PERCEPTION OF STRESS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN 2020 / PERCEPÇÃO DO ESTRESSE DE ESTUDANTES DE MEDICINA DURANTE A PANDEMIA DA COVID-19 EM 2020

Introduction: In December 2019, the first cases of COVID-19 emerged in China and in March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as the second pandemic of the 21st century. As a measure to contain the spread of the disease, social isolation was recommended. Numerous studies have pointed to an increase in stress symptoms related to the pandemic. It is known that medical students are more susceptible to responding to stressful situations in a non-adaptive way. Objectives: To evaluate the perceived stress level of medical students in 2019 and 2020, periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Assess the level of stress in the middle and end (exam season) of the second semester of 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The PSS-14 - Perceived Stress Scale was applied to medical students from the second to the eighth period of the Medicine course at Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, in 2019 and 2020, through an online questionnaire. Results: In 2019, a total of 158 students participated in the two phases (beginning and end of the first semester) of the study. The average age was 22.2 years old and 57.6% were female. In 2020, a total of 42 students participated in the two phases (half and end of the second semester) of the study. The average age was 23.3 years old and 69% were female. When comparing the PSS 14 scale scores in the two assessments, the levels were lower in 2020. Conclusions: The perceived stress level of medical students was lower during the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period. There was no difference in the assessment of perceived stress when comparing the middle and end of the 2020 semester.

Introdução: Em dezembro de 2019 surgiram na China os primeiros casos de COVID-19 e em março de 2020 a OMS declarou a COVID-19 como a segunda pandemia do século 21.  Como medida para conter a disseminação da doença, recomendou-se o isolamento social. Inúmeros estudos apontaram para aumento de sintomas de estresse relacionados à pandemia. Sabe-se que estudantes de Medicina estão mais suscetíveis a responder às situações estressantes de modo não adaptativo. Objetivos: Avaliar o nível de estresse percebido dos estudantes de medicina em 2019 e 2020, períodos pré e durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Avaliar o nível de estresse na metade e final (época de provas) do segundo semestre de 2020, durante a pandemia de COVID-19.  Métodos: Foi aplicada a Escala de Estresse Percebido PSS-14 aos alunos de Medicina do segundo ao oitavo período do curso de Medicina da Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, em 2019 e 2020, através de questionário online. Resultados: Em 2019, participaram das duas fases (início e final do primeiro semestre) do estudo um total de 158 alunos. A média de idade foi de 22,2 anos e 57,6% eram do sexo feminino. Em 2020, participaram das duas fases (metade e final do segundo semestre) do estudo um total de 42 alunos. A média de idade foi de 23,3 anos e 69% eram do sexo feminino. Na comparação entre os escores da escala PSS 14 nas duas avaliações, os níveis foram menores em 2020. Conclusões: O nível de estresse percebido dos estudantes de medicina foi menor no período de pandemia em comparação ao período pré-pandemia. Não houve diferença na avaliação do estresse percebido na comparação entre o período da metade e do final do semestre de 2020.

Sleepiness, sleep deprivation, quality of life, mental symptoms and perception of academic environment in medical students.

BACKGROUND: It has been previously shown that a high percentage of medical students have sleep problems that interfere with academic performance and mental health. METHODS: To study the impact of sleep quality, daytime somnolence, and sleep deprivation on medical students, we analyzed data from a multicenter study with medical students in Brazil (22 medical schools, 1350 randomized medical students). We applied questionnaires of daytime sleepiness, quality of sleep, quality of life, anxiety and depression symptoms and perception of educational environment. RESULTS: 37.8% of medical students presented mild values of daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale - ESS) and 8.7% presented moderate/severe values. The percentage of female medical students that presented ESS values high or very high was significantly greater than male medical students (p <  0.05). Students with lower ESS scores presented significantly greater scores of quality of life and perception of educational environment and lower scores of depression and anxiety symptoms, and these relationships showed a dose-effect pattern. Medical students reporting more sleep deprivation showed significantly greater odds ratios of presenting anxiety and depression symptoms and lower odds of good quality of life or perception of educational environment. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness with the perception of quality of life and educational environment in medical students.

