[Scanning probe microscopy and medico-biological nanotechnology: history and prospects]. / Skaniruiushchaia zondovaia mikroskopiia i mediko-biologicheskaia nanotekhnologiia: istoriia i perspektivy.

Literature data on the use of scanning probe microscopy for biological samples studying are presented. As an illustration, some results of the authors' investigations of the shark olfactory receptor surface, human lipoprotein of low density and human erythrocyte are given. Perspectives of the medico-biological development of nanotechnologies are evaluated.

[Pathology in Russia: where are we going?]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia Rossii: kuda my idem?

The history of Russian pathologic anatomy from the postwar time to nowadays is briefly reviewed. Negative effects of some legislative acts of the all levels of public health, profound financial crisis are shown. Particularly negative were consequences of a narrow specialization of medicine which affected also pathologic anatomy. Insufficient classical education that includes theoretical and prosecutor training of the general profile results in the fall of interest to general pathology this having a negative effect on the prestige of this profession.

[Combined pathology of the pancreas and myocardium in myocardial infarction and acute destructive pancreatitis]. / Sochetannaia patologiia podzheludochnoi zhelezy i serdechnoi myshtsy pri infarkte miokarda i ostrom destruktivnom panktreatite.

Pancreas was studied in 30 patients who died of myocardial infarction (MI). Total pancreonecrosis was found in 1 case (recurring MI), diffuse focal pancreonecrosis in 3 cases (the second MI). Local microcirculation disturbances, thrombosis of some interlobular veins, degenerative changes of the exocrine pancreocytes with translocation of zymogen granules and their parapedesis into the edematous interstitium were found in all other cases. Focal metabolic myocardial damage and circulation disturbances mainly in the subendocardium of the left ventricle myocardium were found in the heart of 3 patients who died of pancreonecrosis and 60 white rats with pancreatitis induced by chloroethyl. There was a redistribution of Ca2+ in the ultrastructural components of the cardiomyocytes with its accumulation in the cytosol and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The most pronounced and widespread myocardial damage was observed in the hemorrhagic stage of pancreatitis.

[Endotoxin-induced injury to the endothelium]. / Endotokinindutsirovannye povrezhdeniia éndoteliia.

Literature and own data on endotoxin- induced injuries to endothelium are reviewed. It is shown that endotoxin can cause, hyperactivation of granulocytes, activation of complements, local endothelial injuries and some increase of vascular cell wall permeability, oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and LDL-LPS complexes, binding of LPS with high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and some decrease of HDL ability to bind cholesterol, stimulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell replication in local injuries to vessel wall. Low doses of endotoxin were found in blood plasma and on granulocytes surface in healthy and sick subjects. It is concluded that intestinal microflora endotoxin may play an essential role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

[Healing of extensive acute gastric ulcer after chemical burn by Helium-Neon laser (endoscopic and morphologic investigation)]. / Osobennosti zazhivleniia obshirnykh ostrykh iazv zheludka posle khimicheskogo ozhoga pri lechenii gelii-neonovym lazerom (èndoskopicheskoe i morfologicheskoe issledovaniia)

The paper provides the results of endoscopic and morphologic follow-up of healing of extensive corrosive gastric ulcer in He-Ne laser therapy of 34 patients (512 gastric biopsies). Laser radiation of ulcer reduces frequency of stenosis in healing outcome as well as treatment duration, creates conditions for healing without leukocytic fusion of necrotic tissues. Effectivity of laser therapy is determined by the time of its start and regularity.

[Immunomorphologic evaluation of the reserves of endotoxin binding by polymorphonuclear leukocytes]. / Immunomorfologicheskaia otsenka rezervov sviazyvaniia éndotoksina polimorfnoiadernymi leikotsitami.

It is shown that leukocytes binding endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria via Fe-receptor mediated mechanism can be detected in blood smears after the treatment with antibodies to Re chemotype glycolipid conjugated with horse-radish peroxydase. After pretreatment of blood smears by a solution of endotoxin and then by conjugated antibodies to Re glycolipid some leukocytes binding endotoxin in vitro can be detected. It means that some reserves of endotoxin binding by leukocytes can be estimated by this immunomorphological method. The presence of such reserves is characteristic for healthy people and animals. Such reserves were enhanced in animals immunized with heated vaccine from Re Salmonella mutant. The reserves of endotoxin binding by leukocytes are absent in patients with salmonellosis, dysentery, meningitis, viral hepatitis A and B, peritonitis.

[Cerebral artery aneurysms: Clinico-anatomic analysis of 610 cases]. / Anevrizmy arterii golovnogo mozga: kliniko-anatomicheskii analiz 610 nabliudenii.

Analysis of 610 aneurysms in 537 patients is performed. Main localization of aneurysms (88.7%) was the anterior region of Willis's circle. Congenital dysplasias of the arterial wall are transformed into the aneurysm when the risk factors join (essential or transitory arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis) this being confirmed by an advanced age (63%). Subarachnoidal hemorrhages predominated (29.9%). Most frequent immediate causes of death were hemorrhage into the brain ventricles (42.9%), edema and brain dislocation (40.7%). Ischemic brain softening played a role in the anatogenesis among non-operated patients in 7.3% cases and in 37.1% among operated patients. Histologic examination revealed that the maximum of repeated hemorrhages occur during the first 14 days after the aneurysm rupture-the time of noncompleted thrombus organization.

[Pathology and pathogenesis of sepsis]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia i patogenez sepsisa.

