duration of gestation (ß = 0.54 weeks, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.99, P = .01), and the homozygote for the lower frequency allele in the SNP ApaI (CC) showed a negative effect, decreasing the duration of gestation (ß = -0.69 weeks, 95% CI = -1.35, -0.26, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: The VDR gene is an important genetic predictor of a higher concentration of vitamin D during gestation, low birth weight, and decreasing duration of gestation.


Subject(s)
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Pregnancy Outcome , Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics , Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives , Adult , Brazil , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Prospective Studies , Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism , Vitamin D/metabolism , Young Adult
7.
Cad Saude Publica ; 35(4): e00112718, 2019.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30994744

ABSTRACT

HIV prevalence among transgender women is disproportional when compared to the general population in various countries. Stigma and discrimination based on gender identity have frequently been associated with vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The objective was to conduct a systematic literature review to analyze the relationship between stigma and discrimination related to gender identity in transgender women and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. This systematic literature review involved the stages of identification, compilation, analysis, and interpretation of results of studies found in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and LILACS. No publication time period was determined in advance for this review. The studies were assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review included articles in English, Portuguese, or Spanish that related stigma and discrimination to transgender women's vulnerability to HIV. We found 41 studies, mostly qualitative, published from 2004 to 2018, and categorized in three dimensions of stigma: individual, interpersonal, and structural. The data highlighted that the effects of stigma related to gender identity, such as violence, discrimination, and transphobia, are structuring elements in transgender women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The studies showed a relationship between stigma and discrimination and transgender women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and indicated the need for public policies to fight discrimination in society.


A prevalência de HIV entre mulheres transgênero é desproporcional quando comparamos com a população geral em vários países. O estigma e a discriminação, por conta da identidade de gênero, têm sido comumente associados à vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para analisar a relação entre o estigma e a discriminação relacionados à identidade de gênero de mulheres transgênero e à vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids. Revisão sistemática da literatura, que envolveu as etapas de identificação, fichamento, análise e interpretação de resultados de estudos valendo-se da seleção em cinco bases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct e LILACS. Não houve estabelecimento de período de tempo a priori para essa revisão. Os estudos foram avaliados de acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês, português ou espanhol, que relacionavam o estigma e a discriminação com a vulnerabilidade de mulheres transgênero ao HIV. Foram encontrados 41 artigos, majoritariamente qualitativos, publicados no período entre 2004 e 2018, e categorizados em três dimensões do estigma: nível individual, interpessoal e estrutural. Os dados permitem destacar que os efeitos do estigma relacionado à identidade de gênero, como a violência, a discriminação e a transfobia, são elementos estruturantes no processo da vulnerabilidade da população de mulheres transgênero ao HIV/aids. Os trabalhos mostraram relação entre estigma e discriminação com a vulnerabilidade de mulheres transgênero ao HIV/aids e apontaram para a necessidade de políticas públicas que combatam a discriminação na sociedade.


La prevalencia de VIH entre mujeres transgénero es desproporcionada cuando la comparamos con la población general en varios países. El estigma y la discriminación, debido a la identidad de género, han sido comúnmente asociados a la vulnerabilidad al VIH/SIDA. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para analizar la relación entre el estigma y la discriminación, relacionados con la identidad de género de mujeres transgénero y su vulnerabilidad al VIH/SIDA. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, que implicó etapas de identificación, registro, análisis e interpretación de resultados de estudios, a partir de una selección en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct y LILACS. No se estableció un período de tiempo a priori para esta revisión. Los estudios se evaluaron según criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés, portugués o español, que relacionaban el estigma y la discriminación con la vulnerabilidad de mujeres transgénero al VIH. Se encontraron 41 artículos, mayoritariamente cualitativos, publicados durante el período entre 2004 a 2018, y categorizados en tres dimensiones del estigma: nivel individual, interpersonal y estructural. Los datos permitieron destacar que los efectos del estigma, relacionado con la identidad de género, como la violencia, la discriminación y la transfobia, son elementos estructuradores en el proceso de la vulnerabilidad de la población de mujeres transgénero al VIH/SIDA. Los estudios mostraron una relación entre estigma y discriminación con la vulnerabilidad de mujeres transgénero al VIH/SIDA y señalan la necesidad de políticas públicas que combatan esta discriminación en la sociedad.