Fatores de risco para prever a necessidade de uso de propofol nas endoscopias digestivas / Risk factors to prevent the need to propofol use in digestive endoscopies

O uso de midazolam e fentanil é para realização de sedação consciente em endoscopia digestiva é opção; porém, o propofol vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar dos fatores de risco para prever a necessidade de uso de propofol em pacientes submetidos à endoscopia digestiva. È estudo retrospectivo em que foram avaliados 620 pacientes submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta e colonoscopia ou ambos os procedimentos. Foram analisados variáveis epidemiológicas e doenças associadas. Em conclusão, epidemiológicas não se apresentaram como fatores de risco relacionados ao aumento da dose e uso do propofol, mas houve necessidade de aumento naqueles com doença psiquiátrica, quando não receberam sedação com midazolam, fentanil, e quando foram submetidos a procedimento combinado.

The use of midazolam and fentanyl for conscious sedation in digestive endoscopy is an option; however, propofol has been increasingly used. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors to predict the need for propofol use in patients undergoing digestive endoscopy. It is a retrospective study in which 620 patients undergoing upper digestive endoscopy and colonoscopy or both procedures were evaluated. Epidemiological variables and associated diseases were analyzed. In conclusion, epidemiological factors did not present themselves as risk factors related to the increase in the dose and use of propofol, but there was a need for those with psychiatric disease, when they did not receive sedation with midazolam, fentanyl, and when they underwent a combined procedure.

Infarto do miocárdio durante a pandemia de Covid-19: Análise comparativa em cinco capitais brasileiras / Myocardial infarction during the Covid-19 pandemic: Comparative analysis in five brazilian capitals

Na tentativa de controle de transmissão da COVID-19, os órgãos de saúde recomendaram isolamento domiciliar, distanciamento social e suspensão de serviços hospitalares não urgentes. Grande parte da população relutou em buscar atendimento médico. A hipótese levantada é que houve redução na incidência de internamentos e aumento na mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio durante a pandemia. Este estudo procurou comparar e analisar a incidência dos internamentos e mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio em cinco cidades brasileiras durante a pandemia (2020/2021) com um mesmo período (2019/2020) sem pandemia. É estudo ecológico no qual foram analisados registros comparativos da incidência de internamentos e mortalidade por infarto nas cinco capitais brasileiras. Em conclusão, houve decréscimo na incidência de internamentos durante a pandemia em todas as capitais analisadas, exceto Campo Grande, e redução na mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio em todas as capitais.

In an attempt to control the transmission of COVID-19, health state agency recommended home isolation, social distancing and suspension of non-urgent hospital services. Much of the population was reluctant to seek medical attention. The hypothesis raised is that there was a reduction in the incidence of hospitalizations and an increase in mortality from acute myocardial infarction during the pandemic. This study sought to compare and analyze the incidence of hospitalizations and mortality from acute myocardial infarction in five Brazilian cities during the pandemic (2020/2021) with the same period (2019/2020) without. It is an ecological study in which comparative records of the incidence of hospitalizations and mortality from infarction in the five Brazilian capitals were analyzed. In conclusion, there was a decrease in the incidence of hospitalizations during the pandemic in all capitals analyzed, except Campo Grande, and a reduction in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in all capitals.

A população em situação de rua e o HIV: uma revisão integrativa / Street population and HIV: an integrative review

Existem 100 milhões de pessoas em situação de rua no mundo. Nessa população há alta prevalência de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), devido a vários fatores que aumentam o risco de transmissão e contágio para esses indivíduos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo revisar publicações científicas que abordem a infecção pelo vírus HIV na população em situação de rua. Foi realizada revisão integrativa por meio de publicações obtidas no PubMed. Foram usados os seguintes descritores: "homeless population" AND "HIV infection". Foram obtidos 26 artigos inicialmente. Com aplicação dos fatores de exclusão foram descartados 11 trabalhos, obtendo-se o número final de 15 artigos. Em conclusão, a partir dessa revisão foi possível que existem pouco dados disponíveis sobre a relação do HIV com a população em situação de rua, visto que outras IST estavam sob maior enfoque. Mas, verificou-se que essa população é bastante vulnerável a infecções por HIV devido aos fatores de risco e à baixa adesão ao tratamento.

