Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors in the Promotion of Social Entrepreneurship: A Service-Learning Programme.

Social entrepreneurship (SE) is often presented in the literature as the key to solve many of this world's persistent social problems. SE offers a special opportunity to address the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and to boost the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This research examines the effects of Service Learning (SL) on the SE of university students and to examine whether certain sociodemographic factors (i.e., age, entrance studies, family studies, social participation, and employment situation) are associated with students' SE competence development when applying SL. Pre-service teachers (n = 98) of the degree in early childhood education applied a physical education SL programme. We used a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design, using pre-test and post-test measures. The findings obtained show a significant improvement on the SE competence of PSTs, so SL seems a good tool to develop it. The results that analyse the influence of socio-demographic factors do not show significant correlations. There are very few studies focusing on this objective, so it would be interesting to encourage the research community to provide more data in this area.

Development of a proxy-reported scale to assess motor function in infants and young children with early-onset neuromuscular disorders.

AIM: To develop a novel proxy-reported scale of motor function in infants and young children with early-onset neuromuscular disorders (NMD), entitled the Proxy Motor Outcome Measure (PMOM). DESIGN: A mixed method design was employed, applying both qualitative and quantitative research. METHODS: A framework technique using sensitivity analyses guided the development of the most appropriate and relevant subset of items, modelled after 30 neuromuscular disease instruments/scales. The PMOM was designed based on semi-structured interviews with 16 proxies; a focus group of 11 experts in neuromuscular diseases and scale development, 10 of whom also gave quantitative data using a two-round Delphi method survey; and cognitive interviews with five proxies. These processes were conducted between January 2014-March 2019. RESULTS: Nine themes and 32 subthemes were derived from the semi-structured interviews. Five domains and three subdomains of potential items were identified by the focus group. An initial version of the PMOM scale was created with 121 items. Using the two-round Delphi method, 43 items met agreement on pre-defined requirements. The second version of the PMOM scale included these 43 and two additional items based on expert feedback. Proxies gave 114 suggestions on cognitive interviews, 99 of which were successfully addressed by the research team. The final version of the PMOM scale included 43 items. CONCLUSION: We developed a preliminary proxy-reported instrument, the PMOM, to evaluate motor function in infants and young children with early-onset NMD. IMPACT: Proxies hold a wealth of knowledge on their child's motor function during early development, which may complement clinic-based motor function testing. However, there is no validated measure of motor function that incorporates the observation of proxies of infants and young children with NMD. Future work will be focused on assessing the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the PMOM scale and implementing this tool in clinical studies.

Promoción de la educación inclusiva e intercultural: estudio de caso en un colegio rural colombiano / Promotion of Inclusive and Intercultural Education: Case study in a Colombian rural School / Promoção da Educação Inclusiva e Intercultural: Estudo de caso em una escola rural colombiana

Resumen Introducción: debido al fenómeno de globalización actual, cada vez es más necesario aportar una visión inclusiva e intercultural al ámbito educativo. No responder adecuadamente a esta demanda puede provocar situaciones de exclusión, segregación y discriminación del alumnado. El gobierno colombiano ha planteado diferentes acciones para fortalecer este enfoque y evitar dichas problemáticas. No obstante, estas acciones deben ser analizadas en profundidad para evidenciar la promoción de la educación inclusiva e intercultural en las instituciones educativas. Objetivo: el propósito de la investigación es determinar el nivel de conocimiento y ejecución de las prácticas inclusivas e interculturales en el Colegio Llano de Palmas (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: el diseño de investigación se acomete mediante un estudio de caso. La metodología utilizada es cuantitativa descriptiva (Hernández, Fernández & Baptista, 2010), implementando el cuestionario sobre el reconocimiento y aplicabilidad de la competencia inclusiva e intercultural. Resultados: el análisis de datos revela que la educación inclusiva e intercultural apenas se fomenta de forma regular en el centro educativo (10 %), siendo mayoritaria su promoción inadecuada (90 %) mediante una implementación esporádica (49 %), no aplicándose en absoluto (36 %) o desconociendo por completo su estado de desarrollo (5 %). Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos indican que el conocimiento y la ejecución de prácticas inclusivas e interculturales en el Colegio Llano de Palmas es notablemente mejorable. Esta situación demanda el diseño y aplicación de estrategias específicas de promoción más efectivas, así como el análisis de distintos entornos educativos para determinar la situación actual del país en este sentido.