Subject(s)
HIV Infections/epidemiology , Social Discrimination , Social Stigma , Transgender Persons , Female , Gender Identity , HIV Infections/etiology , Humans , Male , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology
8.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr ; 59(13): 2102-2109, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29420062

ABSTRACT

Studies conducted among populations of tropical countries have reported high prevalences of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency. Information resulting from meta-analyses on the spatial distribution of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in tropical countries is still rare. The aim of this review was investigated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among the Brazilian population. Observational studies were searched in eight electronically databases. Additionally, theses and dissertations and abstracts were screened. Details on study design, methods, population, mean and data on serum concentrations of vitamin D in different age groups in Brazil were extracted. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and choropleth maps were created based on the geopolitical regions of the country. 72 published paper met the inclusion criteria. The mean vitamin D concentration among the Brazilian population between 2000 and 2017 of 67.65 nmol/L (95% CI: 65.91, 69.38 nmol/L).The prevalences of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were 28.16% (95% CI: 23.90, 32.40) and 45.26% (95% CI: 35.82, 54.71), respectively, for the Brazilian population. The highest prevalence of deficiency were observed in the southern and southeastern regions and the highest occurrence of vitamin D insufficiency was among the populations of the southeastern and northeastern regions. Finally, there are high prevalence of inadequate vitamin D concentrations among the population, regardless of age group in Brazil. The development of vitamin D food fortification policies in needs to be cautious and carefully planned.


Subject(s)
Sunlight , Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Databases, Factual , Food, Fortified , Humans , Prevalence , Vitamin D/blood , Vitamin D Deficiency/blood
9.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 35(4): e00112718, 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001649

ABSTRACT

Resumo: A prevalência de HIV entre mulheres transgênero é desproporcional quando comparamos com a população geral em vários países. O estigma e a discriminação, por conta da identidade de gênero, têm sido comumente associados à vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para analisar a relação entre o estigma e a discriminação relacionados à identidade de gênero de mulheres transgênero e à vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids. Revisão sistemática da literatura, que envolveu as etapas de identificação, fichamento, análise e interpretação de resultados de estudos valendo-se da seleção em cinco bases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct e LILACS. Não houve estabelecimento de período de tempo a priori para essa revisão. Os estudos foram avaliados de acordo com critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Foram incluídos artigos em inglês, português ou espanhol, que relacionavam o estigma e a discriminação com a vulnerabilidade de mulheres transgênero ao HIV. Foram encontrados 41 artigos, majoritariamente qualitativos, publicados no período entre 2004 e 2018, e categorizados em três dimensões do estigma: nível individual, interpessoal e estrutural. Os dados permitem destacar que os efeitos do estigma relacionado à identidade de gênero, como a violência, a discriminação e a transfobia, são elementos estruturantes no processo da vulnerabilidade da população de mulheres transgênero ao HIV/aids. Os trabalhos mostraram relação entre estigma e discriminação com a vulnerabilidade de mulheres transgênero ao HIV/aids e apontaram para a necessidade de políticas públicas que combatam a discriminação na sociedade.