There are 100 million homeless people in the world. In this population, there is a high prevalence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), due to several factors that increase the risk of transmission and contagion for these individuals. This study aimed to review scientific publications that address HIV infection in the homeless population. An integrative review was performed using publications obtained from PubMed. The following descriptors were used: "homeless population" AND "HIV infection". Initially, 26 articles were obtained. With the application of exclusion factors, 11 studies were discarded, resulting in the final number of 15 articles. In conclusion, from this review it was possible that there is little data available on the relationship between HIV and the homeless population, since other STIs were under greater focus. But, it was found that this population is quite vulnerable to HIV infections due to risk factors and low adherence to treatment.

Avaliação da função cardíaca por métodos ecocardiográficos em pacientes assintomáticos com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Assessment of cardiac function by echocardiographic methods in asymptomatic patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é doença autoimune crônica. Uma das suas importantes complicações é o dano cardiovascular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a prevalência de disfunção cardíaca em uma população local com LES e verificar se o grau de disfunção está associado com o a atividade da doença medida pelo SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus erythematosus activity index). Foram selecionados 19 pacientes assintomáticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular com diagnóstico de LES e que preenchiam os critérios classificatórios. A atividade de doença foi medida pelo SLEDAI e a função cardíaca por ecocardiografia transtorácica. Em conclusão, não foi possível identificar disfunção cardíaca na amostra estudada. Pontuações mais altas no índice de atividade do lúpus demonstraram correlação com aumento de massa de ventrículo esquerdo e fração de ejeção.

Systemic lupus erythesis (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. One of the important complications of this disease is the cardiovascular damage The objective of this work was to study the prevalence of cardiac dysfunction in a local population with SLE and to verify whether the degree of dysfunction is associated with the disease activity measured by SLEDAI (Systemic Lupus erythematosus activity index). Were selected 19 patients asymptomatic from cardiovascular point of view diagnosed with SLE and who met the classification criteria for SLE. Disease activity was measured by SLEDAI and cardiac function was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography. In conclusion, cardiac dysfunction could not be identified in the sample studied. Higher scores in the lupus activity index showed a correlation with increased left ventricle mass and ejection fraction.

Preceptors' perception of their role as educators and professionals in a health system.

BACKGROUND: Preceptorship fulfills the requirements of International Guidelines regarding the training of health care professionals as a method of teaching in clinical settings, during the daily work routine. This study aims to analyze the preceptors' perceptions about preceptorship and their role as educators. METHODS: Data were collected via a questionnaire with 35 five-point Likert-type scale statements and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative approaches. The qualitative analysis consisted of two open-ended questions: (1) What is Preceptorship? And (2) What is your perception of the preceptor's role as an educator? RESULTS: Out of 619 invited Brazilian preceptors from different health care professions, 327 (52.8%) participated in the study. Among them, 80.7% were females, 35.2% were nurses and 8.9% were physicians. Factor analysis revealed five factors: Pedagogical Competence (F1), Support and educational resources (F2), Educational program planning (F3), Teaching-service integration (F4), and Student presence in the clinical setting (F5). About F1, F3, and F5, professionals from the northeast region had a more positive perception than professionals from the southeast. The item analysis revealed that preceptors learn from the students and consider the service network co-responsible for their training. However, they agreed that only a small part of the health care team participates in the program. Participants described preceptorship as an educational task in a clinical setting, in which active learning methods are used for the training of health care professionals. Preceptorship was considered a bridge between the Unified Health System and the Academic Practice. They envisioned their educator role as a model, tutor, leader, supervisor, and mentor. CONCLUSION: Preceptors expressed a critical view about the nature of preceptorship and their role as educators, recognizing its challenges as well as its potential in clinical settings.

Leisure time physical activity and quality of life in medical students: results from a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We evaluated the association between leisure time physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QoL) in medical students. Our hypothesis was that there was a positive association between volume of PA and various domains of perception of QoL. METHODS: Data were evaluated from a random sample of 1350 medical students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. Information from participants included the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire-short form (WHOQOL-BREF), a questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate QoL in medical students (VERAS-Q) and questions for both global QoL self-assessment and leisure time PA. According to the amount of metabolic equivalents (METs) spend during PA, volunteers were divided into four groups, according to the volume of PA: (a) no PA; (b) low PA, ≤540 MET min/week; (c) moderate PA, from 541 to 1260 MET min/week and (d) high PA, > 1261 MET min/week. RESULTS: Forty per cent of the medical students reported no leisure time PA (46.0% of females and 32.3% of males). In contrast, 27.2% were classified in the group of high PA (21.0% of females and 34.2% of males). We found significant associations between moderate and high levels of PA and better QoL for all measurements. For low levels of PA, this association was also significant for most QoL measurements, with the exceptions of WHOQOL physical health (p=0.08) and social relationships (p=0.26) domains. CONCLUSION: We observed a strong dose-effect relationship between the volume of leisure time PA and QoL in both male and female medical students.

Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns em estudantes de medicina da Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná em 2011 / Prevalence of common mental disorders among medicine students at Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná in 2011

Transtornos mentais comuns (TMC)apresentam-se como sintomas de insônia, fadiga, esquecimento e dificuldade de concentração, podendo reduzir o desempenho de atividades diárias. Cerca de 25% dos estudantes de medicina encontram-se deprimidos, enquanto 50% apresentam exaustão. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de TMC entre os estudantes do curso de Medicina da Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná (FEPAR). Foi aplicado o questionário SRQ-20 (Self Report Questionnaire ­ 20), versão validada para Português-Brasil. A população estudada constituiu-se de alunos entre o 1º e 8º semestres do curso de Medicina, matriculados em 2011. Considerou-se provável caso de TMC a pontuação ≥ 6 para homens e 8 para mulheres. O nível de significância foi de 0,05. O montante de 121 estudantes tiveram pontuação sugestiva de TMC (2/3 eram do sexo feminino) e 12,5% referiram pelo menos um dos sintomas. Conclui-se que a prevalência de TMC em estudantes da FEPAR, em 2011, foi de 31,51%

Common Mental Disorders (CMD) are presented symptoms as insomnia, fatigue, forgetfulness, concentration difficulties, what can decrease in daily performance. About 25% of the students are depressed while 50% present signs of exhaustion. The goal of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of CMD among the medicine students of Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná (FEPAR).The Self Report Questionnaire 20 was applied in Portuguese validated version. The studied population was constituted by students registered between the 1st and 8th semesters of graduation since 2011 at FEPAR. It was considered as likely cases when the score is ≥ 6 for men and 8 for women. The level of significance was 0,05%.The number of 121 students presented suggestive score of CMD (2/3 were women) and 12,5% presented at least one of the symptoms.It is concluded that the prevalence of CMD among medicine students of FEPAR was 31,51%

Medical Students' Perception of Their Educational Environment and Quality of Life: Is There a Positive Association?

PURPOSE: To assess perceptions of educational environment of students from 22 Brazilian medical schools and to study the association between these perceptions and quality of life (QoL) measures. METHOD: The authors performed a multicenter study (August 2011 to August 2012), examining students' views both of (1) educational environment using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) and (2) QoL using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment, abbreviated version (WHOQOL-BREF). They also examined students' self-assessment of their overall QoL and medical-school-related QoL (MSQoL). The authors classified participants' perceptions into four quartiles according to DREEM total score, overall QoL, and MSQoL. RESULTS: Of 1,650 randomly selected students, 1,350 (81.8%) completed the study. The mean total DREEM score was 119.4 (standard deviation = 27.1). Higher total DREEM scores were associated with higher overall QoL and MSQoL scores (P < .001 for all comparisons) and younger ages (P < .001). Mean overall QoL scores were higher than MSQoL scores (mean difference, 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-1.43; P < .001). Multinomial regression models showed significant dose-response patterns: Higher DREEM quartile scores were associated with better QoL. The psychological health domain of WHOQOL-BREF was most closely associated with DREEM scores (odds ratio 4.70; 95% CI = 3.80-5.81). CONCLUSIONS: The authors observed a positive association between QoL measures and DREEM scores. This association had a dose-response effect, independent of age, sex, and year of medical training, showing that educational environment appears to be an important moderator of medical student QoL.

Relationship among Medical Student Resilience, Educational Environment and Quality of Life.

