ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: These clinical standards aim to provide guidance for diagnosis, treatment, and management of drug-susceptible TB in children and adolescents.METHODS: Fifty-two global experts in paediatric TB participated in a Delphi consensus process. After eight rounds of revisions, 51/52 (98%) participants endorsed the final document.RESULTS: Eight standards were identified: Standard 1, Age and developmental stage are critical considerations in the assessment and management of TB; Standard 2, Children and adolescents with symptoms and signs of TB disease should undergo prompt evaluation, and diagnosis and treatment initiation should not depend on microbiological confirmation; Standard 3, Treatment initiation is particularly urgent in children and adolescents with presumptive TB meningitis and disseminated (miliary) TB; Standard 4, Children and adolescents should be treated with an appropriate weight-based regimen; Standard 5, Treating TB infection (TBI) is important to prevent disease; Standard 6, Children and adolescents should receive home-based/community-based treatment support whenever possible; Standard 7, Children, adolescents, and their families should be provided age-appropriate support to optimise engagement in care and clinical outcomes; and Standard 8, Case reporting and contact tracing should be conducted for each child and adolescent.CONCLUSION: These consensus-based clinical standards, which should be adapted to local contexts, will improve the care of children and adolescents affected by TB.
Subject(s)
Tuberculosis, Meningeal , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Tuberculosis, Meningeal/drug therapy , Standard of Care , Delphi Technique , Practice Guidelines as TopicABSTRACT
The Arizona Department of Health Services identified unusually high levels of influenza activity and severe complications during the 2015-2016 influenza season leading to concerns about potential increased disease severity compared with prior seasons. We estimated state-level burden and severity to compare across three seasons using multiple data sources for community-level illness, hospitalisation and death. Severity ratios were calculated as the number of hospitalisations or deaths per community case. Community influenza-like illness rates, hospitalisation rates and mortality rates in 2015-2016 were higher than the previous two seasons. However, ratios of severe disease to community illness were similar. Arizona experienced overall increased disease burden in 2015-2016, but not increased severity compared with prior seasons. Timely estimates of state-specific burden and severity are potentially feasible and may provide important information during seemingly unusual influenza seasons or pandemic situations.
Subject(s)
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Arizona/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cost of Illness , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Influenza, Human/mortality , Middle Aged , Monte Carlo Method , Pneumonia/epidemiology , Pneumonia/mortality , Severity of Illness Index , Young AdultABSTRACT
SETTING: Numerous knowledge gaps hamper the prevention and treatment of childhood drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Identifying research priorities is vital to inform and develop strategies to address this neglected problem. OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify and rank research priorities in childhood drug-resistant TB. DESIGN: Adapting the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology, we compiled 53 research questions in four research areas, then classified the questions into three research types. We invited experts in childhood drug-resistant TB to score these questions through an online survey. RESULTS: A total of 81 respondents participated in the survey. The top-ranked research question was to identify the best combination of existing diagnostic tools for early diagnosis. Highly ranked treatment-related questions centred on the reasons for and interventions to improve treatment outcomes, adverse effects of drugs and optimal treatment duration. The prevalence of drug-resistant TB was the highest-ranked question in the epidemiology area. The development type questions that ranked highest focused on interventions for optimal diagnosis, treatment and modalities for treatment delivery. CONCLUSION: This is the first effort to identify and rank research priorities for childhood drug-resistant TB. The result is a resource to guide research to improve prevention and treatment of drug-resistant TB in children.