Resumen: La prevalencia de VIH entre mujeres transgénero es desproporcionada cuando la comparamos con la población general en varios países. El estigma y la discriminación, debido a la identidad de género, han sido comúnmente asociados a la vulnerabilidad al VIH/SIDA. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para analizar la relación entre el estigma y la discriminación, relacionados con la identidad de género de mujeres transgénero y su vulnerabilidad al VIH/SIDA. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, que implicó etapas de identificación, registro, análisis e interpretación de resultados de estudios, a partir de una selección en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct y LILACS. No se estableció un período de tiempo a priori para esta revisión. Los estudios se evaluaron según criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se incluyeron artículos en inglés, portugués o español, que relacionaban el estigma y la discriminación con la vulnerabilidad de mujeres transgénero al VIH. Se encontraron 41 artículos, mayoritariamente cualitativos, publicados durante el período entre 2004 a 2018, y categorizados en tres dimensiones del estigma: nivel individual, interpersonal y estructural. Los datos permitieron destacar que los efectos del estigma, relacionado con la identidad de género, como la violencia, la discriminación y la transfobia, son elementos estructuradores en el proceso de la vulnerabilidad de la población de mujeres transgénero al VIH/SIDA. Los estudios mostraron una relación entre estigma y discriminación con la vulnerabilidad de mujeres transgénero al VIH/SIDA y señalan la necesidad de políticas públicas que combatan esta discriminación en la sociedad.


Abstract: HIV prevalence among transgender women is disproportional when compared to the general population in various countries. Stigma and discrimination based on gender identity have frequently been associated with vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The objective was to conduct a systematic literature review to analyze the relationship between stigma and discrimination related to gender identity in transgender women and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. This systematic literature review involved the stages of identification, compilation, analysis, and interpretation of results of studies found in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and LILACS. No publication time period was determined in advance for this review. The studies were assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review included articles in English, Portuguese, or Spanish that related stigma and discrimination to transgender women's vulnerability to HIV. We found 41 studies, mostly qualitative, published from 2004 to 2018, and categorized in three dimensions of stigma: individual, interpersonal, and structural. The data highlighted that the effects of stigma related to gender identity, such as violence, discrimination, and transphobia, are structuring elements in transgender women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The studies showed a relationship between stigma and discrimination and transgender women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and indicated the need for public policies to fight discrimination in society.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Social Stigma , Social Discrimination , Transgender Persons , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/epidemiology , HIV Infections/etiology , Gender Identity
10.
Clin Nutr ESPEN ; 23: 240-244, 2018 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29460806

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: We analyzed the serum vitamin D concentrations and identified the factors associated with vitamin D deficiency in Brazilian pregnant women, in a city with a high solar exposure. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 190 pregnant women in a municipality in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Socio-environmental information, regarding the lifestyle and biological factors of participants, was collected and recorded in a questionnaire, and serum concentrations of 25(OH)D was determined (PR). RESULTS: The deficient and insufficient vitamin D concentrations were found in 14.21% and 44.74% of the pregnant women, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with commuting to work via motor vehicles (PR: 2.79; 95% CI: 1.06-7.31), with winter (prevalence ratio - PR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.01-2.35), exposure to the sun only on the face and hands (PR: 2.99; 95% CI: 1.35-6.63) and single pregnant women (PR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.01-6.35). CONCLUSIONS: We detected a high proportion of pregnant women with vitamin deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels among pregnant women of a sunny city. These data suggest the necessity to monitor serum vitamin D levels during pregnancy and the adequate orientation in prenatal care to adoption healthy lifestyle for the prevention of vitamin D deficiency in this population.


Subject(s)
Sunlight , Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology , Vitamin D/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Life Style , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , Socioeconomic Factors , Vitamin D/administration & dosage , Vitamin D Deficiency/blood , Young Adult
11.
J Am Coll Nutr ; 36(3): 223-233, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28394727

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to review and synthesize scientific evidence to assess the association between excess body weight and depression among adults. METHODS: The systematic research of observational studies was held from January to March 2015 on Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo, Psicodoc, Psycarticles, and Isi Web. A prevalence ratio (PR) was adopted as a summary measurement. All articles were evaluated for methodological quality and risk of bias. Metaregression was used to investigate heterogeneity and to identify the variation between the studies in relation to the estimates of the effects. RESULTS: In this review, 9 studies (N = 171,701) met the inclusion criteria. All articles obtained adequate methodological quality. Most studies had high or unclear risk of bias. Overweight and obesity were assessed by body mass index. People with obesity were 32% more likely to have depression compared to those who were eutrophic (PR = 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-1.38). After a gender analysis, the results showed statistically significant differences in obese versus eutrophic women (PR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.28-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: There is consistent evidence that overweight or obesity was associated with depression.