Abstract Introduction. Due to the current phenomenon of globalization, it is increasingly necessary to provide an inclusive and intercultural vision to the education. Not responding adequately to this demand can lead to situations of exclusion, segregation, and discrimination for students. The Colombian government has proposed several actions to strengthen this approach and avoid those problems. However, these actions must be analyzed in depth to demonstrate the promotion of inclusive and intercultural education in institutions. Objective: the purpose of this research is to determine the level of knowledge and execution of inclusive and intercultural practices at Llano de Palmas School (Colombia). Materials and methods: this research applies a case study design. The methodology used is descriptive quantitative (Hernández et al., 2010), implementing the questionnaire on the recognition and applicability of inclusive and intercultural competency. Results: the data analysis reveals that inclusive and intercultural education is hardly encouraged on a regular basis in the school (10 %), with a widely inadequate promotion (90 %) through sporadic implementations (49 %), not being applied at all (36 %), or being completely unaware of their development status (5 %). Conclusions: the results obtained indicate that the knowledge and execution of inclusive and intercultural practices at Llano de Palmas School is remarkably low. This situation demands the design and application of specific strategies for more effective promotion, as well as the analysis of different educational contexts to determine the current situation of the country in this regard.

Resumo Introdução: devido ao atual fenômeno da globalização, é cada vez mais necessário fornecer uma visão inclusiva e intercultural ao campo educacional. Não responder adequadamente a essa demanda pode levar a situações de exclusão, segregação e discriminação de estudantes. O governo colombiano propôs diferentes ações para fortalecer essa abordagem e evitar esses problemas. No entanto, essas ações devem ser analisadas em profundidade para demonstrar a promoção da educação inclusiva e intercultural nas instituições de ensino. Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa é determinar o nível de conhecimento e execução de práticas inclusivas e interculturais na Escola Llano de Palmas (Colombia). Materiais e métodos: o desenho da pesquisa é realizado através de um estudo de caso. A metodologia utilizada é quantitativa descritiva (Hernández et al., 2010), implementando o questionário sobre o reconhecimento e aplicabilidade da competência inclusiva e intercultural. Resultados: a análise dos dados revela que a educação inclusiva e intercultural dificilmente é incentivada regularmente no centro educacional (10 %), sendo sua promoção inadequada a maioria (90 %) através de implementação esporádica (49 %), não sendo aplicada de forma alguma (36 %) ou desconhecem completamente o seu estado de desenvolvimento (5 %). Conclusões: os resultados obtidos indicam que o conhecimento e na execução de práticas inclusivas e interculturais na Escola Llano de Palmas são notavelmente melhorados. Essa situação exige o desenho e aplicação de estratégias específicas para promoção mais efetiva, bem como a análise de diferentes ambientes educacionais para determinar a situação atual do país nesse quesito.

Understanding Symptoms in RYR1-Related Myopathies: A Mixed-Methods Analysis Based on Participants' Experience.

BACKGROUND: In rare diseases such as ryanodine receptor 1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM), health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures are critically important so clinicians and researchers can better understand what symptoms are most important to participants, with the ultimate goal of finding tangible solutions for them. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to characterize symptoms in individuals with RYR1-RM to inform future research. A secondary objective of this study was to analyze positive and negative sentiments regarding symptoms and treatment effects post N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administration in individuals with RYR1-RM. METHODS: The study used a mixed-methods design applying methodological triangulation. Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews at three visits to characterize symptoms in individuals with RYR1-RM and to analyze treatment effects. Qualitative data were then transformed into quantitative results to measure the frequency with which each symptom was mentioned by participants. RESULTS: A total of 12 symptoms were identified as areas of interest to participants with RYR1-RM, highlighting fatigue and weakness as key symptoms. Data transformation categorized more than 1000 citations, reporting a greater number of positive comments for postintervention interviews than for baseline and preintervention visits and that NAC group participants stated more positive comments regarding treatment effect than did the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: We present a comprehensive characterization of symptoms in RYR1-RM and how those symptoms influence HRQoL. Furthermore, the introduction of mixed methods may be a valuable way to better understand patient-centered data in rare diseases to support affected individuals in coping with their symptoms.

