An evaluation of techniques to diagnose Dioctophyme renale in dogs.

Dioctophyme renale is a nematode with zoonotic potential that affects the kidneys of carnivorous, wild, and domestic mammals. In this study, we sought to evaluate the indirect ELISA method against routine methods used to diagnose dioctophimosis. Hence, 38 dogs parasitized by D. renale, as confirmed by surgery, were selected. The dogs were evaluated by abdominal ultrasound and urinalysis, and their sera were tested by indirect ELISA using D. renale adult secretion and excretion antigen (DES). Five dogs were followed up with serum collections on day 0 (day of surgery) and 30, 60, and 90 days after surgery to evaluate antibody kinetics. Abdominal ultrasound and indirect ELISA successfully diagnosed 37 dogs parasitized by D. renale, while urinalysis diagnosed 29 animals. The positive animals were parasitized with 1-7 parasites; 17 dogs were infected by male and female parasites, 15 only by female parasites, and six were parasitized only by male parasites. When assessing specificity and sensitivity, all techniques showed 100% specificity and 81.6%, 97.4%, and 97.4% sensitivity for urinalysis, ultrasound, and ELISA, respectively (p < 0.001). The five positive dogs that were followed up after surgery showed a progressive decrease in mean absorbances in indirect ELISA (0.644, 0.516, 0.511, and 0.440, respectively). This study demonstrated that the indirect ELISA using the DE antigen could diagnose dioctophimosis regardless of the number, sex, and location of the parasites, with the potential to be used in epidemiological research and implementing immunological and molecular studies, opening new lines of research on D. renale.

Dioctophyme renale é um nematódeo que possui potencial zoonótico e acomete o rim de mamíferos carnívoros, silvestres e domésticos. Neste estudo busca-se avaliar a técnica de ELISA indireto frente metodologias de rotina utilizadas no diagnóstico da dioctofimose. Para isto, 38 cães participaram do estudo, sendo todos parasitados por D. renale, confirmados por cirurgia. Esses cães foram avaliados por ultrassom abdominal, urinálise e seus soros testado por ELISA indireto utilizando antígeno de excreção e secreção (DES) de adultos de D. renale. Destes, cinco cães foram acompanhados com coletas de soro, no dia zero (dia da cirurgia) e após 30, 60 e 90 dias da cirurgia para avaliar a cinética dos anticorpos. O ultrassom abdominal e ELISA indireto apresentaram sucesso no diagnóstico de 37 cães parasitados por D. renale, enquanto que a urinálise diagnosticou 29 animais. Os animais positivos possuíam de um a sete parasitos, 17 cães apresentaram infecções por macho e fêmeas, 15 somente por fêmeas e seis foram parasitados apenas por machos. Na avaliação da especificidade e sensibilidade, todas as técnicas apresentaram 100% de especificidade e 81,6%, 97,4%, 97,4% de sensibilidade para urinálise, ultrassom e ELISA, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Os cinco cães positivos que foram acompanhados após a cirurgia apresentaram diminuição progressiva nas médias de absorbâncias no ELISA indireto (0,644, 0,516, 0,511 e 0,440, respectivamente). O estudo demonstrou que o ELISA indireto utilizando o antígeno DES poderia diagnosticar dioctofimose, independentemente do número, sexo e localização dos parasitos, com potencial para ser utilizada em estudos epidemiológicos e na implementação de estudos imunológicos e moleculares, abrindo novas linhas de pesquisa sobre Dioctophyme renale.

Nephrectomy in 52 dogs for the treatment of Dioctophyme renale infection - Knowing the enemy to win.

Dioctophyme renale (D. renale) is a nematode that parasitizes the kidney of mammals. Treatment is often surgical, with removal of the affected organ. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and surgical aspects, the interval between diagnosis and treatment, the occurrence of pre- and intraoperative complications, and the postoperative survival time of dogs parasitized by D. renale undergoing therapeutic nephrectomy. Records of fifty-two dogs treated in a single hospital service were analyzed. We collected epidemiological data, laboratory results, diagnostic method, anesthetic protocol, surgical technique and time, type of antimicrobial prophylaxis, pre- and intraoperative complications, location and number of parasites, and postoperative survival time. Of the 52 dogs undergoing right nephrectomy by laparotomy, 61.5 % were female and 63.4 % were adults. Although the most common clinical sign was hematuria (25 %), 61.5 % of the patients were asymptomatic. Eosinophilia and increased serum urea were the only laboratory changes found. The interval between diagnosis and surgery was 27.4 ± 23 days and no patient showed changes suggestive of surgical emergency. The most common surgical approach was the right paracostal (61.5 %), and a continuous suture pattern was predominant. Intraoperative complications occurred in 9.6 % of the procedures, varying from mild to severe hemorrhage. Mean postoperative survival was 835.5 ± 428 days. Dioctophymosis was effectively controlled by nephrectomy of the affected kidney, allowing a mean survival of more than 830 days. No serious complications caused by intervals between diagnosis and treatment have been reported. This is the largest retrospective study evaluating dogs infected with D. renale that were surgically treated.