Subject(s)
Depression/complications , Overweight/complications , Humans , Risk Factors
12.
Rev. bras. saúde mater. infant ; 17(1): 59-67, Jan.-Mar. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-844245

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objectives: to summarize Brazilian studies that analyzed the risk factors for Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) interruption before the child's six months of life. Methods: systematic review and meta-analysis indexed articles from Bireme, Scielo and Pubmed databases published in the period of January 2000 to December 2015. Results: 22 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The factors related to newborns were observed, such as birth weight (OR= 1.17; CI 95%: 1.05-1.29), female gender (OR= 1,09; CI 95%: 1.04-1.13) and the use of pacifier (OR= 2.29; CI 95%: 1.68-2.91) were the main factors responsible for the increase in the occurrence of EBF interruption. The factors were related to the mother, maternal age below twenty years old (OR= 1.22; CI 95%: 1.12-1.33) low schooling level (OR=1.28; CI 95%: 1.11-1.45), primiparity (OR= 1.17; CI 95%: 1.02-1.32) maternal employment during the postpartum period (OR= 1.26; CI 95%: 1.11-1.41), and low family income (OR= 1.22; CI 95%: 1.08-1.37) contributed significantly to the EBF interruption . Conclusions: the meta-analysis of Brazilian epidemiological studies demonstrated evidences to conclude that below the age of twenty, low schooling, primiparity, maternal employment in the postpartum period and low family income are associated to the interruption of exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age. Children with low birth weight, female gender and used a pacifier had greater vulnerability to not be exclusively breastfed. In conclusion, most of these factors can be modified through appropriate public policies throughout the adequate prenatal period to promote exclusive breastfeeding.


Resumo Objetivos: sumarizar estudos brasileiros que analisaram os fatores de risco para interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) antes dos seis meses de vida da criança. Métodos: revisão sistemática e metanálise de artigos indexados na base de dados Bireme, Scielo e Pubmed, publicados no período de janeiro 2000 a dezembro de 2015. Resultados: 22 artigos foram incluídos na metanálise. Observou-se que os fatores relacionados ao recém-nascido como o baixo peso ao nascer (OR= 1,17; IC95%: 1,05-1,29), sexo feminino (OR= 1,09; IC95%: 1,04-1,13) e uso de chupeta (OR= 2,29; IC95%: 1,68- 2,91) foram os principais fatores de exposição responsável pelo aumento da ocorrência de interrupção do AME. No que se refere aos fatores de exposição relacionados à mãe, a idade materna inferior a vinte anos (OR= 1,22; IC95%: 1,12-1,33), a baixa escolaridade (OR=1.28; CI 95%: 1,11-1,45), a primiparidade (OR= 1,17; IC95%: 1,02-1,32), o trabalho materno no puerpério (OR= 1,26; IC95%: 1,11-1,41) e a baixa renda familiar (OR= 1,22; IC95%: 1,08-1,37) contribuíram significativamente para ocorrência de interrupção do AME. Conclusões: a metanálise de estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros registrou evidências para concluir que a idade inferior a vinte anos, baixa escolaridade, primiparidade, trabalho materno no puerpério e a baixa renda familiar estão associados com a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses de idade. Crianças com baixo peso ao nascer, do sexo feminino e que usaram chupeta tiveram maior vulnerabilidade de não serem amamentadas exclusivamente. Conclui-se, que a maioria deste fatores podem ser modificados por meio de políticas públicas de acompanhamento adequado durante todo o pré-natal,com ações de promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Breast Feeding/statistics & numerical data , Health Surveys , Maternal Nutrition , Risk Factors , Brazil , Infant , Milk, Human , Health Policy
14.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 43(1): 39-44, mar. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787091

