Introducing a curriculum in ethics and professionalism for dermatology residencies.

There is general agreement on what constitutes ethical reasoning and professional behavior, but standardized methods to teach these skills in dermatology residency are currently unavailable. We introduce a model curriculum designed to impart the knowledge and skills to meet the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Dermatology Milestones for Professionalism over a 3-year cycle.

Surgery and Adjuvant Radiation for High-risk Skin Adnexal Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

OBJECTIVES: Skin adnexal carcinoma (SAC) is a rare cutaneous malignancy that arises from sebaceous and sweat glands. These carcinomas are believed to behave more aggressively than cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) with a propensity for local recurrence. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy in SAC is undefined. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of head and neck SAC treated with surgery and adjuvant radiation from 2000 to 2012 at a single institution. RESULTS: Nine cases were identified. Median age was 67 (range, 52 to 88) years. The histologies were: adnexal carcinoma (n=1), adnexal carcinoma with sebaceous differentiation (n=1), adnexal carcinoma with squamous differentiation (n=1), skin appendage carcinoma (n=1), sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma (n=1), mucinous carcinoma (n=1), ductal eccrine adenocarcinoma (n=1), porocarcinoma (n=1), and trichilemmal carcinoma (n=1). All tumors were reviewed by a dermatopathologist to confirm the SAC diagnosis.All patients had undergone surgery. Indications for adjuvant radiation included involved lymph nodes (n=4), perineural invasion (n=2), nodal extracapsular extension (n=2), positive margin (n=1), high-grade histology (n=6), multifocal disease (n=2), and/or recurrent disease (n=5). Radiation was delivered to the primary site alone (n=3), to the draining lymphatics alone (n=2), or to both (n=4). One patient received concurrent cisplatin. Median dose to the primary site was 60 Gy and to the neck was 50 Gy.Median follow-up was 4.0 years (range, 0.6 to 11.4 y). Locoregional control was 100%. Five-year progression-free survival was 89%. There was 1 acute grade 3 toxicity and no greater than or equal to grade 2 late toxicities were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery and adjuvant radiation for high-risk SAC offers excellent locoregional control with acceptable toxicity.

Physician Payments from Industry Are Associated with Greater Medicare Part D Prescribing Costs.

BACKGROUND: The U.S. Physician Payments Sunshine Act mandates the reporting of payments or items of value received by physicians from drug, medical device, and biological agent manufacturers. The impact of these payments on physician prescribing has not been examined at large scale. METHODS: We linked public Medicare Part D prescribing data and Sunshine Act data for 2013. Physician payments were examined descriptively within specialties, and then for association with prescribing costs and patterns using regression models. Models were adjusted for potential physician-level confounding features, including sex, geographic region, and practice size. RESULTS: Among 725,169 individuals with Medicare prescribing data, 341,644 had documented payments in the OPP data (47.1%). Among all physicians receiving funds, mean payment was $1750 (SD $28336); median was $138 (IQR $48-$394). Across the 12 specialties examined, a dose-response relationship was observed in which greater payments were associated with greater prescribing costs per patient. In adjusted regression models, being in the top quintile of payment receipt was associated with incremental prescribing cost per patient ranging from $27 (general surgery) to $2931 (neurology). Similar associations were observed with proportion of branded prescriptions written. CONCLUSIONS: While distribution and amount of payments differed widely across medical specialties, for each of the 12 specialties examined the receipt of payments was associated with greater prescribing costs per patient, and greater proportion of branded medication prescribing. We cannot infer a causal relationship, but interventions aimed at those physicians receiving the most payments may present an opportunity to address prescribing costs in the US.

The association of tanning behavior with psycho-tropic medication use among young adult women.

Despite its known association with skin cancer, tanning remains popular among young adult women. Indoor tanning behavior has been found to be associated with affective and addictive disorders. To better understand potential psychological and biological mechanisms of tanning behavior, we investigated associations between tanning and medication (psychotropic and other) use among young women. Two hundred and fifty-three women age 18-29 years old were recruited from two northeastern university campus communities. Women self-reported tanning frequency and chronic medication use. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, indoor tanning ≥12 times last year was significantly associated with use of psychotropic medication and anti-depressants in particular. Sunbathing was not associated with medication use. Potential reasons for associations between tanning and psychotropic medication use are discussed. Indoor tanners should be warned that some psychotropic medications are photosensitizing, thus increasing risk for burns and other skin damage from indoor tanning.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, version 1.2014.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon soft tissue tumor characterized by a relatively high risk of local recurrence and low risk of metastasis. The NCCN Guidelines for DFSP provide multidisciplinary recommendations on the management of patients with this rare disease. These NCCN Guidelines Insights highlight the addition of the Principles of Pathology section, which provides recommendations on the pathologic assessment of DFSP. Because DFSP can mimic other lesions, immunohistochemical studies are often required to establish diagnosis. Cytogenetic testing for the characteristic translocation t(17;22)(q22;q13) can also be valuable in the differential diagnosis of DFSP with other histologically similar tumors.

Merkel cell carcinoma, version 1.2014.

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, aggressive cutaneous tumor that combines the local recurrence rates of infiltrative nonmelanoma skin cancer with the regional and distant metastatic rates of thick melanoma. The NCCN Guidelines for Merkel Cell Carcinoma provide recommendations on the diagnosis and management of this aggressive disease based on clinical evidence and expert consensus. This version includes revisions regarding the use of PET/CT imaging and the addition of a new section on the principles of pathology to provide guidance on the analysis, interpretation, and reporting of pathology results.