Ovicidal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi) against Ancylostoma spp. from naturally parasitized dogs.

This study aimed to evaluate the ovicidal activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Schinus terebinthifolia (SCH; T1) against Ancylostoma spp. and its influence of storage time in the extract stored for 36 months (T36). Eggs of Ancylostoma spp. were obtained from naturally parasitized dogs, and used for the larval hatchability test, where the eggs were exposed to T1 and T36 extracts of SCH (15-0.625 mg/mL). In T1, all concentrations inhibited more than 80% of the eggs, being 100% at concentrations between 15 and 5 mg/mL (p > 0.05). At T36, all concentrations were active, even the ones between 2.5 and 0.625 mg/mL, with 100% inhibition (p < 0.05), revealing that the storage time maintained the ovicidal action. By LC-MS, T36 presented ethyl gallate, myricitrin, and gallic acid as major compounds. These findings support the promising use of SCH extract as an ovicide against Ancylostoma spp., even stored for 36 months of shelf life.

Multiresistant bacteria isolated from domestic and wild animals with skin lesions were susceptible to native plants from Southern Brazil.

We evaluated the chemical composition, toxicity, and antibacterial activity of Schinus terebinthifolia (SCH), Eugenia uniflora (EUG), Persicaria hydropiperoides (PER), Equisetum hyemale (EQU), Solidago chilensis (SOL), and Baccharis trimera (BRA). These plants were tested (7.5-0.01 mg/mL) against Gram-positive (G+; n = 32) and Gram-negative (G-; n = 26) isolates from animals (M07-A9, CLSI). Antibiogram (disk diffusion), chromatographic analysis (UPLC), and toxicity assay (HET-CAM) were also performed. A high incidence of resistance was noted, in which 18.4% (07/38) of G+ (Staphylococcus intermedius/Enterococcus faecium) and 17.7% (06/34) of G- (Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Escherichia coli/Proteus mirabilis) were multidrug-resistant. All bacteria were sensitive (MIC50) to SCH (both 3.75 mg/mL), EUG (3.75 mg/mL and 7.5 mg/mL, respectively) and PER (both 7.5 mg/mL). SCH/EUG/PER highlighted as antibacterial, probably due to the major compounds (ethyl gallate, quinic acid, quercetin). These extracts showed normal embryonic development (SCH/EUG: 7.5-0.94 mg/mL). These findings highlighted the promising use of native plants for therapeutic purposes.

Ectopic Dioctophyme renale in the thoracic and abdominal cavities associated with renal parasitism in a dog.

Dioctophymosis is the disease caused by the nematode Dioctophyme renale, normally found parasitizing the right kidney of dogs. The absence of symptoms is frequent in parasitized animals. The surgical procedures are commonly performed to treat this disease. This work describes a case involving a canine with renal and ectopic parasitosis in the abdominal and thoracic regions. A mixed-breed female dog, approximately four months old, was diagnosed by ultrasound as for the presence of D. renale in the right kidney and abdominal and thoracic cavities. The animal underwent exploratory celiotomy, nephrectomy of the parasitized kidney, and transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy to remove the thoracic parasite, with a single abdominal surgical wound and excellent postoperative recovery. Several reports of ectopic parasitosis are found, however, the thoracic finding is unusual, and curative therapeutic transdiaphragmatic thoracotomy for dioctophymosis in dogs has not been previously described.

Environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul state: a serious public health problem / Contaminação ambiental por formas parasitárias em comunidade em vulnerabilidade social no sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul: um grave problema de saúde pública

In Brazil, a significant percentage of the population lives without basic sanitation, experiencing so-called social vulnerability. The fact that these people share the environment with animals promotes the establishment of zoonotic parasitic infections, as well as the resultant parasitic cycles. Thus, parasites present in the environment must be identified, so that control measures can be recommended. In this context, this study's objective was to evaluate environmental contamination by parasitic forms in a socially vulnerable community in southern Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 100 soil samples collected from the community were processed by a sodium dichromate centrifuge-flotation technique and analyzed by a compound microscope (40X objective) for the identification of parasite eggs, oocysts and cysts. All points were positive for two or more parasites, with the identification of 33.59% non-identified coccidian oocysts, Strongylida (25.4%), Ascaridida (21.31%), Trichuris spp. (8.19%), Toxocara spp. (3.27%), Amoebas (4.08%), Dioctophyma renale (2.45%), and Giardia spp.(1.63%). The presence of parasitic forms in all points analyzed surpasses other studies of environmental contamination carried out in the southern region of Brazil. In addition, the identification of several parasitic forms with zoonotic potential is concerning, since it shows the possibility of parasitic transmission to humans and other animals. In view of the results, the conclusion is that the environment analyzed is contaminated by parasitic forms, constituting a serious public health problem. Therefore, implementing educational and preventive measures in the community to control parasites is of crucial importance.(AU)