ABSTRACT

This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the dietary patterns of 125 nutrition students in 2011, from public university in Bahia State, Brazil. The students answered a structured and validated questionnaire for this specific group that addressed socioeconomic and health aspects, family Information, and food consumption. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis by principal components analysis. The mean age was 22.3 (SD: 3.75) years old. The majority (88%) of students were female. In relation to the dietary patterns of the students, 4 groups were identified and these patterns explained 59.8% of the total dietary variability. The pattern number 1, entitled "Traditional", consisted ofroots/tubers, legumes, dairyproducts, meat and eggs, fruit/natural juice and vegetables, and explained 21.53% of the variability of food consumption. Pattern 2, labeled "Exam Days" was made up of breads/cereals, sausages and artificial beverage accounted for 13.85% of the variability of food consumption. Pattern 3, entitled "End of Semester" was characterized predo-minantly by candy/sugar and snacks and represented 13.39% of the variability of food consumption. Pattern 4, labeled "Anxiety" which was made up of coffee/tea and fats, explained 11.08% of the variation of food consumption. It was observed that 38.1% of the students have inadequate food consumption because they are monotonous, and poor sources of fiber and vitamins.


Estudio transversal que tuvo por objetivo identificar los patrones alimentarios de 125 estudiantes de nutrición de una universidad pública del estado de Bahía, Brasil en el 2011. Los estudiantes respondieron un cuestionario validado para frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se empleo análisis factoriales para los componentes principales con el fin de identificar los principales patrones alimentarios de esos estudiantes. La media de edad fue de 22,3 años (DP=3,75). En relación a los patrones alimentarios fueron identificados cuatro patrones de consumo alimentario que explican 59,8% de la variabilidad total de la dieta. El patrón 1, nombrado "tradicional", compuesto por tubérculos, leguminosas, derivados lácteos, carnes e huevos, frutas en jugo/natural y hortalizas explicó 21,53% de la variabilidad; el patrón 2, nombrado "Días de prueba" integrado por panes/cereales, bebidas artificiales y embutidos respondió 13,85% de la variabilidad; el patrón 3, "Final de Semestre" fueron predominantes los dulces/azúcar y aperitivos este representó 13,39% de la variabilidad del consumo de alimentos: y el patrón 4 "Ansiedad" compuesto por café/te y grasas explicó 11,08% de la variación. Se observó que 38,1% de la variación del consumo de alimentos es representado por patrones de consumo de alimentos considerados inadecuados, pues son monótonos y pobres en fibra y vitaminas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Students , Nutritional Status , Universities , Feeding Behavior , Diet
15.
Vigil. sanit. debate ; 3(1): 82-87, fev. 2015.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-948804

ABSTRACT

Comércio ambulante de alimentos vem ganhando importância por oferecer alimentos de preparação rápida e custo acessível, além de constituir uma alternativa econômica para desempregados. Com o objetivo de analisar o perfil e discursos dos vendedores ambulantes inseridos no segmento de comida de rua, realizou-se um estudo quantitativo-qualitativo por meio da aplicação de 40 questionários semi-estruturados e da análise de 17 discursos. Os resultados demonstraram que 62,5% dos vendedores possuíam baixo grau de instrução e a atividade ambulante era sua principal fonte de renda. Além disso, 47,5% relataram que a opção pelo trabalho ambulante foi em decorrência da não inserção no mercado formal e que esta permitia renda, autonomia e satisfação. Foi observado que 92,5% encontravam se em inadequação quanto à vestimenta para a manipulação de alimentos e nunca havia participado de cursos para a realização de tal atividade, mas ainda assim cobravam ações de fiscalização, revelando desconhecimento das boas práticas de manipulação. O estudo permitiu concluir que o comércio informal de alimentos possui caráter social, permitindo emprego e renda, entretanto, a qualidade do alimento é comprometida pelo desconhecimento sobre higiene e manipulação adequada de alimentos, sendo necessárias ações educativas e de fiscalização.


