[From Jane Marcet to the Viscount of Vilarinho de São Romão: conversations about chemistry in the nineteenth century]. / De Jane Marcet ao visconde de Vilarinho de São Romão: conversas sobre química no século XIX.

Jane Marcet's Conversations on chemistry was adapted and published in Portuguese by António Teixeira Girão in 1834, based on a translation of Anselme Payen's adaptation, released in 1825. Girão added many notes and a new chapter to his version. The article analyzes the scientific content and circumstances surrounding publication of Girão's book within the context of the diverse approaches used in adapting Conversations at different moments in time and in different countries. The analysis draws from our compilation of editions accessible online at public libraries around the world. It also explores issues related to authorship, translation, adaptation, and gender in scientific publishing in the nineteenth century.

O livro de Jane Marcet Conversations on chemistry foi adaptado e publicado em português, em 1834, por António Teixeira Girão, por meio da tradução da adaptação de Anselme Payen, publicada em 1825. Nessa versão, Girão introduz grande número de notas e novo capítulo. Este artigo analisa o conteúdo científico e as circunstâncias da publicação da obra de Girão, no contexto das diversas formas em que Conversations foi adaptado em diferentes datas e países. Para isso, foi realizada uma compilação das edições acessíveis em bibliotecas públicas de todo o mundo. Na análise, são também abordadas problemáticas da autoria, tradução e adaptação, assim como questões de gênero, envolvidas na edição científica no século XIX.

De Jane Marcet ao visconde de Vilarinho de São Romão: conversas sobre química no século XIX / From Jane Marcet to the Viscount of Vilarinho de São Romão: conversations about chemistry in the nineteenth century

Resumo O livro de Jane Marcet Conversations on chemistry foi adaptado e publicado em português, em 1834, por António Teixeira Girão, por meio da tradução da adaptação de Anselme Payen, publicada em 1825. Nessa versão, Girão introduz grande número de notas e novo capítulo. Este artigo analisa o conteúdo científico e as circunstâncias da publicação da obra de Girão, no contexto das diversas formas em que Conversations foi adaptado em diferentes datas e países. Para isso, foi realizada uma compilação das edições acessíveis em bibliotecas públicas de todo o mundo. Na análise, são também abordadas problemáticas da autoria, tradução e adaptação, assim como questões de gênero, envolvidas na edição científica no século XIX.

Abstract Jane Marcet's Conversations on chemistry was adapted and published in Portuguese by António Teixeira Girão in 1834, based on a translation of Anselme Payen's adaptation, released in 1825. Girão added many notes and a new chapter to his version. The article analyzes the scientific content and circumstances surrounding publication of Girão's book within the context of the diverse approaches used in adapting Conversations at different moments in time and in different countries. The analysis draws from our compilation of editions accessible online at public libraries around the world. It also explores issues related to authorship, translation, adaptation, and gender in scientific publishing in the nineteenth century.

[Oceanography and King Dom Carlos I's collection of iconography]. / A prática oceanográfica e a coleção iconográfica do rei dom Carlos I.

After the Challenger expedition (1872-1878), other nations started to show interest in oceanographic research and organizing their own expeditions. As of 1885, Prince Albert I of Monaco conducted oceanographic campaigns with the collaboration of some of the best marine biologists and physical oceanographers of the day, inventing new techniques and instruments for the oceanographic work. Prince Albert's scientific activity certainly helped kindle the interest of his friend, Dom Carlos I, king of Portugal, in the study of the oceans and marine life. Both shared the need to use photography to document their studies. This article analyzes the role of scientific photography in oceanography, especially in the expeditions organized by the Portuguese monarch.

A prática oceanográfica e a coleção iconográfica do rei dom Carlos I / Oceanography and King Dom Carlos I’ s collection of iconography

Após a expedição do Challenger (1872-1878), outras nações começaram a interessar-se pela pesquisa oceanográfica e a organizar suas próprias expedições. Desde 1885 que o príncipe Albert I de Mónaco realizava campanhas oceanográficas, com a colaboração de alguns dos melhores cientistas em biologia marinha e em oceanografia física, inventando técnicas e instrumentos para a realização dos trabalhos oceanográficos. A atividade científica do príncipe Albert certamente contribuiu para estimular o interesse do seu amigo, o rei dom Carlos I de Portugal, pelo estudo dos oceanos e da vida marinha. Ambos compartilhavam a necessidade de usar a fotografia para documentar suas pesquisas. Este artigo analisa o papel da fotografia científica na ciência oceanográfica, particularmente nas expedições realizadas pelo monarca português.