No Brasil, uma parcela significativa da população não possui saneamento básico e vive em situação de vulnerabilidade social, compartilhando o ambiente com animais, possibilitando o estabelecimento de infecções parasitárias zoonóticas e a manutenção do ciclo dos parasitos. Assim, para que medidas de controle sejam preconizadas, torna-se necessário a identificação dos parasitos presentes no ambiente. Neste contexto, este trabalho avaliou a contaminação ambiental por formas parasitárias em comunidade de vulnerabilidade social no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas cem amostras de solo da comunidade, que foram processadas pela técnica de centrifugo-flutuação em solução de dicromato de sódio e analisadas em microscópio composto (objetiva 40X) para a identificação dos ovos, oocistos e cistos de parasitos. Todos os pontos de coleta foram positivos para dois ou mais parasitos, sendo diagnosticados oocistos de coccídios não-identificados (33,59%), Strongylida (25,4%), Ascaridida (21,31%), Trichuris spp. (8,19%), Toxocara spp. (3,27%), Amebas (4,08%), Dioctophyma renale (2,45%), Giardia spp. (1,63%). A quantidade de formas parasitárias em todos os pontos analisados supera a contida em outros estudos de contaminação ambiental já realizados na região sul do Brasil. Além disso, a identificação de diversas formas parasitárias com potencial zoonótico é preocupante, pois evidencia a possibilidade de transmissão de parasitoses ao homem e a outros animais. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que o ambiente em questão está contaminado por formas parasitárias, constituindo um sério problema de saúde pública. Ressalta-se a importância da implantação de medidas educativas e preventivas com a comunidade para o controle dos parasitos.(AU)

Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda: Enoplida) in domestic dogs and cats in the extreme south of Brazil / Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda: Enoplida) em cães e gatos domésticos no extremo sul do Brasil

Abstract Dioctophyme renale is a zoonotic nematode that parasites the kidneys of wild and domestic carnivores, and it has been reported frequently in Brazil. The aim here was to register the number of cases of dogs and cats diagnosed with dioctophymosis by necropsy (1981 to 2014) and ultrasound examination (2010 to 2015) in Pelotas-RS. In this context, a survey was conducted on dioctophymosis cases diagnosed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) and Veterinary Clinical Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), and at a specialist veterinary imaging diagnostics clinic. In total, 95 cases were registered. The high series of the disease in dogs can be related to the presence of a large number of stray and semi-domestic dogs in the city, and also due to the ingestion of intermediate hosts of D. renale parasitized with the infective larvae. Thus, it can be concluded that Pelotas is a city with favorable conditions for the occurrence of dioctophymosis with high rate of disease in recent years.

Resumo Dioctophyme renale é um nematódeo zoonótico que parasita principalmente o rim de carnívoros silvestres e domésticos, e tem sido relatado com frequência no Brasil. Objetivou-se registrar o número de casos de cães e gatos diagnosticados com dioctofimatose por necropsia (1981 a 2014) e exame ultrassonográfico (2010 a 2015) em Pelotas-RS. Nesse contexto, foi realizado um inquérito de casos de dioctofimatose em animais de companhia no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) e no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária (HCV) da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), e em uma clínica veterinária especializada em diagnóstico por imagem, totalizando 95 casos registrados. A elevada casuística da doença em cães pode estar relacionada à presença de um grande número de cães errantes e semi-domiciliados na cidade, e também devido à ingestão dos hospedeiros intermediários de D. renale parasitados com a larva infectante. Assim, conclui-se que Pelotas é uma cidade propícia para a ocorrência de dioctofimatose, com elevada casuística da doença nos últimos anos.

First isolation of Dioctophyme renale eggs from an urban environment and identification of those from animal urine / Primeiro isolamento de ovos de Dioctophyme renale no ambiente urbano e identificação destes na urina de animais

Abstract Dioctophyme renale is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution, although its occurrence is little known. The objective here was to evaluate the presence of parasite eggs in the environment and in the urine of dogs and cats in an urban area. Soil samples and urine were evaluated respectively by means of the Caldwell-Caldwell technique and urinalysis. Out of the 100 soil samples, 3% presented D. renale eggs, and out of the 43 urine samples, 18.6% were positive, including the feline samples. Thus, D. renale eggs are present in the urban environment, and dogs and cats are parasitized by this nematode, which therefore represents a risk to public health.