A Mixed Methods Study to Examine the Influence of CLIL on Physical Education Lessons: Analysis of Social Interactions and Physical Activity Levels.

Physical Education is often selected for applying multilingual initiatives through the use of a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach. However, it is still unclear whether the introduction of such an approach might entail losing the essence of physical education and distorting its basic purposes. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of CLIL on physical education lessons. Given the purpose of this study, a mixed methodological approach based on a sequential exploratory design divided into two different phases is used. We begin with initial qualitative data collection (phase I), consisting of the analysis of interviews with 12 participants (8 teachers and 4 students). Based on its analysis, two foci are identified: social relationships and physical activity. Then, informed by the results obtained, a quantitative approach is used (phase II), differentiating these two sets of data to make a more in-depth analysis of them. On the one hand, a sociometric questionnaire was applied to analyze the social relationships between CLIL students. On the other hand, a quasi-experimental design (n = 49) was implemented using accelerometry to measure moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in the physical education sessions. Regarding physical activity, the results show that levels of MVPA are higher in the experimental group (CLIL) than in the control group, a result which clarifies the divergent viewpoints of the interviewees. However, focusing on social relationships, the sociometric questionnaire results show that there were no statistically significative changes, although some signs of a slight effect on students' relationships arise depending on their gender. Therefore, more research would be necessary to further study the effect of CLIL in this regard.

Correction to: Mixed methods analysis of Health-Related Quality of Life in ambulant individuals affected with RYR1-related myopathies pre-post-N-acetylcysteine therapy.

The article Mixed methods analysis of Health-Related Quality of Life in ambulant individuals affected with RYR1-related myopathies pre-post-N-acetylcysteine therapy, written by Carlos Capella-Peris, Mary M. Cosgrove, Irene C. Chrismer, Magalie Emile-Backer, M. Sonia Razaqyar, Jefrey S. Elliott, Anna Kuo, Paul G. Wakim, Katherine G. Meilleur, was originally published electronically on the publisher's internet portal ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02428-2 ) on 10 February 2020 with open access. With the author(s)' decision to step back from Open Choice, the copyright of the article changed on 1 April 2020 to © Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of copyright.The original article has been corrected.

Effects of Service Learning on Physical Education Teacher Education Students' Subjective Happiness, Prosocial Behavior, and Professional Learning.

PURPOSE: This study aims to analyze the effects of a service learning (SL) program on the subjective happiness (SH), prosocial behavior (PB), and professional learning (PL) perceptions of Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) students as well as to examine the correlations among these variables. METHODS: The study used a quasi-experimental design of two non-equivalent groups (control and experimental) comparing pre-test and post-test data. The instruments used were the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Prosocial and Civic Competence questionnaire, and the Impact of Service Learning during Initial Training of Physical Activity and Sports questionnaire. RESULTS: Data indicated that SL only had a significant influence on SH when the students compared themselves with their peers. On the other hand, the effect of SL on promoting PB and PL perceived was significant in several of their dimensions. Finally, the results showed a greater correlation of the perceived PL with the PB than with the SH. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The results of the study provide educational researchers with valuable information to better understand how SL influences the training of PETE students.

Mixed methods analysis of Health-Related Quality of Life in ambulant individuals affected with RYR1-related myopathies pre-post-N-acetylcysteine therapy.