After the Challenger expedition (1872-1878), other nations started to show interest in oceanographic research and organizing their own expeditions. As of 1885, Prince Albert I of Monaco conducted oceanographic campaigns with the collaboration of some of the best marine biologists and physical oceanographers of the day, inventing new techniques and instruments for the oceanographic work. Prince Albert’s scientific activity certainly helped kindle the interest of his friend, Dom Carlos I, king of Portugal, in the study of the oceans and marine life. Both shared the need to use photography to document their studies. This article analyzes the role of scientific photography in oceanography, especially in the expeditions organized by the Portuguese monarch.

Liver alterations in two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio) following exposure to different TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations.

The toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TIO2 NPs) and oxidative stress effects were studied in two freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus and Danio rerio) exposed for 21 days to different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100/mgL) of TiO2 NPs and to a control (tap water). Additional fish were transferred to clean water for 14 days to assess the ability to recover from exposure to TiO2 NPs. Activities of the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) (malondialdheyde) were measured as indicators of oxidative stress. Histological and ultra-structural changes in livers from both species of fish were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Results show a general GST activity increase according to TiO2 NPs concentrations, which is in agreement with data from LPO. After 21 days, GST activities decreased possibly caused by suppression of GST synthesis as a result of severe stress. Histological and ultra-structural analysis of livers from exposed fish show degeneration of the hepatic tissue and alterations in hepatocytes such as glycogen depletion and an increase in lipofucsin lysosome-like granules. After a depuration period a partial recovery for biochemical markers and cells was observed. The results suggest that TiO2 promotes alterations in hepatic tissues compatible with oxidative stress.

Effects of diamond nanoparticle exposure on the internal structure and reproduction of Daphnia magna.

Nanomaterials have significant technological advantages but their release into the environment also carry potential ecotoxicological risks. Carbon-based nanoparticles and particularly diamond nanoparticles have numerous industrial and medical applications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxic effects of diamond nanoparticles with an average particle size of 20 nm on the survival, reproduction and tissue structure of the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. The chronic toxicity test results showed 100% mortality at concentrations higher than 12.5 mg l(-1) and that reproduction inhibition occurred in concentrations higher than 1.3 mg l(-1). Light microscopy showed that diamond nanoparticles adhere to the exoskeleton surface and accumulate within the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that food absorption by the gut cells may be blocked. The results support the use of chronic approaches in environmental protection as part of an integrated environmental monitoring and assessment strategy.

Effects of tertiary treatment by fungi on organic compounds in a kraft pulp mill effluent.

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: Pulp and paper mills generate a plethora of pollutants depending upon the type of pulping process. Efforts to mitigate the environmental impact of such effluents have been made by developing more effective biological treatment systems in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, colour and lignin content. This study is the first that reports an evaluation of the effects of a tertiary treatment by fungi (Pleurotus sajor caju, Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Rhizopus oryzae) on individual organic compounds of a Eucalyptus globulus bleached kraft pulp and paper mill final effluent after secondary treatment (final effluent). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The tertiary treatment with P. sajor caju, T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium and R. oryzae was performed in batch reactors, which were inoculated with separate fungi species and monitored throughout the incubation period. Samples from effluent after secondary and after tertiary treatment with fungi were analysed for both absorbance and organic compounds. The samples were extracted for organic compounds using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The efficiencies of the SPE procedure was evaluated by recovery tests. RESULTS: A total of 38 compounds (carboxylic acids, fatty alcohols, phenolic compounds and sterols) were identified and quantified in the E. globulus bleached kraft pulp mill final effluent after secondary treatment. Recoveries from the extraction procedure were between 98.2% and 99.9%. The four fungi species showed an adequate capacity to remove organic compounds and colour. Tertiary treatment with R. oryzae was able to remove 99% of organic compounds and to reduce absorbance on 47% (270 nm) and 74% (465 nm). P. sajor caju, T. versicolor and P. chrysosporium were able to remove 97%, 92% and 99% of organic compounds, respectively, and reduce 18% (270 nm) to 77% (465 nm), 39% (270 nm) to 58% (465 nm) and 31% (270 nm) to 10% (465 nm) of absorbance, respectively. DISCUSSION: The wide variety of organic compounds found in the final effluent must be due to the degradation of E. globulus wood in pulp and paper mill. The concentrations of organic compounds in the final effluent of E. globulus bleached kraft pulp mill were in residual levels maybe due to the secondary treatment. The recovery tests showed the effectiveness of the extraction procedure, and no losses of analyte were suspected in the analytical determinations. Lignin derivatives such as vanilic acid, syringic acid, guaiacol, syringol and phloroglucinol were totally removed by R. oryzae, but the 47% absorbance reduction obtained at 270 nm suggests that these species were not able to complete degradation of lignin macromolecular compounds. CONCLUSIONS: The organic compounds (carboxylic acids, fatty alcohols, phenolic compounds and sterols) were removed more efficiently by tertiary treatment with R. oryzae or P. chrysosporium, followed by P. sajor caju and T. versicolor. Regarding the removal of both colour and organic compounds, the tertiary treatment with R. oryzae was the most efficient. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In order to reduce the deleterious impacts of paper mill effluents, efforts have been made to develop more effective advanced tertiary treatments. This study may serve as a basis of characterisation, in terms of organic compounds of E. globulus bleached kraft pulp mill final effluent after secondary treatment and as an effort to understand the effects of tertiary treatments with fungi on low concentrations of organic compounds from biological secondary treatment.