Resumo Dioctophyme renale é um parasito zoonótico com distribuição cosmopolita, entretanto sua ocorrência é pouco conhecida. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar a presença de ovos do parasito no ambiente e na urina de cães e gatos de zona urbana. As amostras de solo e urina foram avaliadas, respectivamente, pela técnica de Caldwell e Caldwell e por urinálise. Das 100 amostras de solo, 3% apresentaram ovos de D. renale, e das 43 amostras de urina, 18,6% foram positivas, incluindo a de felino. Conclui-se que ovos de D. renale estão presentes no ambiente urbano, assim como os caninos e felinos apresentam-se parasitados, representando um risco para a saúde pública.

First isolation of Dioctophyme renale eggs from an urban environment and identification of those from animal urine.

Dioctophyme renale is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution, although its occurrence is little known. The objective here was to evaluate the presence of parasite eggs in the environment and in the urine of dogs and cats in an urban area. Soil samples and urine were evaluated respectively by means of the Caldwell-Caldwell technique and urinalysis. Out of the 100 soil samples, 3% presented D. renale eggs, and out of the 43 urine samples, 18.6% were positive, including the feline samples. Thus, D. renale eggs are present in the urban environment, and dogs and cats are parasitized by this nematode, which therefore represents a risk to public health.

Dioctophyme renale (Nematoda: Enoplida) in domestic dogs and cats in the extreme south of Brazil.

Dioctophyme renale is a zoonotic nematode that parasites the kidneys of wild and domestic carnivores, and it has been reported frequently in Brazil. The aim here was to register the number of cases of dogs and cats diagnosed with dioctophymosis by necropsy (1981 to 2014) and ultrasound examination (2010 to 2015) in Pelotas-RS. In this context, a survey was conducted on dioctophymosis cases diagnosed at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory (LPV) and Veterinary Clinical Hospital (HCV) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), and at a specialist veterinary imaging diagnostics clinic. In total, 95 cases were registered. The high series of the disease in dogs can be related to the presence of a large number of stray and semi-domestic dogs in the city, and also due to the ingestion of intermediate hosts of D. renale parasitized with the infective larvae. Thus, it can be concluded that Pelotas is a city with favorable conditions for the occurrence of dioctophymosis with high rate of disease in recent years.

Ruptura de bexiga em um cão: relato de caso / Bladder rupture in a dog: case report

A ruptura de bexiga é uma das anomalias do trato urinário mais recorrente nos cães e nos gatos, e pode ser causada por diferentes fatores, como trauma, necrose ou alguma complicação durante uma cirurgia vesical. Como conseqüência, ocorre o uroperitônio que, em longo prazo, leva à uremia, desidratação, hipovolemia, hipercalemia e morte (FOSSUM, 2008). O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso clínico-cirúrgico de uma ruptura de bexiga em um cão da raça Fila Alemão.

Peritonite séptica em fêmea canina - relato de caso / Septic peritonitis in female canine - case report

A inflamação do peritônio é denominada peritonite e pode ser classificada d e acordo com a origem (primária ou secundária), com o grau de contaminação (asséptica, séptica ou mista) e com a extensã o (localizada ou generalizada) (ZIMMERMANN et al., 2006). A peritonite generalizada bacteriana é a forma predominante em cães e geralmente surge por contaminação pelo trato gastrointestinal, secundária a uma deiscênc ia de ferida cirúrgica (FOSSUM, 2008) , ma s também por perfurações do trato gastrintestinal, neoplasias, ulcerações, ferimentos por armas de fogo e intussuscepção ( ZIMMERMANN et al., 200 6). O diagnóstico de peritonite basea - se na anamnese, nos sinais clínicos, nos dados laboratoria is e no diagnóstico por imagem . Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar o caso de uma peritonite séptica, ocorrida após enterectomia, realizada devido a um caso de intu ssuscepção, em uma fêmea canina.

Pneumotórax e miocardite traumática em um cão / Pneumothorax and traumatic myocarditis in a dog

Cães que sofrem acidentes automobilísticos na grande maioria apresentam complicações pulmonares e da parede torácica, como contusão pulmonar, pneumotórax e miocardite traumática (FOSSUM, 2007). O pneumotórax é o acumulo de ar no espaço pleural e pode ser classificado em aberto ou fechado e pela etiologia. A miocardite traumática é um termo aplicado à síndrome de arritmias e ocorre por trauma não perfurante resultado de um impacto contra a parede do tórax e na grande maioria ocorrem taquiarritmias ventriculares (NELSON E COUTO, 2003). O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de pneumotórax e miocardite traumáticos em um cão.