Contexte : De nombreuses lacunes en matière de connaissances entravent la prévention et le traitement de la tuberculose (TB) pharmacorésistante. L'identification des priorités de recherche est vitale pour informer et développer des stratégies afin de répondre à ce problème négligé.Objectif : Tenter d'identifier systématiquement et de classer par ordre les priorités en matière de recherche sur la TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant.Schéma: Ayant adapté la méthode de Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) (Initiative de recherche en santé et en nutrition de l'enfant), nous avons compilé 53 questions de recherche dans quatre domaines, puis les avons classées en trois types de recherche différents. Nous avons invité des experts en TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant à classer ces questions grâce à une enquête en ligne.Résultats : Un total de 81 personnes ont participé à l'enquête. La question de recherche qui a été classée première était l'identification des meilleures associations d'outils de diagnostic existants pour permettre un diagnostic précoce. Les questions considérées comme prioritaires en matière de traitement étaient centrées sur des interventions visant à améliorer les résultats du traitement, à réduire les effets secondaires des médicaments et à déterminer la durée idéale du traitement. La prévalence de la TB pharmacorésistante était la priorité dans le domaine de l'épidémiologie. Les questions relatives au développement ont été considérées comme hautement prioritaires et se sont focalisées sur des interventions d'amélioration du diagnostic, du traitement et des modalités de délivrance du traitement.Conclusion : Cette enquête est la première qui vise à identifier et à hiérarchiser les priorités de recherche relatives à la TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant. Son résultat constitue une ressource pour guider la recherche afin d'améliorer la prévention et le traitement de la TB pharmacorésistante de l'enfant.
Marco de referencia: Numerosas lagunas de conocimiento obstaculizan la prevención y el tratamiento de la tuberculosis drogorresistente (TB-DR) en niños. Es esencial identificar cuales son las áreas prioritarias de investigación para informar y desarrollar estrategias para hacer frente a este problema descuidado.Objetivo: Identificar sistemáticamente las prioridades de investigación en la TB-DR en niños, y construir una clasificación jerárquica de ellas.Diseño: Se adaptó la metodología de la Iniciativa de Investigación en Salud y Nutrición Infantil (CHNRI). Recopilamos 53 preguntas de investigación en cuatro áreas de investigación y luego las clasificamos entre tres tipos de investigación. Invitamos a expertos en TB-DR en niños a que asignen puntajes a cada una de estas preguntas usando una encuesta en línea.Resultados: Un total de 81 individuos participaron en la encuesta. La pregunta de investigación con el puntaje más alto fue de identificar la mejor combinación de existentes herramientas de diagnosis para llegar a un diagnóstico precoz. Preguntas con altos puntajes relacionadas al tratamiento se centraron en entender las razones y las intervenciones para mejorar los resultados del tratamiento, los efectos adversos de los fármacos y la duración óptima del tratamiento. La prevalencia de la TB-DR fue la pregunta con el más alto puntaje en el área de epidemiología. Las preguntas de tipo desarrollo con puntajes más altos se centraron en las intervenciones para el diagnóstico óptimo, el tratamiento óptimo y las modalidades óptimas de prestación del tratamiento.Conclusión: Este ha sido el primer esfuerzo de identificar y clasificar jerárquicamente las prioridades de investigación en la TB-DR en niños. El resultado es un recurso para orientar la investigación para mejorar la prevención y el tratamiento de la TB-DR en niños.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of uniform criteria for the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (TB) in children in Cali, Colombia. Addressing TB in children is a challenge in this setting, under both programmatic and research conditions. OBJECTIVES: To facilitate the diagnostic assessment of TB in a paediatric cohort of TB household contacts. METHODS: A diagnostic and management algorithm (DMA) was used to assess children exposed to adult TB cases, according to clinical and epidemiological findings and under programmatic conditions. On the basis of diagnostic tests, cases were classified as TB exposure, TB infection, suspected TB, possible TB or confirmed TB and then submitted to a management plan. This was a prospective pilot study nested within a national cohort study of the transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, undertaken in Colombia during 2005-2008. RESULTS: During 24 months of follow-up, 54 of 217 children met the criteria for assessment by DMA, 18 of whom (33%) were considered to be TB incident cases (new TB cases among household contacts). The main clinical findings were failure to thrive and cough lasting >21 days. Only one case was smear-positive and culture-confirmed TB. TB treatment was given to 16 children and they demonstrated clinical and radiographic resolution at follow-up. Conducting the study under programmatic conditions demonstrated barriers to accessing competent radiological evaluation, correct interpretation of the tuberculin skin test, and proper specimen collection. CONCLUSION: Structured assessment using DMA facilitated the detection of incident TB cases. The study identified potential barriers to addressing childhood TB in Cali.