Assessing the estrogenic potency in a Portuguese wastewater treatment plant using an integrated approach.

The estrogenic potency of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was evaluated using chemical and biological analyses, which showed that after the station treatment processes some of the selected endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) were still present in the treated effluent (e.g., bisphenol A, alkylphenols, estrone). Thus, the most common endocrine EDCs were identified and quantified and the overall estrogenicity of the treated effluent assessed by integrating the results. Male goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used as biological indicators in a 28-day experiment. Vitellogenin (Vtg), gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, steroids (17beta-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone) and histopathology were biomarkers used in fish to evaluate WWTP treated effluent estrogenicity, in combination with instrumental analyses. The results showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in plasma and liver Vtg, which were significantly correlated (r = 0.66; P < 0.01). The gonadosmatic index was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced in exposed fish. The steroid analyses revealed significant elevations in 17beta-estradiol and depressed 11-ketotestosterone concentrations. The histological examinations show changes in exposed fish gonads, such as regressed testes and in some cases (43% to 75%) the development of ovo-testis in fish exposed to 50% and 100% treated effluent.

Toxicokinetics of waterborne trivalent arsenic in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea.

Arsenite (As(III)) uptake and elimination kinetics were studied in a freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, exposed to several nominal concentrations of As(III) (0, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 microg L(-1)) in a static 28-day assay, followed by a depuration stage of 14 days. At the end of each sampling time (days 0, 7, 28, and 42) whole-body portions were surveyed for total As concentrations and, complimentarily, surveyed for whole-body metallothionein (MT) induction to assess its role as a defense mechanism against exposure to As(III). Histochemical evaluation of the digestive gland was performed to verify As deposition and elimination in the tissue. Results show a significant increase in whole-body total As after 28 days of exposure for all treatments, followed by a decrease at the end of the depuration phase. Biodynamic kinetic models for As uptake and elimination were obtained from bioaccumulation data during the exposure phase, for all As treatments, by estimating uptake and elimination rate constants. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated by the ratio of these constants. Results revealed that exposure to higher concentrations of As(III) causes a decrease in BCFs, suggesting that C. fluminea triggers effective regulatory mechanisms when exposed to higher concentrations of the metalloid. Significant induction of MT was detected during the exposure phase, followed by a decrease in MT concentration to control levels after depuration for all treatments. No significant differences in MT concentrations were observed between treatments. This finding may confirm the role of MT as part of the As regulation process, but its independence relative to concentrations of As(III) in water suggests that MT induction is not dose dependent. The histochemical evaluation provided clear evidence that As was effectively accumulated in the digestive gland during exposure and eliminated during depuration. The present work demonstrated that C. fluminea is capable of regulating As, even at exposures as high as 1000 microg L(-1) of waterborne As(III).

Metallothionein responses in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) after exposure to trivalent arsenic.

The main objective of this work was to evaluate arsenic effects on metallothionein (MT) induction by exposing a freshwater Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) to different concentrations of this metalloid. The presence of MT-like proteins was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with a standard rabbit MT. In addition, the polarographic response showed good correspondence between standard MT and MT-like curves from C. fluminea, allowing MT quantification. The results show that clams exposed to different concentrations of arsenic are able to induce significant levels of MTs. Although variability was found in MT induction, significant differences in MT levels were found after 28 days of exposure in all treatments in comparison with the controls, suggesting that exposure to arsenic induced MT-like proteins in C. fluminea.