CONTEXT: Resilience is a capacity to face and overcome adversities, with personal transformation and growth. In medical education, it is critical to understand the determinants of a positive, developmental reaction in the face of stressful, emotionally demanding situations. We studied the association among resilience, quality of life (QoL) and educational environment perceptions in medical students. METHODS: We evaluated data from a random sample of 1,350 medical students from 22 Brazilian medical schools. Information from participants included the Wagnild and Young's resilience scale (RS-14), the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM), the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire - short form (WHOQOL-BREF), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). RESULTS: Full multiple linear regression models were adjusted for sex, age, year of medical course, presence of a BDI score ≥ 14 and STAI state or anxiety scores ≥ 50. Compared to those with very high resilience levels, individuals with very low resilience had worse QoL, measured by overall (ß=-0.89; 95% confidence interval =-1.21 to -0.56) and medical-school related (ß=-0.85; 95%CI=-1.25 to -0.45) QoL scores, environment (ß=-6.48; 95%CI=-10.01 to -2.95), psychological (ß=-22.89; 95%CI=-25.70 to -20.07), social relationships (ß=-14.28; 95%CI=-19.07 to -9.49), and physical health (ß=-10.74; 95%CI=-14.07 to -7.42) WHOQOL-BREF domain scores. They also had a worse educational environment perception, measured by global DREEM score (ß=-31.42; 95%CI=-37.86 to -24.98), learning (ß=-7.32; 95%CI=-9.23 to -5.41), teachers (ß=-5.37; 95%CI=-7.16 to -3.58), academic self-perception (ß=-7.33; 95%CI=-8.53 to -6.12), atmosphere (ß=-8.29; 95%CI=-10.13 to -6.44) and social self-perception (ß=-3.12; 95%CI=-4.11 to -2.12) DREEM domain scores. We also observed a dose-response pattern across resilience level groups for most measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Medical students with higher resilience levels had a better quality of life and a better perception of educational environment. Developing resilience may become an important strategy to minimize emotional distress and enhance medical training.

Lupus com FAN negativo e glomerulonefrite / Lupus ANA negative in a patient with glomerulonephritis

O lúpus eritematosos sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune, inflamatória e crônica com manifestações sistêmicas. A glomerulonefrite é conhecida como uma das complicações mais comuns do LES. As manifestações renais são difíceis de caracterizar e a nefrite lúpica é um preditor importante do prognóstico. O fator antinuclear (FAN) geralmente é detectado em 95% dos pacientes com LES. Em casos de FAN negativo, a biópsia renal, é necessária porque, além de estabelecer a classificação histológica, tem implicações prognósticas e terapêuticas e exclui outras possibilidades diagnósticas. No presente trabalho é apresentado um caso de uma paciente feminina, 30 anos, com glomerulonefrite FAN negativa após uma gravidez complicada por doença hipertensiva associada à gravidez, sendo diagnosticada com LES por ter biópsia renal característica.

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, and inflammatory disorder with systemic characteristics. Glomerulonephritis is known as one of the most common complications of SLE. The renal manifestations are difficult to characterize and lupus nephritis is an important predictor of prognosis. The antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are usually detected in 95% of patients with SLE. In cases of ANA negative, renal biopsy is necessary because, in addition to establishing the histological classification, has prognostic and therapeutic implications and exclude other diagnostic possibilities. In this paper we present a case of a 30 years old female, with an ANA negative glomerulonephritis after a Specific Hypertensive Disease of Pregnancy that was diagnosed as lupus because of a characteristic renal biopsy.

Artrite reumatoide fator antinuclear positivo / Rheumatoid arthritis with positivity for antinuclear antibody

Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de FAN positivo em portadores de AR e estudar a sua correlação com elementos clínicos. Material e Métodos: Foram estudados 113 pacientes portadores de AR quanto à idade do diagnóstico, sexo, presença de nódulos reumatóides, presença de alterações radiológicas (osteoporose justa articular e erosões) em RX de mãos, presença de fator reumatoide. Estes dados foram correlacionados com a presença do FAN. Resultados: A prevalência de FAN positivo foi de 21,24%, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos (p=0,553). Os títulos variaram entre 1:40 e 1:320, sendo a maioria (83,3%) padrão pontilhado. Não houve significância estatística entre o FAN positivo e idade de início da doença (p=0,4611) ou presença de alterações radiológicas (p=0,4397). Houve correlação significante entre FAN positivo e presença de nódulos reumatoides, onde 50% dos pacientes com nódulos tinham este anticorpo(p=0,0197). Conclusão: O presente estudo concluiu que os pacientes com AR nodular possuíam mais FAN positivo, o que pode ser indicativo de associação deste anticorpo com doença mais grave.