PURPOSE: To characterize Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in ambulant individuals with RYR1-RM and to determine if a qualitative PRO tool (subjective self-assessment) complements PROMIS and Neuro-QoL scales to detect changes in HRQoL in ambulant individuals with RYR1-RM post N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment. METHODS: The study used a mixed methods research (MMR) design applying methodological triangulation. Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews using open-ended questions. Quantitative data were gathered through PROMIS and Neuro-QoL instruments. Additionally, qualitative data were transformed into quantitative data for subjective self-assessment and frequency analyses. RESULTS: Qualitative results identified five domains and 33 subdomains as areas of interest. The most valuable were the importance of social impacts, the development of several coping strategies, both physical and psychological, and the identification of fatigue and weakness as key symptoms. Data transformation then categorized more than 3100 citations on frequency analyses, globally and by domain, visit, and participant. Regarding quantitative results, there was no clear evidence that any of the three PRO tools captured positive changes as a result of NAC treatment. CONCLUSION: Qualitative results showed a comprehensive characterization of HRQoL in this population based on a symptom/patient-centered approach. These findings will inform future studies. Furthermore, given the similar findings across our multiple methods and endpoints, the introduction of MMR may be a valuable, complementary approach to clinical trials. MMR may be especially useful to incorporate in order to address and follow the FDA's guidance and prioritization on the inclusion of affected individuals' perspectives in clinical trials.

Efectos de un programa de actividad física integral sobre la motricidad gruesa de niños y niñas con diversidad funcional / Effects of a program of integral physical activity on the gross motor control in children with functional diversity / Efeitos de um programa da atividade física integral nas habilidades motoras de grande porte em crianças com diversidade funcional

Resumen Introducción. Recientemente, en el Ecuador se está sensibilizado sobre la inclusión escolar de niños/as con diversidad funcional. Sin embargo, la ausencia de espacios adecuados y profesionales preparados hace que estos sean remitidos a hospitales o centros de rehabilitación. Además, los beneficios de la terapia física no se limitan al ámbito de la motricidad, ofreciendo igualmente avances en la función cognitiva y el aprendizaje. Así pues, este trabajo muestra una investigación realizada en el área de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación del Hospital Teófilo Dávila (Ecuador). Objetivo. El propósito del estudio es determinar el impacto de un programa de actividad física integral, respecto de la motricidad gruesa de niños/as con diversidad funcional. Materiales y métodos. La investigación acomete un diseño cuasi-experimental con un grupo experimental, tomando medidas pretest y postest. La metodología utilizada es cuantitativa descriptiva, implementando el test Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM 88) y dos encuestas de valoración personal. Resultados. El análisis de datos revela mejoras estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001) en la motricidad gruesa de los niños/as, tanto a nivel global como en cada una de las categorías del test. Igualmente, las encuestas proporcionaron información relevante respecto de la opinión de maestros y padres/tutores. Conclusiones. Los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas no dejan lugar a dudas respecto a la mejora en la motricidad gruesa de los niños/as. Asimismo, las encuestas reflejan un grado de satisfacción muy elevado, además de resaltar beneficios en la función cognitiva y el aprendizaje.

Abstract Introduction. Recently, in Ecuador, we are aware of school inclusion of children with functional diversity. However, the absence of adequate spaces and trained professionals make them to be referred to hospitals or rehabilitation centers. In addition, the benefits of physical therapy are not limited to the field of motor skills, offering advances in cognitive function and learning as well. Thus, this work shows an investigation carried out in the area of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Teófilo Dávila Hospital (Ecuador). Objective. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of a Physical Therapy program on the gross motor skills of children with functional diversity. Materials and methods. The research is approached through a quasi-experimental design with an Experimental Group, taking Pretest and Posttest measurements. The methodology used is descriptive quantitative, implementing the Gross Motor Function Measure Test (GMFM 88) and two opinion surveys. Results. The data analysis reveals statistically significant improvements (p<0.001) in the gross motor skills of the children, both globally and in each of the test categories. Likewise, the surveys provided relevant information regarding the opinion of the children's teachers and parents/ guardians. Conclusions. The results of the statistical tests leave no doubt about the improvement in the children's gross motor skills. Likewise, the surveys revealed a very high level of satisfaction, highlighting benefits in cognitive function and learning as well.