The key problems of the theory of sepsis and criteria of its postmortem diagnosis are discussed on the basis of pathological and bacteriological study of about 4000 purulent-septic diseases observed for the last 40 years in the pathology department of N. V. Sklifosovsky Moscow Research Institute of Emergency Medical Aid (sepsis after abortion, surgical and iatrogenic sepsis, acute septic endocarditis, purulent peritonitis, mediastinitis, pleuritis, phlegmons of body and limbs, bacterial shock, etc.). Sepsis, according to the author, is a generalized infectious disease developing acyclically, produced mainly by purulent coccal flora and having the course of septicopyemia. A metastatic purulent focus is an obligatory sign of the generalization. Septicemia is a local inflammatory process produced mainly by bacterial gram-negative flora. It can be a prologue of sepsis but more frequently develops in two directions: 1) purulent-resorptive fever with an acute, subacute and chronic course; 2) bacterial shock with a fulminant course and high lethality.

[Alveolar macrophages in lung physiology and pathology]. / Al'veoliarnye makrofagi v fiziologii i patologii legkikh.

Alveolar macrophages (AM) represent a lung border system bringing about the protection of the organ from the environmental hazards, regulating cell and humoral response in the lungs, and eliminating endogenous toxic substances. However, in some situations AM are involved in the pathologic processes and even may serve as an initiating factor in the development of lung pathology. They realize their pathogenic effect in the bronchial asthma, acute respiratory distress-syndrome, pneumoconiosis releasing various biologically active compounds which take part in the formation of bronchial hyperreactivity, chemotaxis disturbances, haemostasis pathology. Particularly interesting is the possibility of lung tissue damage by AM when they interact with endotoxin-positive granulocytes.

[The pathological anatomy of acute inflammatory lung diseases in adults]. / Patologicheskaia anatomiia ostrykh vospalitel'nykh zabolevanii legkikh u vzroslykh.

The paper relates the author's concern for diminishing interest of the pathologists to investigations of adult acute pneumonia, though chronic lung diseases and acute childhood pneumonia draw much attention. It is believed invalid to neglect classic methods of histobacterioscopy which are to be advanced. The researchers should insist on introduction of improved techniques of enzyme immunoassays in identification of pulmonary infection of viral and bacterial origin, study new kinds of pneumonias such as legionnaires' disease, Mycoplasma pneumonias, opportunistic infections in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies, e.g. AIDS, etc., presenting a wide field for the prosector's activity.

[The morphogenesis of pancreonecrosis]. / Morfogenez pankreonekroza.

Pancreas was studied histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically in 117 autopsy cases and in the experiment (25 dogs and 60 white rats). Morphogenesis of pancreonecrosis proceeds through certain stages. The initial stages of an acute pancreatic edema is characterized by degenerative and necrotic changes of pancreocytes with parapedesis of pancreatic enzymes into the interstitium and a reactive stromal edema. The following stages are distinguished in the progressing phase of pancreonecrosis: hemorrhagic pancreonecrosis when the proteolytic enzymes provoke a colliquation necrosis of the acinar tissue, fibrinoid necrosis of vascular walls and disturbances of the intravascular hemorheology resulting in the enhancement of destructive processes and hemorrhagic inhibition of tissues; fat pancreonecrosis in which lipolytic enzymes lead to the coagulation necrosis of the acinar and fat tissue while a non-completed proteolysis of necrotic tissues stipulates the intensity of the reactive inflammation.

[The syndromology and pathological anatomy of HIV infection (AIDS)]. / Sindromologiia i patologicheskaia anatomiia infektsii VICh (SPIDa).

Information on the clinico-anatomical syndromes and organic pathology in HIV infection (AIDS) is summarized. Role of pathomorphological examination of biopsies and autopsies in the diagnosis of the conditions associated with HIV infection as well as a controversy in the pathogenesis and pathology of AIDS is outlined.

[Ribonuclease in the experimental therapy of pancreatitis]. / Ribonukleaza v éksperimental'noi terapii pankreatita.

The influence of ribonuclease on the morphogenesis of experimental pancreatitis in the albino rats has been studied. The drug injected during edematous stage of pancreatitis caused some decrease of pancreatic enzymes level in the blood at hemorrhagic stage and its normalization at necrotic stage of pancreatitis. The development of hemorrhagic and necrotic stages of pancreatitis did not change under the influence of ribonuclease. The maturation of connective tissue of pseudocyst capsule was delayed and inflammatory infiltration of necrotic tissues and their elimination were increased under the influence of the drug. There were extensive tubular transformations of acini and early fibrosis and lipomatosis in the frontier zone. In the viable parts of pancreas moderate hypertrophy of exocrine pancreatocytes developed and chronic pancreatitis features appeared with use of ribonuclease.

[Endotoxin of intestinal microflora in liver pathology]. / Endotoksin kishechnoi mikroflory v patologii pecheni.

An important role in the endotoxin immobilization and transport from the intestine into the portal circulation belongs to the granulocytes which are likely able to transfer lipopolysaccharide to Kupffer cells. If the endotoxin diffusion into the mesenterial microvessels increases and (or) the portal circulation speed decreases, the interaction of lipopolysaccharide with granulocytes may become irreversible and facilitate the development of the systemic endotoxemia and the leucocyte-mediated liver damage. Intestinal flora endotoxin takes part in the liver damage pathogenesis in various forms of hepatitis, cirrhosis in various forms of hepatitis, cirrhosis and conditions followed by the circulation deficiency.