Objective: To verify the prevalence of ANA in patients with RA and study its correlation with clinical findings. Material and Methods: We studied 113 patients with rheumatoid arthritis for diagnosis age, sex, rheumatoid nodules, radiologic findings in hand X-rays and rheumatoid factor. These results were correlated with the presence of ANA. Results: About 21.24% of the patients had positive ANA and no significant gender differenceswere observed. The titers were between 1:40 to 1:320 and most of them (83.3%) with mottled pattern. No statistical significance could be found among ANA positive patients with regards to age of diagnosis (p=0.46) or radiological findings (p=0.43). There was a positive correlation of presence of rheumatoid nodules and finding of positive ANA (p=0.01). Conclusion: We conclude that patients with nodular RA have more frequently positive ANA, which can indicate that this antibody is present in more severe disease.

Efeitos colaterais oculares dos antimaláricos / Antimalarial ocular side effects

Introdução: A cloroquina e a hidroxicloroquina são medicamentos amplamente utilizados para tratamento das doenças do tecido conjuntivo como artrite reumatóide, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, Síndrome de Sjögren e osteoartrite mãos. Seus efeitos colaterais mais temidos são os oculares: depósitos corneais e retinopatia. Material e métodos: Foram estudados os prontuários dos pacientes portadores de artrite reumatoide do ambulatório de reumatologia do Hospital Evangélico de Curitiba e usuários de antimaláricos (total de 167) para alterações oculares secundárias ao medicamento. Resultados: Em 5 pacientes existia diagnóstico de maculopatia e em 4 o diagnóstico de ceratopatia por cloroquina, com associação positiva para idade avançada e com tempo de uso. Conclusão: A ceratopatia e maculopatia por antimaláricos ocorreram em pequena proporção de usuários de cloroquina (2,4% e 3% respectivamente), não sendo encontrado este efeito adverso nos usuários de hidroxicloroquina.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are widely used drugs indicated for treatment of connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren´s syndrome and hand osteoarthritis. The most feared side effects of these medications are corneal deposits and maculopathy. Material and methods: We reviewed the charts of 167 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from rheumatology unit of Hospital Evangélico de Curitiba for ocular side effects of this medication. Results: There was maculopathy in 5 patients using chloroquine and in 4 of them, there was ceratopathy. This finding had a positive association with older age and prolonged use of this medication. Conclusions: Antimalarial cerathopathy and maculopathy occurred in a small proportion of cloroquine users (2,4 and 3% respectively). These side effects weren't found in hydroxylchlroquine patients.

Prevalência de alterações cognitivas em uma população com lupus eritematoso sistêmico / Prevalence of cognitive disorders in a systemic lupus erythematosus population

Objetivo: estudar a prevalência de alterações cognitivas em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) comparando-a com a de população saudável. Métodos: Foram aplicados 168 questionários a 84 pacientes portadores de LES e 84 controles. O questionário era composto da escala de Beck para depressão, mini-mental e escala de Hamilton para ansiedade, assim como determinação da percepção da saúde global através de escala visual analógica. Dados clínicos e demográficos foram coletados dos prontuários. Resultados: Pacientes com LES mostraram resultados significativamente inferiores no mini-mental (p=0,0065) do que os controles. Esta diminuição mostrou correlação com o grau de ansiedade (p=0,002), mas não com o de depressão (0,06). Observou-se também correlação entre alteração do mini-mental e percepção global de saúde (p=0,03). Conclusão: Pacientes com LES têm mais alterações cognitivas que a população normal. O grau dessas alterações está associado ao grau de ansiedade e percepção global de saúde.

Objective: To study the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a group of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients comparing them with normal population. Methods: We applied 168 questionnaires to 84 lupus patients and 84 controls. The questioner included demographic date, Beck scale for depression, mini-mental, Hamilton scale for anxiety as well as determination of global health state by analogical visual scale. Results: Patients with SLE scored significantly lower in mini-mental as controls (p=0,0065). This results showed a correlation with the degree of anxiety (p=0,002) but not with depression (0,006). We also observed correlation between mini-mental results and global health perception (p=0,003). Conclusion: Patients with SLE have more cognitive impairment than normal population. The degree of such alterations is related with the degree of anxiety and global perception of health.