Itinerant food sales are becoming increasingly important as they offer fast food products at accessible prices and constitute an economic alternative for the unemployed. A quantitative-qualitative study was conducted to assess the profile and discourses of the itinerant vendors included in the segment of street food peddling. This was accomplished by using 40-question semi-structured questionnaire and the analysis of 17 discourses. The results demonstrated that 62.5% of the vendors had a low level of education and that the main source of income came from street peddling. In addition, 47.5% vendors reported that their opting for itinerant work was the result of non-inclusion in the formal market sector, and that this choice provided them with income, autonomy, and satisfaction. It was found that 92.5% of the vendors were inadequately attired for handling food and had never taken courses related to such activities. However, despite the lack of knowledge of safe handling practices, they demanded actions for food inspection. The results also indicated that the informal commerce of food products has a social character, and ensures employment and a source of income; at the same time, food quality is compromised by the lack of knowledge about hygiene and food handling, which require educational and regulatory actions.


Subject(s)
Products Commerce , Food Inspection , Fast Foods , Food Handling
16.
Interface comun. saúde educ ; 18(48): 177-186, 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-704153

ABSTRACT

A formação em saúde, mediada pela extensão universitária, revela-se fundamental para propiciar experiências ampliadas de atuação em cenários do trabalho em saúde. Descreve-se a experiência de um projeto de vivência extensionista no SUS, de forma articulada entre universidade e gestores municipais, refletindo sobre as repercussões desencadeadas no percurso e no processo formativo dos estudantes. A atuação dos graduandos baseou-se no conhecimento da realidade local, na reflexão e priorização compartilhada de problemas/demandas, seguida de intervenções de cunho educativo e participativo, cujo planejamento e implementação enfatizaram formas coletivas e colaborativas de aprendizagem, investigação e intervenção. Os estudantes relataram repercussões no âmbito pessoal e profissional potencializadoras de uma atitude cidadã e transformadora diante de questões sociais e da organização dos serviços de saúde.


Healthcare training mediated by university extension has been found to be essential for providing extended experience of acting within scenarios of healthcare work. An experience of an extension project within the National Health System, involving cooperation between the university and municipal managers is described in this article, with reflections on the repercussions triggered during the training and on the students’ educational process. The students’ actions were based on knowledge of local realities, reflection and shared prioritization of problems/demands, followed by interventions of educational and participatory nature, for which the planning and implementation emphasized collective and collaborative learning, research and intervention methods. The students reported repercussions within the personal and professional sphere, which added potential towards transformatory attitudes of citizenship in relation to social issues and organization of healthcare services.


La formación en salud, mediada por la extensión universitaria, se muestra fundamental para propiciar experiencias más amplias de actuación en escenarios del trabajo en salud. Describe la experiencia de un proyecto de experiencia de extensión en el SUS, de manera articulada entre universidades y gestores municipales, reflexionando sobre las repercusiones desencadenadas en el recorrido y en el proceso formativo de los alumnos. La actuación de los alumnos de graduación se basó en el conocimiento de la realidad local, en la reflexión y priorización compartida de problemas/demandas, seguida de intervenciones de cuño educativo y participativo, cuya planificación e implementación dieron énfasis a formas colectivas y colaborativas de aprendizaje, investigación e intervención. Los estudiantes relataron repercusiones en el ámbito personal y profesional que potencian una actitud ciudadana y transformadora ante cuestiones sociales y de la organización de los servicios de salud.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Health Education , Unified Health System
17.
Rev. baiana saúde pública ; 36(4)out.-dez. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-689439