Absolute lymphocyte count: a potential prognostic factor for Merkel cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) is a laboratory value commonly obtained during workup of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). OBJECTIVE: We report the prognostic impact of ALC as a surrogate of immune status in MCC. METHODS: A complete blood cell count was available for 64 patients with MCC in the month before definitive surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Statistical analysis was performed with classification and regression tree analysis, log rank test, and Cox model. RESULTS: Median overall survival (OS) for the cohort was 97 months. Median OS for patients with an ALC less than 1.1 k/mm(3) was 18.8 versus 110.1 months for those with ALC greater than or equal to 1.1 k/mm(3) (P = .002, hazard ratio 0.29). Multivariate analysis of OS controlling for ALC, sex, stage, adjuvant chemotherapy, hematologic malignancy, and immunosuppression demonstrated ALC as a prognostic factor (P = .03). Disease-free survival at 36 months for ALC less than 1.1 k/mm(3) was 26.9% versus 64.4% for those with ALC greater than or equal to 1.1 k/mm(3) (P = .01). ALC was not a significant predictor for disease-free survival on multivariate analysis (P = .12). LIMITATIONS: This is a single-institution retrospective data set. CONCLUSION: ALC is associated with OS but not disease-free survival in MCC using a threshold of less than 1.1 k/mm(3). This test may provide additional prognostic information for patients with MCC.

A better prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin.

BACKGROUND: There is limited evidence that Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) arising from a nodal basin without evidence of a primary cutaneous (PC) site has better prognosis. We present our experience at 2 tertiary care referral centers with stage III MCC with and without a PC site. METHODS: Fifty stage III MCC patients were identified between 1996 and 2011. Clinical data were analyzed, with primary endpoints being disease-free survival and overall survival. RESULTS: Of stage III patients, 34 patients presented with a PC site and 16 patients with an unknown primary (UP) site. Treatment strategies varied; of patients with UP vs. PC sites, 25% vs. 44% underwent combined regional lymphadenectomy and radiation, with an additional 25% vs. 15% receiving chemotherapy. The median disease-free survival for a UP site was not reached vs. 15 months for a PC site (hazards ratio = .48, P = .18). The median overall survival for a UP site was not reached vs 21 months for a PC site (hazards ratio = .34, P = .03). Multivariate analysis showed that UP status was a significant factor in overall survival (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Stage III MCC with a UP site portends a better prognosis than MCC with a PC site.

Multicolor microRNA FISH effectively differentiates tumor types.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are excellent tumor biomarkers because of their cell-type specificity and abundance. However, many miRNA detection methods, such as real-time PCR, obliterate valuable visuospatial information in tissue samples. To enable miRNA visualization in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, we developed multicolor miRNA FISH. As a proof of concept, we used this method to differentiate two skin tumors, basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), with overlapping histologic features but distinct cellular origins. Using sequencing-based miRNA profiling and discriminant analysis, we identified the tumor-specific miRNAs miR-205 and miR-375 in BCC and MCC, respectively. We addressed three major shortcomings in miRNA FISH, identifying optimal conditions for miRNA fixation and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) retention using model compounds and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, enhancing signal amplification and detection by increasing probe-hapten linker lengths, and improving probe specificity using shortened probes with minimal rRNA sequence complementarity. We validated our method on 4 BCC and 12 MCC tumors. Amplified miR-205 and miR-375 signals were normalized against directly detectable reference rRNA signals. Tumors were classified using predefined cutoff values, and all were correctly identified in blinded analysis. Our study establishes a reliable miRNA FISH technique for parallel visualization of differentially expressed miRNAs in FFPE tumor tissues.

Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) testing.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) therapy is sometimes used as a treatment for various common skin conditions, including psoriasis, acne, and eczema. The dosage of UV light is prescribed according to an individual's skin sensitivity. Thus, to establish the proper dosage of UV light to administer to a patient, the patient is sometimes screened to determine a minimal erythema dose (MED), which is the amount of UV radiation that will produce minimal erythema (sunburn or redness caused by engorgement of capillaries) of an individual's skin within a few hours following exposure. This article describes how to conduct minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. There is currently no easy way to determine an appropriate UV dose for clinical or research purposes without conducting formal MED testing, requiring observation hours after testing, or informal trial and error testing with the risks of under- or over-dosing. However, some alternative methods are discussed.

Psychosocial correlates of sunburn among young adult women.

Skin cancer is an increasingly common disease, particularly among young adult women. Sunburn early in life is a risk factor for skin cancer. Few studies have reported on psychosocial correlates of sunburn. The current study consisted of an online survey of undergraduate women from a university in the northeastern part of the USA. A logistic regression demonstrated that young women who reported a history of four or more sunburns were significantly more likely to report fair skin, higher perceived susceptibility to skin cancer, greater perceived benefits of tanning (e.g., appearance enhancement), lower perceived control over skin protection, and more frequent sunscreen use. Sunbathing was not associated with a greater number of sunburns. These results suggest that young women who sunburn more often possess other skin cancer risk factors, are aware of their susceptibility to skin cancer, and try to use sunscreen, but feel limited control over their skin protection behavior and are not less likely to sunbathe than others. Therefore, interventions are needed to assist high risk young women in asserting more control over their sun protection behavior and perhaps improve the effectiveness of the sunscreen or other skin protection methods they do employ.

Role of professional organizations in setting and enforcing ethical norms.

Self-regulating professions have historically used codes of conduct and codes of ethics to clarify the responsibilities of members to those they serve and to one another. These codes play an important role in safeguarding the professions' autonomy and in articulating standards for the profession. In medicine, many individual medical specialty associations, including the American Academy of Dermatology, maintain their own codes of ethics. These codes serve multiple purposes, including setting standards for the profession, educating members on their professional obligations, and communicating these standards to the public. They also generally provide a framework for enforcing code violations. The effectiveness of enforcement, however, may vary because of a code's specificity and because of limitations in sanctions available to the code's governing body.