Prevalência de doenças de autoimunidade em pacientes com tireoidite de Hashimoto / Autoimmunity diseases prevalence in patients with Hashimoto

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de tais doenças em pacientes com tireoidite de Hashimoto (TH). Métodos: Foi utilizada uma amostra aleatória de 155 pacientes com TH, questionando-se idade, tempo de diagnóstico, existência de autoanticorpos tireoidianos e coexistência de outras doenças. Resultados: A amostra compunha-se de 135 mulheres e 20 homens, com idade média de 53 anos e duração média de doença de 6 anos. Existia positividade para anticorpo antitireoperoxidase (TPO) e 54,54% para antitireoglobulina (TG). Em 67,82% existia positividade para algum dos anticorpos antitireoidianos. Em 6,45% dos pacientes havia uma segunda doença associada, destes, em 40% artrite reumatóide, em 20% lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, em 10% polimiosite, em10% psoríase e em 10% retocolite ulcerativa. Uma paciente com AR tinha também esclerodermia associada. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que em TH existia uma prevalência de 6% de uma segunda doença de autoimunidade, o que é compatível com a literatura. Como o hipotireoidismo pode simular doenças reumáticas, esse conhecimento é importante no manejo correto destes pacientes.

Objective: It is to assess the prevalence of such diseases in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Methods: We used a random sample of 155 patients with HT, questioning whether age, time of diagnosis, presence of thyroid autoantibodies and the coexistence of other diseases. Results: The sample consisted of 135 women and 20 men, with mean age was 53 years and with mean disease duration of 6 years. Eighty six percent were positive for anti-thyroperoxidase (TPO) and 54.54% for thyroglobulin (TG). In 67.82% existed at least one antithyroid antibody. In 6.45% of patients there was a second disease associated; 40% were reumatoid arthritis, 20% systemic lupus erythematosus, 10% polymyositis, 10% psoriasis and 10% of ulcerative colitis. One patient with RA had also 50 Prevalência de Doenças de Autoimunidade em Pacientes com Tireoidite de Hashimoto. scleroderma. Conclusion: We conclude that in TH there was a prevalence of 6% of a second autoimmune disease, which is according with the literature. Because hypothyroidism can mimic rheumatic diseases, such knowledge is important in the correct management of these patients.

Empathy among medical students: is there a relation with quality of life and burnout?

BACKGROUND: We aimed to assess medical students' empathy and its associations with gender, stage of medical school, quality of life and burnout. METHOD: A cross-sectional, multi-centric (22 medical schools) study that employed online, validated, self-reported questionnaires on empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index), quality of life (The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment) and burnout (the Maslach Burnout Inventory) in a random sample of medical students. RESULTS: Out of a total of 1,650 randomly selected students, 1,350 (81.8%) completed all of the questionnaires. Female students exhibited higher dispositional empathic concern and experienced more personal distress than their male counterparts (p<0.05; d ≥ 0.5). There were minor differences in the empathic dispositions of students in different stages of their medical training (p<0.05; f<0.25). Female students had slightly lower scores for physical and psychological quality of life than male students (p<0.05; d<0.5). Female students scored higher on emotional exhaustion and lower on depersonalization than male students (p<0.001; d<0.5). Students in their final stage of medical school had slightly higher scores for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment (p<0.05; f<0.25). Gender (ß = 0.27; p<0.001) and perspective taking (ß = 0.30; p<0.001) were significant predictors of empathic concern scores. Depersonalization was associated with lower empathic concern (ß =  -0.18) and perspective taking (ß =  -0.14) (p<0.001). Personal accomplishment was associated with higher perspective taking (ß = 0.21; p<0.001) and lower personal distress (ß =  -0.26; p<0.001) scores. CONCLUSIONS: Female students had higher empathic concern and personal distress dispositions. The differences in the empathy scores of students in different stages of medical school were small. Among all of the studied variables, personal accomplishment held the most important association with decreasing personal distress and was also a predicting variable for perspective taking.