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1.
Nursing (Ed. bras., Impr.) ; 19(221): 1422-1427, out.2016. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: lil-797224

ABSTRACT

O câncer é uma das doenças socialmente associadas à morte. Destaca-se atualmente entre as doenças crônicas que tem merecido particular importância sob o olhar das políticas públicas e das organizações de saúde, tanto no Brasil, quanto no cenário internacional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os relatos dos profissionais enfermeiros sobre os principais eventos emocionais frequentes que ocorrem em pacientes fora de possibilidade terapêutica. Trata-se de um recorte de um estudo qualitativo descritivo, realizado em um hospital universitário, no setor de oncologia no período de 01 fevereiro a 20 de julho de 2014, com 9 profissionais enfermeiros. Obteve-se como resultados em ordem de acontecimentos sobre os eventos mais frequentes em pacientes fora de possibilidade terapêutica: a angústia, a dor, o estresse e a solidão. Sobre o processo do morrer, tem-se a ideia de que seria uma etapa, um preparo e que necessariamente o doente passaria antes de morrer. Esta fase deveria ser tranquila, sem dor e ao lado de familiares. Conclui-se então que, apresentando os discursos que expressam os eventos emocionais frequentes, que ocorrem em pacientes fora de possibilidade terapêutica, essa ainda é uma temática polêmica de ser tratada, visto que o processo de morrer e suas expressões emocionais precisam ser melhor compreendidas, tanto por parte dos pacientes em sua terminalidade, como dos profissionais que deles cuidam...


The cancer is one of the diseases socially associated to death. It currently stands out, among ali chronic diseases, as being the one that deserves the special attention of public policies and health organizations, both in Brazil and internationally. This work aims in presenting the narratives of nursing professionals about the most frequent emotional events that happen in patients without any therapeutical possibility. It is a snippet of a descriptive qualitative study performed with collaboration of 9 nursing professionals in a University Hospital, at the Oncology department, during the time frame of 01/February and 20/July of 2014. The results achieved show that the most frequent events in patients without any therapeutic possibilities, in order of occurrence, are: angst. pain, stress and loneliness. In what concerns the dying process, there is the idea that it is a stage, a preparation that the patient must through before dying. This stage should be calm, painless and lived alongside relatives. It is concluded that, presenting the narratives that express the frequent emotional events that happen to patients without any therapeutic possibilities, this thematic remains coritroversial, considering that the dying process and its emotional expression need to be better understood by the patients at the end of life, as well as by the professionals that take care of them...


El cáncer es una de las enfermedades que la sociedad asocia a la muerte. Se destaca actualmente, entre las enfermedades crónicas, la que ha merecido particular atención de las políticas públicas y de las organizaciones de salud, tanto en Brasil como en el escenario internacional. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar los relatos de los profesionales enfermeros sobre los principales eventos emocionales frecuentes que ocurren en pacientes que no tienen posibilidad terapéutica. Se trata de un recorte de un estudio cualitativo descriptivo hecho en un hospital universitario en el sector de oncología, entre los días 01 de febrero y 20 de julio de 2014, con 9 profesionales enfermeros. Se obtuvo los siguientes resultados en orden de acontecimientos sobre los eventos emocionales más frecuentes, en pacientes sin posibilidad terapéutica: la angustia, el dolor, el estrés y la soledad. Sobre el proceso del morir, se tiene la idea de que es una etapa, un preparo y que necesariamente el enfermo pasaría antes de morir. Esta fase debería ser tranquila, sin dolor y al lado de la familia. Se concluye que, presentando los discursos que expresan los eventos emocionales frecuentes, que ocurren en pacientes sin la posibilidad terapéutica, esa temática aún es polémica de tratarse, puesto que el proceso de morir y sus expresiones emocionales necesitan ser mejores comprendidas, tanto por los pacientes en su terminalidad, como por los profesionales que les cuidan...(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Attitude to Death , Attitude of Health Personnel , Hospice Care/psychology , Terminally Ill/psychology , Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing , Palliative Care/psychology , Emotions , Death , Neoplasms/nursing
2.
Biotechnol Adv ; 33(8): 1868-77, 2015 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26523780

ABSTRACT

This review discusses peptide-based vaccines in breast cancer, immune responses and clinical outcomes, which include studies on animal models and phase I, phase I/II, phase II and phase III clinical trials. Peptide-based vaccines are powerful neoadjuvant immunotherapies that can directly target proteins expressed in tumor cells, mainly tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). The most common breast cancer TAA epitopes are derived from MUC1, HER2/neu and CEA proteins. Peptides derived from TAAs could be successfully used to elicit CD8 and CD4 T cell-specific responses. Thus, choosing peptides that adapt to natural variations of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes is critical. The most attractive advantage is that the target response is more specific and less toxic than for other therapies and vaccines. Prominent studies on NeuVax - E75 (epitope for HER2/neu and GM-CSF) in breast cancer and DPX-0907 (HLA-A2-TAAs) expressed in breast cancer, ovarian and prostate cancer have shown the efficacy of peptide-based vaccines as neoadjuvant immunotherapy against cancer. Future peptide vaccine strategies, although a challenge to be applied in a broad range of breast cancers, point to the development of degenerate multi-epitope immunogens against multiple targets.


Subject(s)
Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Peptides/immunology , Vaccines, Subunit/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Epitopes/immunology , Female , HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology , Humans , Peptides/therapeutic use , Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology , Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use
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