Resumo Introdução. Recentemente, no Equador está sendo promovida a inclusão escolar de crianças com diversidade funcional. No entanto, a ausência de espaços adequados e professionais capacitados faz com que estes sejam encaminhados à hospitais ou centros de reabilitação. Além disso, os benefícios da fisioterapia física não se limitam ao âmbito da motricidade, oferecendo de igual maneira avanços na função cognitiva e na aprendizagem. Assim, este trabalho amostra uma pesquisa realizada na área de Medicina Física e Reabilitação do Hospital Teofilo Davila (Equador). Objetivo. O propósito do estudo é determinar o impacto de um programa de atividade física integral, respeito da motricidade de grande porte de crianças com diversidade funcional. Materiais e métodos. A pesquisa é abordada por meio de um delineamento quase-experimental com uma turma experimental, utilizando medidas pré-teste e pós-teste. A metodologia utilizada é quantitativa descritiva, implementando o Teste Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM 88) e duas entrevista de avaliação pessoal. Resultados. A análise de dados revela melhorias estatisticamente significativas (p<0,001) na motricidade de grande porte nas crianças, tanto globalmente quanto em cada uma das categorias do teste. Igualmente, as entrevistas forneceram informação relevante respeito da opinião dos docentes e pais/representantes. Conclusões. Os resultados dos testes estatísticos não deixam margem para dúvidas respeito a melhoria da motricidade de grande porte nas crianças. Da mesma forma, as entrevistas refletem um grau elevado de satisfação, além de destacar os benefícios na função cognitiva e na aprendizagem.

Effect of a Prebiotic Formulation on Frailty Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Aging can result in major changes in the composition and metabolic activities of bacterial populations in the gastrointestinal system and result in impaired function of the immune system. We assessed the efficacy of prebiotic Darmocare Pre(®) (Bonusan Besloten Vennootschap (BV), Numansdorp, The Netherlands) to evaluate whether the regular intake of this product can improve frailty criteria, functional status and response of the immune system in elderly people affected by the frailty syndrome. The study was a placebo-controlled, randomized, double blind design in sixty older participants aged 65 and over. The prebiotic product was composed of a mixture of inulin plus fructooligosaccharides and was compared with placebo (maltodextrin). Participants were randomized to a parallel group intervention of 13 weeks' duration with a daily intake of Darmocare Pre(®) or placebo. Either prebiotic or placebo were administered after breakfast (between 9-10 a.m.) dissolved in a glass of water carefully stirred just before drinking. The primary outcome was to study the effect on frailty syndrome. The secondary outcomes were effect on functional and cognitive behavior and sleep quality. Moreover, we evaluated whether prebiotic administration alters blood parameters (haemogram and biochemical analysis). The overall rate of frailty was not significantly modified by Darmocare Pre(®) administration. Nevertheless, prebiotic administration compared with placebo significantly improved two frailty criteria, e.g., exhaustion and handgrip strength (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). No significant effects were observed in functional and cognitive behavior or sleep quality. The use of novel therapeutic approaches influencing the gut microbiota-muscle-brain axis could be considered for treatment of the frailty syndrome.

Serum vitamin D and functional impairment in octogenarian women.

PURPOSE: Serum vitamin D deficiency has been associated with frailty in people aged 65 and over, however its relationship with functional impairment has not been investigated in octogenerian (aged 80-90 years) institutionalized women. METHODS: We assessed functional impairment in this latter group by measuring frailty syndrome and other geriatric and psychological assessment scales: the Tinetti gait and balance index to determine the risk for falls, the Barthel index to measure the basic activities of daily living, the Lawton index for instrumental activities, the mini-mental score examination test for cognitive impairment, the Yesavage scale for geriatric depression, and the Norton scale for the risk of ulceration. RESULTS: Frail individuals had significantly reduced serum vitamin D concentrations (measured as total 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D) compared to robust individuals, but reduced 25(OH)D concentration did not significantly correlate with frailty syndrome severity, and mean 25(OH)D concentrations were within the recommended levels in all groups. The 25(OH)D concentration did not correlate with any of the blood analytical parameters measured and with the geriatric assessment scales used, suggesting a selective relationship with frailty. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need to individualize treatment such as vitamin D supplementation in order to treat frailty syndrome.