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se avaliar as condições higienicossanitárias de alimentos de rua e realizar intervenção educativa para trabalhadores do comércio informal de alimentos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual foi realizado o diagnóstico higienicossanitário dos pontos informais, por meio de aplicação de checklist, contagem de coliformes totais e taphylococcus aureus em amostras de lanches, em Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, período 2008-2009. Posteriormente, houve a realização de intervenção educativa em Boas Práticas de Fabricação no ponto de comercialização e local de produção dos alimentos. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os vendedores de comida de rua apresentavam falhas higienicossanitárias na produção do alimento. A contagem de coliformes totais variou entre 8 x 10¹ a 2,2 x 105 UFC/g, estando 90 por cento (9) das amostras de acima de 102 UFC/g. A contagem de Staphylococcus aureus variou entre 1,1 x 102 e 3,7 x 104 UFC/g, apresentando 80 por cento (8) das amostras acima dos níveis tolerados pela RDC 12/2001. A intervenção educativa em Boas Práticas propiciaram melhorias das condições higienicossanitárias nas edificações e instalações, equipamentos, móveis e utensílios, manipuladores e produção. Concluiu-se que a intervenção realizada com base na abordagem problematizadora é


The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary hygiene settings of street foods and make an educational intervention for workers in the informal food trade. This is a case study in which a hygienic and sanitary diagnosis of the informal street food stands was performed by applying a checklist, and the counting of total coliform Staphylococcus aureus in samples of snacks in Santo Antonio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil in the period of 2008-2009. Subsequently, an educational intervention on Good Manufacturing Practices was performed at the street stands and in the places where the food was prepared. The results showed that 100 percent of street food vendors failed on hygiene and sanitary food production methods. The counting of total coliforms ranged from 8 x 10¹ to 2.2 x 105 CFU / g, and 90 percent of samples were above 102 CFU / g. The enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus ranged between 1.1 x 102 and 3.7 x 104 CFU / g, with 80 percent of samples were above the levels permitted by the Brazilian Federal Legislation. The educational intervention on Good Manufacturing Practices led to the improvement of sanitary conditions in the buildings, facilities, equipment, furniture, appliances, manipulators and production. We conclude that the intervention performed based on the problematic approach is an important methodology to sensitize street food vendors to produce safe food.


Este estudio tuvo como objetivo diagnosticar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de los alimentos de consumo en la calle y realizar una intervención educativa para los trabajadores del comercio informal de alimentos. Estudio de caso, destinado a realizar el diagnóstico higiénico-sanitario del comercio informal de alimentos, a través de la aplicación de una lista de control, conteo de coliformes totales y Staphylococcusaureus en muestras de meriendas, en la ciudad de Santo Antonio de Jesus, Bahia, durante el periodo de 2008 a 2009. Posteriormente se realizó una intervención educativa sobre las Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación, en el lugar de comercialización y en el local de producción de los alimentos. Los resultados demuestran que la totalidad de los vendedores de la comida en la calle presentaban fallas higiénico-sanitarias en la producción del alimento. El conteo de coliformes totales varió entre 8 x 101 a 2,2 x 105 UFC/g, estando 90 por ciento (9) de las muestras por encima de 102 UFC/g. El conteo de Staphylococcusaureus varió entre 1,1 x 102 y 3,7 x 104 UFC/g, presentando 80 por ciento de las muestras por encima de los niveles tolerados por la RDC 12/2001. La intervención educativa de las Buenas Prácticas propició mejorías en las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias en las edificaciones e instalaciones, en los equipos, en los muebles y utensilios, en los manipuladores y en la producción. Se concluye que la intervención realizada, con base en el enfoque problemático, es importante para sensibilizar a los trabajadores del segmento de comida de la calle para la producción de un alimento seguro.


Subject(s)
Food and Nutrition Education , Food Hygiene , Street Food
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